TED2016
Shivani Siroya: A smart loan for people with no credit history (yet)
Shivani Siroya: Pametni krediti za ljude koji nemaju kreditnu povijest (još)
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Povjerenje - kako se zaslužuje? Banke koriste kreditne bodove kako bi odredile jeste li dostojni povjerenja, ali postoji oko 2,5 milijarde ljudi diljem svijeta koji nemaju te bodove s kojima bi krenuli, koji ne mogu dobiti kredit da započnu svoj posao, kupe kuću ili poboljšaju život na neki drugi način. Poslušajte kako članica TED Fellows programa, Shivani Siroya, oslobađa neiskorištenu kupovnu moć u zemljama u razvoju pomoću start-up-a InVenture, koji koristi mobilne podatke kako bi stvorio financijski identitet. "Pomoću nečeg toliko jednostavnog kao što su kreditni bodovi", kaže Siroya, "pružamo ljudima moć da izgrade vlastitu budućnost".
Shivani Siroya - Mobile finance entrepreneur
Shivani Siroya created a tool that allows anyone with a cell phone to build a financial track record. Full bio
Shivani Siroya created a tool that allows anyone with a cell phone to build a financial track record. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
How much do you need
to know about a person
to know about a person
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Koliko trebate znati o nekoj osobi
00:14
before you'd feel comfortable
making a loan?
making a loan?
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prije nego odlučite odobriti joj kredit?
00:18
Suppose you wanted to lend 1,000 dollars
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Recimo da želite posuditi 1000 dolara
00:20
to the person sitting two rows behind you.
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osobi koja sjedi dva reda iza vas.
00:23
What would you need to know
about that person
about that person
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Što biste trebali znati o toj osobi
00:25
before you'd feel comfortable?
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prije nego što postanete sigurni u to?
00:27
My mom came to the US from India
in her late thirties.
in her late thirties.
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Moja mama je došla u Ameriku iz Indije
u kasnim tridesetima.
u kasnim tridesetima.
00:31
She's a doctor in Brooklyn,
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Ona je liječnica u Brooklynu,
00:33
and she often lets friends and neighbors
come to see her for health services,
come to see her for health services,
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često dozvoljava prijateljima i susjedima
da je posjete zbog zdravstvenih usluga,
da je posjete zbog zdravstvenih usluga,
00:37
whether they can pay right away or not.
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bez obzira mogu li to oni odmah platiti.
00:39
I remember running into her patients
with her at the grocery store
with her at the grocery store
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Sjećam se da smo zajedno
sretale njezine pacijente u trgovini
sretale njezine pacijente u trgovini
00:43
or on the sidewalk,
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ili na cesti
00:44
and sometimes they would come
and pay her right on the spot
and pay her right on the spot
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i nekada bi došli
i platili joj na licu mjesta
i platili joj na licu mjesta
za prethodne posjete.
00:47
for previous appointments.
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00:48
She would thank them,
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Zahvalila bi im
00:49
and ask them about their families
and their health.
and their health.
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i pitala ih kako su im
obitelji i zdravlje.
obitelji i zdravlje.
00:53
She gave them credit
because she trusted them.
because she trusted them.
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Dozvoljavala im je dug
zato što im je vjerovala.
zato što im je vjerovala.
00:57
Most of us are like my mom.
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Većina nas je poput moje majke.
00:59
We would give credit to someone we know
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Dopustili bismo da nam duguje
netko koga znamo,
netko koga znamo,
01:02
or that we live next to.
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ili pored koga živimo.
01:04
But most of us are probably not
going to lend to a stranger
going to lend to a stranger
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No, većina nas vjerojatno
neće dati pozajmicu strancu,
neće dati pozajmicu strancu,
01:07
unless we know a little
something about them.
something about them.
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ukoliko ne zna barem nešto o njemu.
01:11
Banks, credit card companies
and other financial institutions
and other financial institutions
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Banke, kartičarske kuće
i druge financijske institucije
i druge financijske institucije
01:15
don't know us on a personal level,
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ne poznaju nas osobno,
01:17
but they do have a way of trusting us,
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ali imaju način da nam poklone povjerenje,
01:20
and that's through our credit scores.
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a to je putem naše kreditne sposobnosti.
01:23
Our credit scores have been created
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Naša kreditna sposobnost se stvara
01:25
through an aggregation and analysis
of our public consumer credit data.
of our public consumer credit data.
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kroz prikupljanje i analizu
naših podataka o potrošnji.
naših podataka o potrošnji.
