TEDGlobal 2009
Magnus Larsson: Turning dunes into architecture
馬努斯拉爾森:將沙丘變建築
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建築系學生馬努斯拉爾森，詳述他的大膽計畫-改造嚴酷撒哈拉大沙漠，他的構想是使用細菌和驚人的建築材料：沙子本身。
Magnus Larsson - Dune architect
Magnus Larsson hopes to build new structures in the desert -- by using bacteria to turn shifting sand into a solid mass. Full bio
Magnus Larsson hopes to build new structures in the desert -- by using bacteria to turn shifting sand into a solid mass. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
It's a bit funny to be
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這似乎有些好笑
00:17
at a conference dedicated to things not seen,
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在會議上談論肉眼看不到的東西
00:19
and present my proposal to build
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並提出我的建議
00:22
a 6,000-kilometer-long wall
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建立一條6000公里長的牆
00:24
across the entire African continent.
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橫跨全非洲大陸
00:27
About the size of the Great Wall of China,
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大約像中國長城的規模
00:30
this would hardly be an invisible structure.
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這會是個你很難不看到的結構
00:32
And yet it's made from parts that are invisible, or near-invisible, to the naked eye:
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雖然它的組成來自於幾乎看不見，或接近肉眼看不見的程度
00:37
bacteria and grains of sand.
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也就是細菌和沙粒
00:40
Now, as architects we're trained to solve problems.
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身為建築師我們 被訓練來解決問題
00:43
But I don't really believe in architectural problems;
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但我並不相信建築上的問題
00:45
I only believe in opportunities.
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我只相信機會
00:47
Which is why I'll show you a threat,
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這就是為什麼我將向你們說明這個威脅
00:49
and an architectural response.
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以及一個建築上的因應措施
00:51
The threat is desertification.
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所謂的威脅是沙漠化
00:55
My response is a sandstone wall
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我的因應措施是建一座砂岩牆
00:58
made from bacteria and solidified sand,
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由細菌和固化沙組成
01:00
stretching across the desert.
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延伸橫跨沙漠
01:04
Now, sand is a magical material
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沙是一種神奇的物質
01:06
of beautiful contradictions.
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美麗又矛盾
01:08
It is simple and complex.
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簡單又複雜
01:11
It is peaceful and violent.
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和平又狂暴
01:13
It is always the same, never the same,
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它看來永遠一個樣，卻又那麼不同
01:15
endlessly fascinating.
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無窮的迷人特質
01:17
One billion grains of sand
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這世界每秒鐘
01:19
come into existence in the world each second.
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有10億粒沙形成
01:23
That's a cyclical process.
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這是一個循環過程
01:25
As rocks and mountains die,
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當岩石和山脈消逝
01:27
grains of sand are born.
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沙粒則形成
01:29
Some of those grains may then cement naturally into sandstone.
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有些沙粒之後可能自然地凝固為砂岩
01:32
And as the sandstone weathers, new grains break free.
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當砂岩受到風化，新的沙就會脫離
01:36
Some of those grains may then accumulate
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有些沙粒
01:38
on a massive scale,
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則大規模累積
01:40
into a sand dune.
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形成沙丘
01:43
In a way, the static, stone mountain
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在某種情況下，靜止的岩山
01:46
becomes a moving mountain of sand.
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會變成一座移動的沙山
01:49
But, moving mountains can be dangerous. Let me try and explain why.
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但移動的山很危險，讓我試著解釋原因
01:53
Dry areas cover more than one third of the Earth's land surfaces.
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超過1/3的地球表面覆蓋著乾燥的區域
01:57
Some are already deserts;
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有一些已成為沙漠
01:59
others are being seriously degraded by the sand.
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其他的則是正嚴重地受到沙的侵蝕
02:02
Just south of the Sahara we find the Sahel.
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我們發現撒哈拉沙漠南方的薩赫耳
02:05
The name means "edge of the desert."
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薩赫耳意謂「沙漠的邊緣」。
02:08
And this is the region most closely associated with desertification.
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這區域是最近乎於沙漠化的地方
02:12
It was here in the late '60s and early '70s
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在60年代末期及70年代初期，嚴重的乾旱
02:15
that major droughts brought three million people
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造成三百萬人急需
02:18
to become dependent upon emergency food aid,
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仰賴緊急食物救援
02:21
with about up to 250,000 dying.
