TED@Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
Hannah Bürckstümmer: A printable, flexible, organic solar cell
漢娜柏克史圖莫: 可列印且有彈性的有機太陽能板
Filmed:
Readability: 5.1
1,350,504 views
有機光電不像是你過去看到的太陽能板，它是用可溶解性的化合物墨水所做成的，因此可以用簡單的技術將之列印或塑模出來。生產出來的薄膜產品不但很輕、有彈性、半透明，還能將太陽能轉換為電力。漢娜柏克史圖莫向我們說明它們是如何製作的，以及它們會如何改變我們世界的供電方式。
Hannah Bürckstümmer - Strategic marketer
Hannah Bürckstümmer has a vision for sustainable buildings and how organic solar cells can make it real. Full bio
Hannah Bürckstümmer has a vision for sustainable buildings and how organic solar cells can make it real. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
You may have noticed
that I'm wearing two different shoes.
that I'm wearing two different shoes.
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各位可能有注意到，
我穿了兩隻不同的鞋子。
我穿了兩隻不同的鞋子。
00:18
It probably looks funny --
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看起來可能很古怪－－
00:20
it definitely feels funny --
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感覺起來肯定還更古怪－－
00:22
but I wanted to make a point.
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但我想要表達一個論點。
00:24
Let's say my left shoe corresponds
to a sustainable footprint,
to a sustainable footprint,
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假設說我的左腳鞋子
符合碳足跡永續經營，
符合碳足跡永續經營，
00:28
meaning we humans consume
less natural resources
less natural resources
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意思就是說，我們人類
消耗的自然資源
消耗的自然資源
00:32
than our planet can regenerate,
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比地球重新生成的量更少，
00:34
and emit less carbon dioxide
than our forests and oceans can reabsorb.
than our forests and oceans can reabsorb.
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且釋放出的二氧化碳也比
我們的森林和海洋能吸收的量更少。
我們的森林和海洋能吸收的量更少。
00:39
That's a stable and healthy condition.
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這是一種穩定且健康的狀況。
00:42
Today's situation
is more like my other shoe.
is more like my other shoe.
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現今的情況比較像我的另一隻鞋子。
00:45
It's way oversized.
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它生產的方式對環境影響相當大。
00:47
At the second of August in 2017,
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在 2017 年８月２日，
00:51
we had already consumed all resources
our planet can regenerate this year.
our planet can regenerate this year.
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我們就已經把該年地球能重新
生成的所有資源都消耗完了。
生成的所有資源都消耗完了。
00:56
This is like spending all your money
until the 18th of a month
until the 18th of a month
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這就像是在一個月的 18 號
就把你所有的錢花光了，
就把你所有的錢花光了，
01:00
and then needing a credit
from the bank for the rest of the time.
from the bank for the rest of the time.
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接著剩下的時間就需要
用銀行發的信用卡。
用銀行發的信用卡。
01:03
For sure, you can do this
for some months in a row,
for some months in a row,
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當然，你可以連續幾個月都這麼做，
01:06
but if you don't change your behavior,
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但如果你都不改變你的行為，
01:07
sooner or later,
you will run into big problems.
you will run into big problems.
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遲早，你會有大麻煩。
01:11
We all know the devastating effects
of this excessive exploitation:
of this excessive exploitation:
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我們都知道這種過度使用
所造成的破壞性影響：
所造成的破壞性影響：
01:15
global warming,
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全球暖化、
01:17
rising of the sea levels,
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海平面上升、
01:19
melting of the glaciers and polar ice,
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冰河和極冰溶化、
01:21
increasingly extreme
climate patterns and more.
climate patterns and more.
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氣候越來越極端等等。
01:26
The enormity of this problem
really frustrates me.
really frustrates me.
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這個問題的巨大程度，讓我很挫折。
01:30
What frustrates me even more
is that there are solutions to this,
is that there are solutions to this,
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讓我更挫折的是，
這個問題是有解決方案的，
這個問題是有解決方案的，
01:33
but we keep doing things
like we always did.
like we always did.