01:29
And because of them, we have
pretty much easy access
pretty much easy access
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Zbog njih su nam prilično lako dostupna
01:32
to all of the goods
and services that we need,
and services that we need,
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sva dobra i usluge koji su nam potrebni,
01:35
from getting electricity to buying a home,
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od dobivanja struje do kupnje kuće,
01:38
or taking a risk and starting a business.
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ili preuzimanje rizika i pokretanje posla.
01:41
But ...
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No...
01:42
there are 2.5 billion people
around the world
around the world
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postoji 2,5 milijarde ljudi diljem svijeta
01:47
that don't have a credit score.
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koji nemaju kreditne bodove.
01:49
That's a third of the world's population.
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To je trećina svjetske populacije.
01:52
They don't have a score
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Nemaju bodove
01:54
because there are no formal
public records on them --
public records on them --
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jer o njima ne postoje
službeni javni podaci;
službeni javni podaci;
01:57
no bank accounts,
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nemaju bankovni račun,
01:58
no credit histories
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kreditnu povijest
02:00
and no social security numbers.
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ni svoj OIB.
02:02
And because they don't have a score,
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I zato što nemaju bodove,
02:04
they don't have access
to the credit or financial products
to the credit or financial products
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nemaju pristup kreditu
ili financijskim proizvodima
ili financijskim proizvodima
02:08
that can improve their lives.
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koji im mogu poboljšati život.
02:11
They are not trusted.
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Njima se ne vjeruje.
02:14
So we wanted to find a way to build trust
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Tako smo poželjeli pronaći način
izgraditi povjerenje
izgraditi povjerenje
02:18
and to open up financial access
for these 2.5 billion.
for these 2.5 billion.
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i dati financijski pristup
za ovih 2,5 milijarde ljudi.
za ovih 2,5 milijarde ljudi.
02:22
So we created a mobile application
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Stoga smo napravili mobilnu aplikaciju,
02:25
that builds credit scores for them
using mobile data.
using mobile data.
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koja za njih stvara kreditne bodove
koristeći mobilne podatke.
koristeći mobilne podatke.
02:30
There are currently over one billion
smartphones in emerging markets.
smartphones in emerging markets.
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Trenutno postoji preko milijarde
pametnih telefona u takvim zemljama.
pametnih telefona u takvim zemljama.
02:34
And people are using them
the same way that we do.
the same way that we do.
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I ljudi ih koriste na isti način kao i mi.
02:38
They're texting their friends,
they're looking up directions,
they're looking up directions,
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Šalju poruke prijateljima,
traže upute za kretanje,
traže upute za kretanje,
02:41
they're browsing the Internet
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pretražuju internet
02:42
and they're even making
financial transactions.
financial transactions.
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čak i vrše financijske transakcije.
02:45
Over time, this data is getting
captured on our phones,
captured on our phones,
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S vremenom se ovi podaci
pohranjuju na našim telefonima,
pohranjuju na našim telefonima,
02:48
and it provides a really rich picture
of a person's life.
of a person's life.
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što daje zaista bogatu sliku
o životu neke osobe.
o životu neke osobe.
02:53
Our customers give us access to this data
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Naši klijenti nam daju
pristup ovim podacima,
pristup ovim podacima,
02:55
and we capture it
through our mobile application.
through our mobile application.
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a mi ih prepoznajemo
pomoću naše mobilne aplikacije.
pomoću naše mobilne aplikacije.
02:58
It helps us understand
the creditworthiness
the creditworthiness
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To nam pomaže razumjeti
kreditnu sposobnost
kreditnu sposobnost
03:01
of people like Jenipher,
a small-business owner in Nairobi, Kenya.
a small-business owner in Nairobi, Kenya.
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ljudi kao što je Jenipher, vlasnice
male tvrtke u Nairobiju u Keniji.
male tvrtke u Nairobiju u Keniji.
03:06
Jenipher is 65 years old, and for decades
has been running a food stall
has been running a food stall
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Jenipher ima 65 godina
i desetljećima drži pult s hranom
i desetljećima drži pult s hranom
03:11
in the central business district.
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u središnjem poslovnom dijelu grada.
03:13
She has three sons who she put
through vocational school,
through vocational school,
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Ima trojicu sinova
koje je upisala u strukovne škole,
koje je upisala u strukovne škole,
03:17
and she's also the leader
of her local chama,
of her local chama,
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a također vodi i lokalnu "chamu",
03:19
or savings group.
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vrstu štedne zadruge.