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而將近有25萬人死亡
02:23
This is a catastrophe waiting to happen again.
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這是一場即將再次發生的災難
02:26
And it's one that gets very little attention.
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而這個災難卻沒獲得多少注意
02:29
In our accelerated media culture,
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在我們的快速媒體文化當中
02:31
desertification is simply too slow
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由於沙漠化的緩慢
02:34
to reach the headlines.
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使它從未登上頭版，不受媒體重視
02:36
It's nothing like a tsunami or a Katrina:
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它不像海嘯或是卡崔那颶風
02:39
too few crying children and smashed up houses.
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看不到什麼哭泣的兒童及毀壞的房屋
02:44
And yet desertification
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然而，沙漠化
02:46
is a major threat on all continents,
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在所有陸地上都是重大威脅
02:48
affecting some 110 countries
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它影響110個國家
02:51
and about 70 percent of the world's agricultural drylands.
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以及世界上約 70%的農作陸地
02:56
It seriously threatens the livelihoods
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它嚴重威脅
03:00
of millions of people,
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數千萬人的生活
03:02
and especially in Africa and China.
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特別是非洲及中國
03:05
And it is largely an issue that we've created for ourselves
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這主要也是由於我們
03:08
through unsustainable use of scarce resources.
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濫用珍貴資源所導致的問題
03:12
So, we get climate change.
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所以我們面臨著氣候異常
03:14
We get droughts,
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乾旱
03:15
increased desertification,
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沙漠化擴大
03:17
crashing food systems, water scarcity,
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崩潰的食物系統、水荒
03:20
famine, forced migration,
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飢荒、被迫遷徙
03:24
political instability, warfare, crisis.
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政治不穩定、戰爭、危機
03:28
That's a potential scenario
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這些將是潛在的情況
03:30
if we fail to take this seriously.
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如果我們不認真看待這個問題的話
03:32
But, how far away is it?
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但是，這個威脅離我們有多遠呢？
03:34
I went to Sokoto in northern Nigeria
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我去了奈吉利亞北部的索科托（Sokoto）
03:36
to try and find out how far away it is.
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試圖瞭解它離我們有多遠
03:39
The dunes here move southward at a pace of around 600 meters a year.
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這裏的沙丘南移速度約是一年600公尺
03:44
That's the Sahara eating up almost [two meters] a day of the arable land,
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這等於是撒哈拉每天侵吞下一公尺的耕作用地
03:47
physically pushing people away from their homes.
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完全將人們趕離他們的家園
03:51
Here I am -- I'm the second person on the left --
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我在這裡—我是左邊數過來第二個
03:54
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
03:56
with the elders in Gidan-Kara,
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與一些長者
03:59
a tiny village outside of Sokoto.
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在索科托近郊的小村落Gidan-Kara
04:02
They had to move this village in 1987
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他們必須於1997年遷移這個村莊
04:04
as a huge dune threatened to swallow it.
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因當時遭受一個巨大沙丘吞沒的威脅
04:07
So, they moved the entire village, hut by hut.
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於是將整個村莊的一間間小屋陸續遷移
04:10
This is where the village used to be.
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這是村莊之前所在處
04:12
It took us about 10 minutes to climb up to the top of that dune,
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我們花了約 10 分鐘爬上沙丘頂端
04:17
which goes to show why they had to move to a safer location.
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可以看出他們為什麼必須遷移到安全地點
04:20
That's the kind of forced migration
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這是一種強迫性的遷徙
04:22
that desertification can lead to.
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沙漠化會導致這種後果
04:25
If you happen to live close to the desert border,
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如果你碰巧住在靠近沙漠邊緣
04:27
you can pretty much calculate how long it will be
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你幾乎可以計算出在這之前還剩多少時間
04:29
before you have to carry your kids away,
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你得帶著你的孩子離開
04:31
and abandon your home and your life as you know it.
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放棄你的家庭和生活，當你知道會發生這種狀況時
04:36
Now, sand dunes cover only about one fifth of our deserts.
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目前沙丘只覆蓋我們的沙漠約1/5
04:40
And still, those extreme environments are very good places
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儘管如此，這些極端環境依然是很好的地方
04:43
if we want to stop the shifting sands.
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如果我們阻止沙的移動
04:46
Four years ago, 23 African countries
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四年前，23個非洲國家
04:49
came together to create the Great Green Wall Sahara.
