Frans de Waal: The surprising science of alpha males
فرانس دي وول: علم ذكور ألفا المثير للدهشة
Frans de Waal studies primate social behavior -- how they fight and reconcile, share and cooperate. Full bio
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many alpha males in my life,
من ذكور ألفا (القادة) خلال حياتي
about what an alpha male is,
a lot from our close relatives
تعلم الكثير من أقاربنا
Amos, a male that I knew
أحد الذكور الذين عرفتهم
and he was alpha male,
يحظى بشعبية كبيرة،
you know, chimpanzee males
if you are weak
ما إن كنت ضعيفا عن بعد ميل
and then he got sicker and sicker
اضطررنا فيها إلى عزله.
تعيش في جزيرة عشبية،
so that the rest of the chimps
بحيث يتسنى لبقية القرود
to sleep in and build nests out of,
the wood wool behind his back.
to patients in a hospital,
that stuff behind his back.
to go for an alpha male.
and everyone was taking care of him,
حين يفقدون منصبهم.
when they lose their position.
of a male who was liked as a leader,
if you look it up on the internet,
عن مصطلح ذكر ألفا،
that tell you how to be an alpha male,
حول كيف تصبح ذكرا ألفا،
is how to beat up others
and let them know that you are boss
for them is a bully.
that kind of description,
for the term "alpha male"
حيال مصطلح (ذكر ألفا)
"Chimpanzee Politics,"
to freshmen congressmen.
لأعضاء الكونغرس الجدد.
but he recommended that book to them,
إلا أنه رشح ذلك الكتاب لهم،
"alpha male" became very popular.
(ذكر الفا) شائعا جداً.
in a mischaracterization.
to what a real alpha male is.
إلى المعنى الحقيقي للكلمة.
actually much further.
يرجع الى ما هو أبعد من ذلك بكثير.
research on wolves,
الأبحاث حول الذئاب،
is very simple.
is the alpha male.
هو الذكر الفا.
is the alpha female.
has one alpha male, one alpha female,
فيها ذكر الفا واحد وأنثى الفا واحدة،
who are the same size,
لهما نفس الحجم،
has his hair up,
وشعره منتصب،
and he's the alpha male.
وهو الذكر الفا.
and bowing for him,
to go through many times a day
عدة مرات في اليوم
تم تصويره من الطبيعة.
is a female pant-grunting to an alpha male
تلهث وهي تصرخ لذكر الفا
this particular video.
في مقطع الفيديو هذا تحديدا.
and standing on two legs,
in high-ranking males,
لدى الذكور ذوي المكانة المرتفعة،
because humans do this kind of stuff.
لأن البشر يقومون بأشياء كهذه.
about this particular picture
بخصوص هذه الصورة بالذات
who are over the hill,
themselves anymore,
and forming coalitions,
وحياكة التحالفات،
than the alpha male himself.
that I used to work with most
حيث كنت أعمل في حديقة الحيوان الهولندية،
is a 17-year-old alpha male.
ذكر الفا يبلغ 17 عاما.
on the side is twice as old,
على جانب الصورة أكبر منه بمرتين،
has an enormous amount of power,
the alpha male alpha male.
has no trouble with either one.
ليس له مشكلة مع أي منهما.
with the combination of the two.
that goes on in chimpanzee society
في مجتمع الشمبانزي
can be the alpha male.
يمكن أن يصبح ذكر الفا.
the biggest and strongest male.
أن تكون الأكبر والأقوى.
the right friends and keeps them happy,
ويستطيع أن يكسب ودهم،
makes everything complex,
the end of the primaries,
انتهاء الانتخابات الأولية
where you need to demonstrate unity.
أن تظهر بها الوحدة.
how the unity is shown in chimpanzees.
كيف تظهر الوحدة لدى الشمبانزي.
canine teeth that they have.
demonstrate to the rest of the group,
are walking together in synchrony.
يسيران معاً بشكل متناسق.
that you are together.
أنهما على توافق.
is extremely important
always I'm waiting for that moment
أترقب دائماً هذه اللحظة
two members of the same party
together at some moment.
need to embrace each other
يتوجب عليهم احتضان بعضهم
for the unity of the party,
the party may fall apart.
like in this particular case --
كما في هذه الحالة بالذات
of the coalition system,
between humans and chimpanzees.
impressive and intimidating
ومرهوب الجانب
of ways of doing that.
is you need to be generous.
يجب أن تكون كريماً.
males who go on a campaign
الذكور الذين يقومون بحملات
all the coalitions in the group,
في المجموعة،
the babies of the females.
not particularly interested in infants,
ليس لديهم اهتمام خاص بالصغار،
and they tickle them,
للصغار ويداعبونهم،
with the females.
by these men who are candidates
الذين يترشحون للانتخابات
something that babies like --
to the rest of the world,
in the last election,
was more like this,
كانت هكذا،
didn't need to send the message
إلى أن ترسل الرسالة
without dropping it,
دون أن توقعه.
currying favor with all sorts of parties
can go a week without food
البقاء لأسبوع بلا طعام
and they're sexually interested in her.