03:21
Jenipher's food stall does well.
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Jenipherin posao
prodaje hrane ide dobro.
prodaje hrane ide dobro.
03:23
She makes just enough every day
to cover her expenses.
to cover her expenses.
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Zarađuje dovoljno da svakodnevno
pokrije svoje troškove.
pokrije svoje troškove.
03:27
But she's not financially secure.
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Ona, međutim, nije financijski osigurana.
03:29
Any emergency could force her into debt.
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Bilo koji hitni slučaj
mogao bi je primorati da se zaduži,
mogao bi je primorati da se zaduži,
03:32
And she has no discretionary income
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a nema raspoloživi dio prihoda
03:34
to improve her family's way of living,
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kojim bi poboljšala
način života svoje obitelji,
način života svoje obitelji,
03:37
for emergencies,
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za hitne slučajeve
03:38
or for investing
into growing her business.
into growing her business.
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ili za ulaganje u razvoj svog posla.
03:42
If Jenipher wants credit,
her options are limited.
her options are limited.
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Ako Jenipher želi kredit,
njene opcije su ograničene.
njene opcije su ograničene.
03:45
She could get a microloan,
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Mogla bi podići minikredit,
03:47
but she'd have to form a group
that could help vouch for her credibility.
that could help vouch for her credibility.
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ali bi morala formirati grupu za pomoć
pri dokazivanju kreditne sposobnosti.
pri dokazivanju kreditne sposobnosti.
03:51
And even then, the loan sizes
would be way too small
would be way too small
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Čak i tada, visina kredita bila bi premala
03:53
to really have an impact on her business,
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da bi zaista utjecala na njezin posao,
03:56
averaging around 150 dollars.
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u prosjeku oko 150 dolara.
03:59
Loan sharks are always an option,
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Kamatari su uvijek opcija,
04:02
but with interest rates
that are well above 300 percent,
that are well above 300 percent,
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ali uz kamate koje idu
znatno iznad 300 posto,
znatno iznad 300 posto,
04:06
they're financially risky.
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financijski su rizični.
04:08
And because Jenipher doesn't have
collateral or a credit history,
collateral or a credit history,
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Budući Jenipher nema
kolateral ili kreditnu povijest,
kolateral ili kreditnu povijest,
04:12
she can't walk into a bank
and ask for a business loan.
and ask for a business loan.
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ne može doći u banku
i zatražiti poslovni kredit.
i zatražiti poslovni kredit.
04:16
But one day,
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No, jednoga dana
04:17
Jenipher's son convinced her
to download our application
to download our application
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Jenipherin sin uvjerio ju je
da preuzme našu aplikaciju
da preuzme našu aplikaciju
04:21
and apply for a loan.
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i prijavi se za kredit.
04:23
Jenipher answered a few
questions on her phone
questions on her phone
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Jenipher je odgovorila
na par pitanja na svom telefonu
na par pitanja na svom telefonu
04:25
and she gave us access to a few
key data points on her device.
key data points on her device.
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i omogućila nam pristup nekim
ključnim podacima na njenom uređaju.
ključnim podacima na njenom uređaju.
04:30
And here's what we saw.
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Evo što smo vidjeli.
04:32
So, bad news first.
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Prvo loše vijesti.
04:34
Jenipher had a low savings balance
and no previous loan history.
and no previous loan history.
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Jenipher je imala nisku razinu štednje
i nije imala prethodnu kreditnu povijest.
i nije imala prethodnu kreditnu povijest.
04:40
These are factors
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Ovo su čimbenici
04:41
that would have thrown up
a red flag to a traditional bank.
a red flag to a traditional bank.
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koji bi bili znak za uzbunu
u tradicionalnoj banci.
u tradicionalnoj banci.
Međutim, bilo je drugih mjesta
u njenoj povijesti koja su pokazala
u njenoj povijesti koja su pokazala
04:44
But there were other points
in her history that showed us
in her history that showed us
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04:47
a much richer picture of her potential.
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mnogo bogatiju sliku njenog potencijala.
04:51
So for one,
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Kao prvo,
04:52
we saw that she made regular
phone calls to her family in Uganda.
phone calls to her family in Uganda.
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vidjeli smo da je redovno zvala
svoju obitelj u Ugandi.
svoju obitelj u Ugandi.
04:57
Well, it turns out that the data shows
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Ispostavilo se da podaci pokazuju
05:00
a four percent increase in repayment
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povećanje od 4 posto u vraćanju duga
05:02
among people who consistently
communicate with a few close contacts.
communicate with a few close contacts.