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聚首提議建立「撒哈拉綠色長城」
04:52
A fantastic project, the initial plan
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這是一個了不起的計畫，初步的規劃
04:55
called for a shelter belt of trees to be planted
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是種植防護林帶
04:57
right across the African continent,
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橫越整個非洲大陸
04:59
from Mauritania in the west, all the way to Djibouti in the east.
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從西部的茅利塔尼亞一直到東部的吉布地
05:03
If you want to stop a sand dune from moving,
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如果想阻止沙丘移動
05:05
what you need to make sure to do is to stop the grains
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你必須確保能阻止沙粒
05:07
from avalanching over its crest.
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從沙丘頂端崩塌
05:10
And a good way of doing that, the most efficient way,
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有個好方法，也是最有效的方法
05:12
is to use some kind of sand catcher.
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是使用某種能捕捉沙粒的東西
05:14
Trees or cacti are good for this.
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樹木或仙人掌很有用
05:17
But, one of the problems with planting trees is that
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但是，種樹木的問題之一是
05:20
the people in these regions are so poor
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這裡的居民很貧窮
05:22
that they chop them down for firewood.
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他們把樹木砍來當柴燒
05:24
Now there is an alternative to just planting trees
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現在有個替代方案 能取代只是種植樹木
05:28
and hoping that they won't get chopped down.
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並希望它們不會被砍伐
05:31
This sandstone wall that I'm proposing essentially does three things.
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我建議的這個砂岩牆主要可達成三項任務
05:34
It adds roughness to the dune's surface,
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添加粗糙物到沙丘表面
05:37
to the texture of the dune's surface, binding the grains.
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為沙丘表面紋理增添粗糙面，黏住沙粒
05:40
It provides a physical support structure for the trees,
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它為樹木提供自然的支撐結構
05:43
and it creates physical spaces,
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並建立了實際空間
05:46
habitable spaces inside of the sand dunes.
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就是沙丘中的可居住空間
05:48
If people live inside of the green barrier
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如果人們生活在綠色壁壘中
05:51
they can help support the trees, protect them from humans,
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他們可以協助支撐樹木，保護樹木
05:54
and from some of the forces of nature.
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不受人類及其他自然破壞力的侵害
05:56
Inside of the dunes we find shade.
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沙丘中我們有蔭涼處
05:59
We can start harvesting condensation,
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我們可以取得冷凝水
06:02
and start greening the desert from within.
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而開始從內部綠化沙漠
06:04
Sand dunes are almost like ready-made buildings in a way.
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沙丘有點像是現成的建築物
06:07
All we need to do is solidify the parts that we need to be solid,
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我們所要做的是固化我們所需的部份
06:11
and then excavate the sand,
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然後將沙挖掘出來
06:13
and we have our architecture.
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這就是我們的建築物
06:15
We can either excavate it by hand
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我們可以徒手挖掘
06:17
or we can have the wind excavate it for us.
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讓風來幫我們代勞
06:19
So, the wind carries the sand onto the site
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所以風將沙吹到當地
06:21
and then it carries the redundant sand away from the structure for us.
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又幫我們將多餘的沙從結構中吹走
06:26
But, by now, you're probably asking,
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現在你們可能要問我
06:28
how am I planning to solidify a sand dune?
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如何固化沙丘？
06:31
How do we glue those grains of sand together?
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我們要如何將沙粒黏合在一起
06:34
And the answer is, perhaps, that you use these guys,
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或許答案就是，你該用這東西
06:37
Bacillus pasteurii,
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巴氏芽孢桿菌
06:39
a micro-organism that is readily available in wetlands
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一種在濕地和沼澤中
06:41
and marshes, and does precisely that.
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都可以找到的微生物
06:44
It takes a pile of loose sand
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它需要一堆鬆散的沙子
06:46
and it creates sandstone out of it.
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並由此創造出砂岩
06:49
These images from the American Society for Microbiology show us the process.
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這些美國微生物學會的影像，展示出固化的過程
06:53
What happens is, you pour Bacillus pasteurii onto a pile of sand,
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所發生的就是，你將巴氏芽孢桿菌倒入一堆沙中
06:57
and it starts filling up the voids in between the grains.
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這些菌開始填滿沙粒間的空隙
07:00
A chemical process produces calcite,
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經過化學過程，產生方解石
07:02
which is a kind of natural cement
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這是一種天然的水泥
07:04
that binds the grains together.