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但我們卻持續做過去一直在做的事。
01:36
Today I want to share with you
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今天，我想和各位分享
01:38
how a new solar technology can contribute
to a sustainable future of buildings.
to a sustainable future of buildings.
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一種新的太陽能技術如何能夠
協助達成建築物的永續未來。
協助達成建築物的永續未來。
01:44
Buildings consume about 40 percent
of our total energy demand,
of our total energy demand,
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我們的總能源需求中
有 40％ 是被建築物所消耗的，
有 40％ 是被建築物所消耗的，
01:48
so tackling this consumption
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若能減少這種消耗，
01:50
would significantly reduce
our climate emissions.
our climate emissions.
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將能讓氣候排放顯著下降。
01:53
A building designed
along sustainable principles
along sustainable principles
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依據永續原則設計的建築物
01:55
can produce all the power
it needs by itself.
it needs by itself.
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能夠產生它自己所需要的所有電力。
01:58
To achieve this,
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要達成這個理想，
01:59
you first have to reduce
the consumption as much as possible,
the consumption as much as possible,
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先得要盡可能減少消耗，
02:03
by using well-insulated walls
or windows, for instance.
or windows, for instance.
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比如使用隔熱效果
很好的牆壁或窗戶。
很好的牆壁或窗戶。
02:06
These technologies
are commercially available.
are commercially available.
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在商業上已經有在使用這些技術了。
02:09
Then you need energy
for warm water and heating.
for warm water and heating.
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接著，你需要能源
來供應熱水和暖氣。
來供應熱水和暖氣。
02:13
You can get this
in a renewable way from the sun
in a renewable way from the sun
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你可以從太陽取得再生能源，
02:15
through solar-thermal installations
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包括用太陽熱能的裝置，
02:17
or from the ground and air,
with heat pumps.
with heat pumps.
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或用熱泵從地面與空氣取得能源。
02:20
All of these technologies are available.
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這些技術都是可行的。
02:22
Then you are left
with the need for electricity.
with the need for electricity.
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還剩下的，就是對電力的需求。
02:25
In principle, there are several ways
to get renewable electricity,
to get renewable electricity,
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原則上，有幾種方式
可以取得再生電力，
可以取得再生電力，
02:29
but how many buildings do you know
which have a windmill on the roof
which have a windmill on the roof
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但你見過幾棟建築物，
在屋頂上有裝設風車？
在屋頂上有裝設風車？
02:33
or a water power plant in the garden?
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或在花園裡有裝設水力發電廠？
02:35
Probably not so many, because usually,
it doesn't make sense.
it doesn't make sense.
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可能沒有幾棟，
因為通常這並不合理。
因為通常這並不合理。
02:38
But the sun provides abundant energy
to our roofs and facades.
to our roofs and facades.
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但太陽向我們的屋頂和建築物表面
提供了大量的能源。
提供了大量的能源。
02:43
The potential to harvest this energy
at our buildings' surfaces is enormous.
at our buildings' surfaces is enormous.
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從建築物外牆取用這些
能源的潛力是非常大的。
能源的潛力是非常大的。
02:48
Let's take Europe as an example.
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咱們用歐洲來當例子。
02:51
If you would utilize all areas
which have a nice orientation to the sun
which have a nice orientation to the sun
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如果你可以利有所有理想的
日照方向區域，
日照方向區域，
02:55
and they're not overly shaded,
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且它們沒有被過度遮蔽，
02:57
the power generated by photovoltaics
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太陽光電產生的電力，
03:00
would correspond to about 30 percent
of our total energy demand.
of our total energy demand.
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相當於我們總能源需求的 30％。
03:04
But today's photovoltaics
have some issues.
have some issues.
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但現今的太陽光電有一些問題。
03:07
They do offer a good
cost-performance ratio,
cost-performance ratio,
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它們有不錯的成本效益比率，
03:10
but they aren't really flexible
in terms of their design,
in terms of their design,
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但在設計上卻缺乏彈性，
03:12
and this makes aesthetics a challenge.