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među ljudima koji redovito komuniciraju
s par bliskih kontakata.
s par bliskih kontakata.
05:08
We could also see
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Vidjeli smo i da,
05:09
that though she traveled
around a lot throughout the day,
around a lot throughout the day,
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iako je puno putovala tijekom dana,
05:12
she actually had pretty
regular travel patterns,
regular travel patterns,
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zapravo je imala prilično
uobičajene obrasce putovanja
uobičajene obrasce putovanja
05:15
and she was either at home
or at her food stall.
or at her food stall.
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i bila je ili kod kuće,
ili za svojim pultom s hranom.
ili za svojim pultom s hranom.
05:19
And the data shows
a six percent increase in repayment
a six percent increase in repayment
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Podaci pokazuju porast
od šest posto u otplati duga
od šest posto u otplati duga
05:23
among customers who are consistent
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među klijentima koji su dosljedni
05:25
with where they spend most of their time.
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u tome gdje provode većinu svog vremena.
05:29
We could also see
that she communicated a lot
that she communicated a lot
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Mogli smo vidjeti
i da je puno komunicirala
i da je puno komunicirala
05:31
with many different people
throughout the day
throughout the day
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s mnogo različitih ljudi tijekom dana
05:34
and that she had a strong support network.
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i da je imala snažnu mrežu potpore.
05:37
Our data shows
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Naši podaci pokazuju
05:38
that people who communicate
with more than 58 different contacts
with more than 58 different contacts
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kako je kod ljudi koji komuniciraju
s više od 58 različitih kontakata,
s više od 58 različitih kontakata,
05:43
tend to be more likely
to be good borrowers.
to be good borrowers.
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obično veća vjerojatnost
da će biti bolji u vraćanju duga.
da će biti bolji u vraćanju duga.
05:46
In Jenipher's case,
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U Jenipherinom slučaju,
05:47
she communicated
with 89 different individuals,
with 89 different individuals,
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ona je komunicirala
s 89 različitih pojedinaca,
s 89 različitih pojedinaca,
05:51
which showed a nine percent
increase in her repayment.
increase in her repayment.
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što je ukazivalo na devetopostotni porast
u vraćanju njenog duga.
u vraćanju njenog duga.
05:55
These are just some of the thousands
of different data points
of different data points
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Ovo su samo neki od tisuća
različitih podataka
različitih podataka
05:59
that we look at to understand
a person's creditworthiness.
a person's creditworthiness.
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koje proučavamo kako bismo shvatili
kreditnu sposobnost neke osobe.
kreditnu sposobnost neke osobe.
06:03
And after analyzing all
of these different data points,
of these different data points,
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I nakon analize
svih ovih različitih podataka,
svih ovih različitih podataka,
06:06
we took the first risk
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preuzeli smo prvi rizik
06:08
and gave Jenipher a loan.
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i dali Jenipher kredit.
06:11
This is data that would not
be found on a paper trail
be found on a paper trail
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Ovo su podaci koji se ne mogu pronaći
u papirnatom obliku,
u papirnatom obliku,
06:14
or in any formal financial record.
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niti u bilo kojem službenom
financijskom zapisu,
financijskom zapisu,
06:17
But it proves trust.
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ali dokazuju povjerenje.
06:20
By looking beyond income,
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Gledajući ne samo prihode,
06:22
we can see that people in emerging markets
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vidimo da su ljudi na tržištima u razvoju,
06:24
that may seem risky
and unpredictable on the surface
and unpredictable on the surface
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koji mogu djelovati riskantno
i naizgled nepredvidivo,
i naizgled nepredvidivo,
06:28
are actually willing and have
the capacity to repay.
the capacity to repay.
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zapravo voljni vratiti dug
i imaju kapacitet za to.
i imaju kapacitet za to.
06:33
Our credit scores have helped us deliver
over 200,000 loans in Kenya
over 200,000 loans in Kenya
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Naši kreditni bodovi su nam pomogli
da odobrimo preko 200 000 kredita u Keniji
da odobrimo preko 200 000 kredita u Keniji
06:38
in just the past year.
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samo u prošloj godini.
06:40
And our repayment rates
are above 90 percent --
are above 90 percent --
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A stope vraćanja duga
su nam preko 90 posto,
su nam preko 90 posto,
06:43
which, by the way, is in line
with traditional bank repayment rates.
with traditional bank repayment rates.