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可使沙粒結合在一起
07:06
The whole cementation process takes about 24 hours.
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整個膠結過程約需24小時
07:10
I learned about this from a professor at U.C. Davis called Jason DeJong.
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我跟加州大學戴維斯分校Jason DeJong副教授學到這個方法
07:14
He managed to do it in a mere 1,400 minutes.
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他僅在1400分鐘內就能成功做到這一點
07:18
Here I am, playing the part of the mad scientist,
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這是我，就像一位瘋狂的科學家
07:20
working with the bugs at UCL in London,
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在倫敦 UCL 裏操作這些桿菌
07:24
trying to solidify them.
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試圖使它們固化
07:26
So, how much would this cost?
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這需要多少費用？
07:29
I'm not an economist, very much not,
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我不是經濟學家，差遠了
07:31
but I did, quite literally, a back of the envelope calculation --
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但我毫不誇張地 粗步估算一下
07:35
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
07:37
-- and it seems that for a cubic meter of concrete
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1立方公尺的水泥
07:40
we would have to pay in the region of 90 dollars.
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我們大約要支付90美元
07:43
And, after an initial cost of 60 bucks to buy the bacteria,
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第一次購買這些細菌的60美元後
07:46
which you'll never have to pay again,
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你就不需要再買細菌
07:48
one cubic meter of bacterial sand
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1立方公尺的細菌沙
07:51
would be about 11 dollars.
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約11美元
07:53
How do we construct something like this?
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究竟我們要如何建造這樣的建築？
07:55
Well, I'll quickly show you two options.
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我很快的提供你兩個選項
07:57
The first is to create a kind of balloon structure,
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第一個是建造一種似氣球的結構
07:59
fill it with bacteria, then allow the sand to wash over the balloon,
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用細菌填滿它，然後讓沙浸過氣球
08:03
pop the balloon, as it were, disseminating the bacteria into the sand and solidifying it.
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打破氣球，可以這麼說，將細菌散入沙中使它固化
08:07
Then, a few years afterwards,
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然後，數年後
08:09
using permacultural strategies,
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使用永續策略
08:11
we green that part of the desert.
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我們綠化了那部分的沙漠
08:14
The second alternative would be to use injection piles.
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第二種選項是使用灌樁
08:17
So, we pushed the piles down through the dune,
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我們將樁打入沙丘
08:19
and we create an initial bacterial surface.
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創造出一個初始化的細菌表面
08:22
We then pull the piles up through the dune
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然後將樁抽離沙丘
08:25
and we're able to create almost any conceivable shape inside of the sand
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如此我們能夠在沙丘內創造出任何想要的形狀
08:28
with the sand acting as a mold as we go up.
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在搭建起來時把沙當成模
08:32
So, we have a way of turning sand into sandstone,
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我們就有將沙轉換為沙岩的方式
08:36
and then creating these habitable spaces inside of the desert dunes.
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而且在沙丘裡創造出可居住的空間
08:40
But, what should they look like?
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但是，這些建築會長成什麼樣子呢？
08:42
Well, I was inspired, for my architectural form, by tafoni,
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對於建築外型的靈感源於風化穴
08:47
which look a little bit like this, this is a model representation of it.
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長得有點像這個，這是模型的示意
08:50
These are cavernous rock structures that I found on the site in Sokoto.
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這些是有我在Sokoto找到的洞穴狀岩石結構
08:53
And I realized that if I scaled them up, they would provide me
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然後我發覺，若我將規模拉大
08:56
with good spatial qualities,
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它們可以提供我
08:59
for ventilation, for thermal comfort, and for other things.
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通風、保溫及其他方面良好且特別的品質
09:02
Now, part of the formal control over this structure
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這架構的形式控制一部份
09:05
would be lost to nature, obviously,
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將隨大自然消逝，想當然爾地
09:07
as the bacteria do their work.
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因為細菌有所作用
09:10
And I think this creates a kind of boundless beauty actually.
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我覺得 這實際上創造出一種無限的美感
09:13
I think there is really something in that articulation
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認為由這個所表現出的
09:16
that is quite nice.
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確實有某些相當不錯的理念
09:18
We see the result, the traces, if you like,
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我們看到其結果和進程，若你願意，
09:22
of the Bacillus pasteurii being harnessed to sculpt the desert
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就是利用巴氏芽孢桿菌
09:25
into these habitable environments.