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這對美感而言是一項挑戰。
03:15
People often imagine pictures like this
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對於建築物上的太陽能板，
03:17
when thinking about
solar cells on buildings.
solar cells on buildings.
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大家心中的想像通常是這樣的。
03:20
This may work for solar farms,
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在太陽能農場可能是可行的，
03:21
but when you think of buildings,
of streets, of architecture,
of streets, of architecture,
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但如果要用在建築物、街道、大樓，
03:25
aesthetics does matter.
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美感是很重要的。
03:27
This is the reason why we don't see
many solar cells on buildings today.
many solar cells on buildings today.
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這就是為什麼現今我們不會
在建築物上看到很多太陽能電板。
在建築物上看到很多太陽能電板。
03:31
They just don't match.
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它們很不搭調。
03:33
Our team is working on a totally
different solar-cell technology,
different solar-cell technology,
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我們的團隊正致力於一種
不同的太陽能板技術，
不同的太陽能板技術，
03:38
which is called
organic photovoltaics or OPV.
organic photovoltaics or OPV.
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它叫做有機太陽光電，簡稱 OPV。
03:41
The term organic describes
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「有機」這個詞的意思是
03:43
that the material used
for light absorption and charge transport
for light absorption and charge transport
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用來吸收光以及進行載子傳輸的材料
03:47
are mainly based on the element carbon,
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是以碳元素為主，
03:49
and not on metals.
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而不是金屬。
03:51
We utilize the mixture of a polymer
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我們將聚合物混合，
03:54
which is set up by different
repeating units,
repeating units,
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以不同的重覆單位組成，
03:56
like the pearls in a pearl chain,
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就像珍珠鏈的珍珠一樣，
03:58
and a small molecule
which has the shape of a football
which has the shape of a football
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還有一個形狀像是足球的小型分子，
04:01
and is called fullerene.
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它叫做球碳。
04:03
These two compounds are mixed
and dissolved to become an ink.
and dissolved to become an ink.
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這兩種化合物被混合起來，
溶解成為墨水。
溶解成為墨水。
04:08
And like ink,
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就像墨水一樣，
04:09
they can be printed with simple
printing techniques like slot-die coating
printing techniques like slot-die coating
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它們可以用簡單的印刷技術印刷，
例如在柔性基材上以連續的
卷對卷工藝進行槽模塗佈。
卷對卷工藝進行槽模塗佈。
04:14
in a continuous roll-to-roll process
on flexible substrates.
on flexible substrates.
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04:18
The resulting thin layer
is the active layer,
is the active layer,
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由此產生的薄層是活動層，
04:21
absorbing the energy of the sun.
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吸收太陽的能量。
04:23
This active layer is extremely effective.
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這個活動層的效率相當高。
04:27
You only need a layer thickness
of 0.2 micrometers
of 0.2 micrometers
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只需要 0.2 微米的厚度，
04:30
to absorb the energy of the sun.
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就能吸收太陽的能源。
04:33
This is 100 times thinner
than a human hair.
than a human hair.
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這厚度是一根頭髮的百分之一。
04:36
To give you another example,
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再舉一個例子，
04:38
take one kilogram of the basic polymer
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拿１公斤的基礎聚合物，
04:41
and use it to formulate the active ink.
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用它來配製出反應墨水。
04:44
With this amount of ink,
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這墨水的量，
04:45
you can print a solar cell
the size of a complete football field.
the size of a complete football field.
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可以印出一整個
美式足球場大小的太陽能板。
美式足球場大小的太陽能板。
04:51
So OPV is extremely material efficient,
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所以，OPV 的材料效能非常好，
04:54
which I think is a crucial thing
when talking about sustainability.
when talking about sustainability.
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若要談永續，這是個很重要的關鍵。
04:59
After the printing process,
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在列印流程序之後，
05:01
you can have a solar module
which could look like this ...
which could look like this ...
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你可以產出一個
像這樣的太陽能組件…
像這樣的太陽能組件…
05:04
It looks a bit like a plastic foil
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它看起來有點像是保鮮膜，
05:07
and actually has many of its features.