وكانوا مهتمين جنسيا بها.
we have an explanation for this,
لدينا تفسير لذلك بالتأكيد
is the measure of evolution.
their reproductive success
تعزيز نجاحهم في التناسل
to be high ranking in the males.
لأن تنال تصنيفاً عاليا ًبين الذكور.
with the support of an old male,
mate with females.
يتزاوج مع الإناث.
that old male is going to get mad at you,
you need to keep your partners happy.
يتحتم عليك أن تسعد شركائك.
everyone wants your position.
is a very important position,
have to watch your back.
disrupt the coalitions of others
chimpanzees do quite a bit.
and we actually have data on this.
ولدينا بالفعل بيانات حول هذا الأمر.
من قردة البابون وليس الشمبازي،
on the baboons
عينات براز من البابون
for glucocorticoids.
the male baboon is,
as the lowest-ranking males,
مع الذكور ذوي الترتيب المتدني،
is nice and dandy and is wonderful,
هو جميل ومدهش ورائع،
a very stressful position,
that physiologically.
من الناحية الفسيولوجية.
it gets really interesting,
from your typical image of the alpha male.
لديك حول ذكر الفا.
has two sorts of obligations.
of the nation, so to speak.
إن جاز التعبير.
between two females.
at each other over food,
على بعضهما بسبب الطعام،
important for the females,
and stands between them like this.
ويقف بينهما بهذه الطريقة.
that alpha males, when they do this,
فإن ذكور الفا حين يفعلون ذلك،
or their best buddy.
for the underdog in general.
extremely popular in the group,
members of the group.
for a chimpanzee to be in,
أن يكون محايداً،
very fond of their friends and so on,
مولعين بأصدقائهم وما شابه،
who are good at this,
at keeping the peace in the group.
في إحلال السلام في الجماعة.
is they show empathy for others.
هو إظهار العطف على الآخرين.
of research on empathy,
من الأبحاث حول التعاطف،
that we study in rodents and dogs
على القوارض والكلاب
her arms around her and consoles her.
تلف ذراعيها حولها وتواسيها.
empathy in young children,
قياسنا للتعاطف لدى الأطفال،
to distressed individuals.
مع الأفراد الحزينين.
يقومون بالكثير من هذه الأمور.
they do a lot of this.
amount of comfort in the group,
يقدمون قدر كبير من المواساة للجماعة،
where there are earthquakes
The presidents do this.
have to do this job.
and that's a very important task.
some self-interest involved in it.
بعض المصالح الشخصية في ذلك.
من أجل الجماعة فحسب،
a male becomes as alpha male
respects them and looks up to them,
تقدير واحترام بقية الجماعة لهم،
challenged by somebody else,
is going to support that male
لدعم هذا الذكر
a leader who is good for them.
of males who are good leaders,
in a very bad situation there.
on the consolation behavior.
in chimpanzees,
and low-ranking individuals,
ذوي التصنيف المتوسط أو المنخفض،
the mammal studies on empathy
حول التعاطف لدى الثدييات
have more of it than males.
لديهم قدرة أكبر على التعاطف من الذكور.
far more than anybody else.
من أي فرد آخر.
being the consoler in chief, basically.
المواسي الأكبر بشكل أساسي.
is something about alpha females.
the alpha female in the Arnhem zoo
في حديقة آرنيهم للحيوانات
clicks at the moment,
حتى هذه الدقيقة،
centrum of the group.
of dominating the males.
للسيطرة على الذكور.
but she was the center of the community,
وعلى الرغم من ذلك فهي مركز المجتمع،
in the community,
the position of alpha females
منصب إناث الالفا
that is equally close to us
but the bonobos have a matriarchal society
لكن البونوبو لديهم مجتمع أمومي
is a female, generally.
who is at the top of the community,
about how this is done
and what they do with it,
وما الذي يفعلونه بها،
about bonobos in general.
نعلم القليل فقط عن البونوبو.
doesn't need to be a male,
ليس ذكراً بالضرورة،
of our close relatives, it is a female.
في أحد مجتمعات القريبة لنا.
at men in our society
or Washington or whatever,
and intimidates and insults everyone
ينشر الرعب ويحتقر الجميع
alpha males in chimpanzees,
في جماعات الشمبانزي،
than you may think.
أكثر مما تتعتقد.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Frans de Waal - PrimatologistFrans de Waal studies primate social behavior -- how they fight and reconcile, share and cooperate.
Why you should listen
Dutch/American biologist and ethologist Frans de Waal draws parallels between primate and human behavior, from peacemaking and morality to culture. Looking at human society through the lens of animal behavior, de Waal's first book, Chimpanzee Politics (1982), compares the schmoozing and scheming of chimpanzees involved in power struggles with that of human politicians. Named one of the 100 Most Influential People Today by Time Magazine, de Waal has written hundreds of peer-reviewed scientific articles, and his popular books have been translated in over 20 languages. He is a professor in Emory University's psychology department and Director of the Living Links Center at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center, in Atlanta. His next book is on animal and human emotions, entitled Mama's Last Hug (Norton, 2019).
Frans de Waal | Speaker | TED.com