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što je, usput, sukladno stopama
otplate duga u tradicionalnim bankama.
otplate duga u tradicionalnim bankama.
06:49
With something as simple
as a credit score,
as a credit score,
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Pomoću nečeg toliko jednostavnog
kao što su kreditni bodovi,
kao što su kreditni bodovi,
06:52
we're giving people the power
to build their own futures.
to build their own futures.
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ljudima pružamo moć
da izgrade vlastitu budućnost.
da izgrade vlastitu budućnost.
06:56
Our customers have used
their loans for family expenses,
their loans for family expenses,
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Naši klijenti su koristili kredite
za obiteljske troškove,
za obiteljske troškove,
06:59
emergencies, travel
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hitne slučajeve, putovanja
07:01
and for investing back
into growing their businesses.
into growing their businesses.
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i za ulaganje u razvoj svog poslovanja.
07:05
They're now building better
economies and communities
economies and communities
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Oni sada izgrađuju
bolju ekonomiju i zajednice
bolju ekonomiju i zajednice
07:09
where more people can succeed.
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u kojima više ljudi može uspjeti.
07:12
Over the past two years
of using our product,
of using our product,
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Tijekom protekle dvije godine
korištenja našeg proizvoda,
korištenja našeg proizvoda,
07:15
Jenipher has increased
her savings by 60 percent.
her savings by 60 percent.
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Jenipher je uvećala
svoju štednju za 60 posto.
svoju štednju za 60 posto.
07:19
She's also started
two additional food stalls
two additional food stalls
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Postavila je i još dva
dodatna mjesta za prodaju hrane,
dodatna mjesta za prodaju hrane,
07:22
and is now making plans
for her own restaurant.
for her own restaurant.
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a sada ima u planu
pokrenuti i vlastiti restoran.
pokrenuti i vlastiti restoran.
07:25
She's applying for a small-business loan
from a commercial bank,
from a commercial bank,
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Prijavljuje se za mali poduzetnički kredit
u komercijalnoj banci,
u komercijalnoj banci,
07:28
because she now has the credit history
to prove she deserves it.
to prove she deserves it.
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jer sada ima kreditnu povijest
kojom dokazuje da to zaslužuje.
kojom dokazuje da to zaslužuje.
07:34
I saw Jenipher in Nairobi just last week,
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Srela sam Jenipher
u Nairobiju prošli tjedan
u Nairobiju prošli tjedan
07:36
and she told me how excited
she was to get started.
she was to get started.
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i ispričala mi je koliko je uzbuđena
zbog tog početka.
zbog tog početka.
07:40
She said,
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Rekla je,
07:42
"Only my son believed I could do this.
I didn't think this was for me."
I didn't think this was for me."
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"Samo je moj sin vjerovao da ja to mogu.
Nisam mislila da je ovo za mene."
Nisam mislila da je ovo za mene."
07:48
She's lived her whole life
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Živjela je cijeli svoj život
07:50
believing that there was a part
of the world that was closed off to her.
of the world that was closed off to her.
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u uvjerenju da postoji dio svijeta
koji za nju nije dostupan.
koji za nju nije dostupan.
07:55
Our job now is to open
the world to Jenipher
the world to Jenipher
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Na nama je da otvorimo svijet za Jenipher
07:59
and the billions like her
that deserve to be trusted.
that deserve to be trusted.
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i milijarde ljudi poput nje
koji zaslužuju povjerenje.
koji zaslužuju povjerenje.
08:04
Thank you.
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Hvala.
08:05
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Shivani Siroya - Mobile finance entrepreneurShivani Siroya created a tool that allows anyone with a cell phone to build a financial track record.
Why you should listen
Shivani Siroya is the CEO & Founder of Tala, a company that facilitates financial access to small businesses owners around the world by providing mobile financial tracking tools and direct flexible financing in order to help these businesses and their communities lift themselves out of poverty. She was selected as a TED Fellow in 2013.
Siroya has a wide array of professional experiences in global health, micro-finance and investment banking. Prior to Tala, she worked health costing at UNFPA and Mergers & Acquisitions at Health Net and Citigroup.
Siroya is a 2011 Echoing Green Fellow and 2011Unreasonable Institute Fellow. She is also a blogger for the Huffington Post and has written on Microfinance 2.0 as well as small business growth in the U.S. She is also on the board of ReWork and Young Women Social Entrepreneurs.
Siroya holds a M.P.H in Health Economics and International Policy from Columbia University and a B.A. in International Relations from Wesleyan University.
Shivani Siroya | Speaker | TED.com