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實際上也有許多保鮮膜的特性。
05:09
It's lightweight ...
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它很輕…
05:12
it's bendable ...
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它可以彎曲…
05:14
and it's semi-transparent.
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且它是半透明的。
05:18
But it can harvest the energy
of the sun outdoors
of the sun outdoors
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但它能取得戶外太陽的能源，
05:21
and also of this indoor light,
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以及室內光的能源，
05:22
as you can see with this small,
illuminated LED.
illuminated LED.
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各位看到的這個就是個
小型的發光 LED。
小型的發光 LED。
05:26
You can use it in its plastic form
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你可以用它的塑膠形式，
05:28
and take advantage of its low weight
and its bendability.
and its bendability.
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享受它的好處：
很輕的重量和可彎曲性。
很輕的重量和可彎曲性。
05:32
The first is important when thinking
about buildings in warmer regions.
about buildings in warmer regions.
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第一項好處對較溫暖地區的
建築物是很重要的。
建築物是很重要的。
05:37
Here, the roofs are not designed
to bear additionally heavy loads.
to bear additionally heavy loads.
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在這些地方，屋頂的設計
無法承受額外的重量。
無法承受額外的重量。
05:40
They aren't designed
for snow in winter, for instance,
for snow in winter, for instance,
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比如，它們不會設計來
承受冬天的降雪。
承受冬天的降雪。
05:43
so heavy silicon solar cells
cannot be used for light harvesting,
cannot be used for light harvesting,
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所以，不能用沉重的
矽太陽能板來取得光線，
矽太陽能板來取得光線，
05:47
but these lightweight solar foils
are very well suited.
are very well suited.
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但這些輕量的太陽能箔片非常適合。
05:52
The bendability is important
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彎曲性也很重要，
05:54
if you want to combine the solar cell
with membrane architecture.
with membrane architecture.
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因為你可以把太陽能板
和建築膜材做結合。
和建築膜材做結合。
05:58
Imagine the sails
of the Sydney Opera as power plants.
of the Sydney Opera as power plants.
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想像一下，雪黎歌劇院的
帆形屋頂變成了發電廠。
帆形屋頂變成了發電廠。
06:02
Alternatively, you can
combine the solar foils
combine the solar foils
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或是，你可以把太陽能箔片
06:05
with conventional construction
materials like glass.
materials like glass.
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與玻璃等傳統建築材料結合使用。
06:08
Many glass facade elements
contain a foil anyway,
contain a foil anyway,
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反正許多玻璃牆的構件都含有箔片，
06:10
to create laminated safety glass.
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用它來打造夾層式安全玻璃。
06:13
It's not a big deal to add
a second foil in the production process,
a second foil in the production process,
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在生產過程中再加上
第二層箔片並不難，
第二層箔片並不難，
06:16
but then the facade element
contains the solar cell
contains the solar cell
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但當建築物的外牆構件
包含了太陽能板時，
包含了太陽能板時，
06:19
and can produce electricity.
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就能產生電力。
06:23
Besides looking nice,
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除了很好看以外，
06:24
these integrated solar cells come along
with two more important benefits.
with two more important benefits.
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這些整合式的太陽能板
還有兩項益處。
還有兩項益處。
06:29
Do you remember the solar cell
attached to a roof I showed before?
attached to a roof I showed before?
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還記得剛剛我們看到
加在屋頂上的太陽能板嗎？
加在屋頂上的太陽能板嗎？
06:33
In this case, we install the roof first,
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在那個例子中，需要先安裝屋頂，
06:36
and as a second layer, the solar cell.
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太陽能板則是第二層。
06:37
This is adding on the installation costs.
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因此安裝的成本會增加。
06:40
In the case of integrated solar cells,
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若改成整合式的太陽能板，
06:42
at the site of construction,
only one element is installed,
only one element is installed,
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在建地就只要安裝一項構件，
06:46
being at the same time
the envelope of the building
the envelope of the building
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它既是建築物外牆，
06:48
and the solar cell.