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將沙漠雕塑成這些居住環境
09:27
Some people believe that
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有些人相信
09:30
this would spread uncontrollably,
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這方式會一發不可收拾
09:32
and that the bacteria would kill everything in its way.
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細菌會在運作的過程中侵蝕每一件事物
09:34
That's not true at all.
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這完全不正確
09:36
It's a natural process. It goes on in nature today,
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這是個自然的過程，到今日都在自然界發生
09:38
and the bacteria die as soon as we stop feeding them.
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只要我們停止餵食細菌，細菌就會死亡
09:41
So, there it is --
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這就是
09:43
architectural anti-desertification structures
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由沙漠所製成的
09:46
made from the desert itself.
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反沙漠化建築結構
09:48
Sand-stopping devices, made from sand.
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擋沙裝置是由沙所製成
09:52
The world is likely to lose one third of its arable land
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在本世紀末 地球很可能
09:55
by the end of the century.
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減少三分之一的耕地
09:57
In a period of unprecedented population growth
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在這史無前例的人口爆炸年代
10:01
and increased food demands, this could prove disastrous.
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食物需求激增 這些都代表著災難
10:03
And quite frankly, we're putting our heads in the sand.
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老實說我們仍是鴕鳥心態
10:07
If nothing else, I would like for this scheme to initiate a discussion.
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若沒有其他資源，我希望這個計畫可以引發討論
10:12
But, if I had something like a TED wish,
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但是若我有像TED的願景
10:14
it would be to actually get it built,
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那將是能夠真正將它實現
10:16
to start building this habitable wall,
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開始建造這種可居住的牆
10:19
this very, very long, but very narrow city in the desert,
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這將是沙漠中非常長 且狹窄的城市
10:23
built into the dunescape itself.
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內建在沙丘結構本身
10:27
It's not only something that supports trees,
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它不只可以支撐樹木
10:30
but something that connects people and countries together.
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也可以將人們及國家串連在一起
10:34
I would like to conclude by showing you an animation of the structure,
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我想以一段結構的動畫影片作為總結
10:40
and leave you with a sentence by Jorge Luis Borges.
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並附上波赫士所說的一句話
10:46
Borges said that "nothing is built on stone,
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波赫士說：「沒有建物是建築在岩石上的
10:52
everything is built on sand,
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所有的建物都是建在沙上
10:56
but we must build as if the sand were stone."
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但我們必須視沙猶如岩石般來建立一切
11:01
Now, there are many details left to explore in this scheme --
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現在這個計畫仍有許多細節有待探索
11:05
political, practical, ethical, financial.
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如政治、實際操作、道德、財務等面向
11:10
My design, as it takes you down the rabbit hole,
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如同帶你仙境一遊般
11:15
is fraught with many challenges
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我的設計在現實生活中
11:19
and difficulties in the real world.
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是充滿許多挑戰及困難
11:22
But, it's a beginning, it's a vision.
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不過這是個開端，是個願景
11:26
As Borges would have it, it's the sand.
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如同波赫士所言 它是沙
11:30
And I think now is really the time
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我認為現在
11:33
to turn it into stone. Thank you.
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是將它們變成石頭的時候了 謝謝
11:36
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Magnus Larsson - Dune architectMagnus Larsson hopes to build new structures in the desert -- by using bacteria to turn shifting sand into a solid mass.
Why you should listen
Architecture student Magnus Larsson wants to turn some of the most deserted and harsh landscapes on the planet into habitable structures. How? By turning loose sand dunes into solid architecture using bacteria. A team at UC Davis has been looking at the microorganism bacillus pasteurii to solidify the ground in earthquake-prone areas. As Larsson puts it, "All I did was to deliberately misapply their technology ... and to pump up the scale, and turn it into a 6,000-km-long wall that's made of sand and protects against sand."
After talking with Jason DeJong at UC Davis and with Stefano Ciurli, a b. pasteurii expert at the University of Bologna, Larsson put together a team at University College London to grow the bacteria and attempt to solidify sand. His Holcim Award-winning proposal is a complement to the Green Wall Sahara shelterbelt, being planted across the African continent. Larsson is now investigating how to bring the project to the next stage: a 1:1 scale prototype.
Magnus Larsson | Speaker | TED.com