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也是太陽能板。
06:50
Besides saving on the installation costs,
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除了能省下安裝成本，
06:52
this also saves resources,
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也能節省資源，
06:54
because the two functions
are combined into one element.
are combined into one element.
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因為兩種功能被結合
在一個構件當中。
在一個構件當中。
06:58
Earlier, I've talked about optics.
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早先，我有談到光學。
07:00
I really like this solar panel --
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我真的很喜歡這種太陽能板－－
07:02
maybe you have different taste
or different design needs ...
or different design needs ...
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也許你有不同的品味
或不同的設計需求…
或不同的設計需求…
07:06
No problem.
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不成問題。
07:07
With the printing process,
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只要有列印程序，
07:08
the solar cell can change
its shape and design very easily.
its shape and design very easily.
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太陽能板的形狀就能任意改變，
設計上也非常容易。
設計上也非常容易。
07:13
This will give the flexibility
to architects,
to architects,
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這就能提供更大的彈性給建築師、
07:16
to planners and building owners,
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規劃師，以及建築物擁有人，
07:18
to integrate this electricity-producing
technology as they wish.
technology as they wish.
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依照他們的想法
來整合這項發電技術。
來整合這項發電技術。
07:27
I want to stress that this is not
just happening in the labs.
just happening in the labs.
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我想要強調，這並不只是
在實驗室中測試的技術。
在實驗室中測試的技術。
07:30
It will take several more years
to get to mass adoption,
to get to mass adoption,
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會需要數年的時間
才能被大規模採用，
才能被大規模採用，
07:33
but we are at the edge
of commercialization,
of commercialization,
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但我們處在商業化的邊緣，
07:36
meaning there are several companies
out there with production lines.
out there with production lines.
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意思就是，有幾間公司都有生產線了。
07:40
They are scaling up their capacities,
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它們正在增加產能，
07:42
and so are we, with the inks.
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我們則是在墨水上努力。
07:48
(Shoe drops)
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（鞋子落下）
07:53
This smaller footprint
is much more comfortable.
is much more comfortable.
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足跡比較小的這雙舒服多了。
07:55
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
07:57
It is the right size, the right scale.
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它的尺寸吻合，尺碼正確。
08:00
We have to come back to the right scale
when it comes to energy consumption.
when it comes to energy consumption.
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對於能源消耗，我們得要
回到對的尺碼上。
回到對的尺碼上。
08:04
And making buildings carbon-neutral
is an important part here.
is an important part here.
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讓建築物碳中合也是很重要的。
08:08
In Europe,
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在歐洲，
08:09
we have the goal to decarbonize
our building stock [by] 2050.
our building stock [by] 2050.
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我們的目標是要在 2050 年
把新建的建築物都脫碳。
把新建的建築物都脫碳。
08:13
I hope organic photovoltaics
will be a big part of this.
will be a big part of this.
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我希望有機光電會扮演重要的角色。
08:17
Here are a couple of examples.
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以下是幾個例子。
08:20
This is the first commercial installation
of fully printed organic solar cells.
of fully printed organic solar cells.
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這是有機太陽能板
第一次做商業性裝設。
第一次做商業性裝設。
08:25
"Commercial" means that the solar cells
were printed on industrial equipment.
were printed on industrial equipment.
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「商業性」的意思是，太陽能板
能在工業設備上列印出來。
能在工業設備上列印出來。
08:29
The so-called "solar trees"
were part of the German pavilion
were part of the German pavilion
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這個「太陽能樹」是 2015 年米蘭
世界博覽會中德國展示館的一部分。
08:33
at the World Expo in Milan in 2015.
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08:36
They provided shading during the day
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在白天，它能遮陽，
08:38
and electricity
for the lighting in the evening.
for the lighting in the evening.
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在晚上則提供光照所需要的電力。
08:41
You may wonder why this hexagonal shape
was chosen for the solar cells.
was chosen for the solar cells.
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你們可能會納悶，為什麼
太陽能板要用六角形的？
太陽能板要用六角形的？
08:45
Easy answer:
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答案很簡單：
08:46
the architects wanted to have
a specific shading pattern on the floor
a specific shading pattern on the floor
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建築師希望地板上要有
特定的陰影圖案，
特定的陰影圖案，
08:50
and asked for it,
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便要求用六角形，
08:51
and then it was printed as requested.
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於是就照著需求列印出來了。
雖然距離實際量產還有一段路要走，
08:54
Being far from a real product,
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08:55
this free-form installation hooked
the imagination of the visiting architects
the imagination of the visiting architects
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但它讓參訪的建築師們
著迷且充滿想像的程度，
著迷且充滿想像的程度，
08:59
much more than we expected.
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遠超過我們的預期。
09:01
This other application
is closer to the projects
is closer to the projects
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這是另一個應用，
更接近我們想要做到的
更接近我們想要做到的
09:04
and applications we are targeting.
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專案計畫和應用。
09:06
In an office building
in São Paulo, Brazil,
in São Paulo, Brazil,
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這是巴西聖保羅的一棟辦公室大樓，
09:09
semitransparent OPV panels
are integrated into the glass facade,
are integrated into the glass facade,
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半透明的 OPV 板
被整合到玻璃帷幕上，
被整合到玻璃帷幕上，
09:13
serving different needs.
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滿足了不同的需求。
09:15
First, they provided shading
for the meeting rooms behind.
for the meeting rooms behind.
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首先，它們能為玻璃
後方的會議室遮陽。
後方的會議室遮陽。
09:19
Second, the logo of the company
is displayed in an innovative way.
is displayed in an innovative way.
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第二，公司的標誌可以
用創新的方式呈現。
用創新的方式呈現。
09:24
And of course, electricity is produced,
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當然，還能產生電力，
09:26
reducing the energy footprint
of the building.
of the building.
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減少這棟大樓的能源足跡。
09:29
This is pointing towards a future
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這會引領我們走向新的未來，
09:31
where buildings are no longer
energy consumers,
energy consumers,
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建築物不再是能源的消費者，
09:33
but energy providers.
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而是能源的提供者。
09:35
I want to see solar cells
seamlessly integrated
seamlessly integrated
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我想要看到太陽能板
能被無縫整合到我們的建築外殼上，
09:38
into our building shells
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09:40
to be both resource-efficient
and a pleasure to look at.
and a pleasure to look at.
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這麼一來，既有高資源
效益，又賞心悅目。
效益，又賞心悅目。
09:44
For roofs, silicon solar cells
will often continue to be a good solution.
will often continue to be a good solution.
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在屋頂方面，矽太陽能板
將會是個很好的解決方案。
將會是個很好的解決方案。
09:49
But to exploit the potential
of all facades and other areas,
of all facades and other areas,
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但若要發揮它的潛力，
就要應用在建築外牆及其它領域，
就要應用在建築外牆及其它領域，
09:53
such as semitransparent areas,
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比如半透明領域、
09:55
curved surfaces and shadings,
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曲面，以及陰影遮蔽，
09:58
I believe organic photovoltaics
can offer a significant contribution,
can offer a significant contribution,
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我相信，有機光電
會提供相當大的貢獻，
會提供相當大的貢獻，
10:03
and they can be made in any form
architects and planners will want them to.
architects and planners will want them to.
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且它的形式能依照建築師
和規劃師的需求來設計。
和規劃師的需求來設計。
10:09
Thank you.
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謝謝。
10:10
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Hannah Bürckstümmer - Strategic marketerHannah Bürckstümmer has a vision for sustainable buildings and how organic solar cells can make it real.
Why you should listen
Hannah Bürckstümmer studied chemistry following her curiosity for why our environment is set up the way that it is -- and how new things can be created. She focused on the idea of synthesizing new dye materials for organic solar cells, and that became the topic for herPhD at the University of Würzburg in Germany. She joined Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany in 2011, continuing her research into third-generation solar cells and, later, working on the strategy and marketing for organic photovoltaics (OPVs).
Hannah Bürckstümmer | Speaker | TED.com