Frans de Waal: The surprising science of alpha males
Франс де Ваал: Научное и удивительное об альфа-самцах
Frans de Waal studies primate social behavior -- how they fight and reconcile, share and cooperate. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
many alpha males in my life,
множество альфа-самцов,
about what an alpha male is,
кто такой альфа-самец.
a lot from our close relatives
научиться у наших сородичей,
Amos, a male that I knew
самец, которого я знал.
and he was alpha male,
you know, chimpanzee males
потому что самцы шимпанзе
if you are weak
and then he got sicker and sicker
ему становилось всё хуже,
нам пришлось его изолировать.
so that the rest of the chimps
чтобы другие приматы
to sleep in and build nests out of,
и из которой строят гнёзда,
the wood wool behind his back.
to patients in a hospital,
подушки больным,
that stuff behind his back.
эту шерсть ему за спину
to go for an alpha male.
у альфа-самцов.
and everyone was taking care of him,
все о нём заботились,
when they lose their position.
когда теряют свои позиции.
of a male who was liked as a leader,
которого любили, когда он был лидером,
if you look it up on the internet,
если зайти в интернет,
that tell you how to be an alpha male,
которые учат, как быть альфа-самцом,
is how to beat up others
and let them know that you are boss
и показать, что вы главный,
for them is a bully.
that kind of description,
for the term "alpha male"
за этот термин
"Chimpanzee Politics,"
«Политика у шимпанзе»
to freshmen congressmen.
молодым конгрессменам.
but he recommended that book to them,
но он её рекомендовал им,
"alpha male" became very popular.
«альфа-самец» стал так популярен.
in a mischaracterization.
деле значит альфа-самец.
to what a real alpha male is.
actually much further.
research on wolves,
о волках, проведённом в 1940–1950-хх,
is very simple.
is the alpha male.
is the alpha female.
has one alpha male, one alpha female,
есть альфа-самец и альфа-самка,
who are the same size,
шимпанзе одного размера,
has his hair up,
and he's the alpha male.
and bowing for him,
to go through many times a day
несколько раз в день,
is a female pant-grunting to an alpha male
пресмыкается перед альфа-самцом,
this particular video.
стороны так близко снимать.
and standing on two legs,
in high-ranking males,
для уважаемых самцов,
because humans do this kind of stuff.
about this particular picture
who are over the hill,
themselves anymore,
and forming coalitions,
than the alpha male himself.
that I used to work with most
я больше всего работал
is a 17-year-old alpha male.
17-ти летний альфа-самец.
on the side is twice as old,
в два раза старше,
has an enormous amount of power,
самца огромная власть,
the alpha male alpha male.
has no trouble with either one.
с каждым из этих самцов.
with the combination of the two.
that goes on in chimpanzee society
can be the alpha male.
может быть альфа-самцом.
the biggest and strongest male.
или самым сильным.
the right friends and keeps them happy,
если у него правильные друзья
makes everything complex,
the end of the primaries,
where you need to demonstrate unity.
нужно проявить единство.
how the unity is shown in chimpanzees.
как единство проявляется у шимпанзе.
canine teeth that they have.
demonstrate to the rest of the group,
are walking together in synchrony.
that you are together.
продемонстрировать единство.
is extremely important
always I'm waiting for that moment
я всегда жду этого момента,
two members of the same party
together at some moment.
need to embrace each other
должны обниматься,
for the unity of the party,
the party may fall apart.
партия может развалиться.
like in this particular case --
как в этом случае —
of the coalition system,
коалиционной системы,
between humans and chimpanzees.
impressive and intimidating
впечатление и внушать страх,
of ways of doing that.
is you need to be generous.
males who go on a campaign
all the coalitions in the group,
the babies of the females.
not particularly interested in infants,
не интересуются детёнышами,
and they tickle them,
with the females.
by these men who are candidates
за кандидатами,
something that babies like --
дети от этого в восторге —
to the rest of the world,
остальному миру,
in the last election,
кандидат-женщина
was more like this,
didn't need to send the message
транслировать,
without dropping it,
и не уронить его,
currying favor with all sorts of parties
заискивая перед сородичами,
can go a week without food
без еды неделю,
and they're sexually interested in her.
и она их привлекает сексуально.
we have an explanation for this,
можем это объяснить,
is the measure of evolution.
это мерило прогресса.
their reproductive success
репродуктивный успех
to be high ranking in the males.
иметь наивысшее положение среди самцов.
with the support of an old male,
с помощью пожилого самца,
mate with females.
общение с самками.
that old male is going to get mad at you,
старый самец на вас разозлится,
you need to keep your partners happy.
ваши соратники должны быть довольны.
everyone wants your position.
is a very important position,
это очень важная позиция,
have to watch your back.
disrupt the coalitions of others
разрушать коалиции других,
chimpanzees do quite a bit.
разделяй и властвуй.
and we actually have data on this.
у нас есть на этот счёт данные.
on the baboons
for glucocorticoids.
the male baboon is,
as the lowest-ranking males,
чем у слабейшего.
is nice and dandy and is wonderful,
здо́рово и замечательно,
a very stressful position,
это очень стрессовое положение,
that physiologically.
it gets really interesting,
from your typical image of the alpha male.
представления об альфа-самцах.
has two sorts of obligations.
of the nation, so to speak.
по состраданию членам стаи.
between two females.
двух дерущихся самок.
at each other over food,
important for the females,
and stands between them like this.
и встал вот так между ними.
that alpha males, when they do this,
альфа-самцы так делают,
or their best buddy.
или лучшего друга.
for the underdog in general.
extremely popular in the group,
members of the group.
for a chimpanzee to be in,
very fond of their friends and so on,
who are good at this,
at keeping the peace in the group.
поддерживать порядок в группе.
is they show empathy for others.
проявляют сочувствие к другим.
of research on empathy,
that we study in rodents and dogs
мы изучаем среди собак и грызунов,
her arms around her and consoles her.
empathy in young children,
и у маленьких детей,
to distressed individuals.
на расстроенных людей.
they do a lot of this.
amount of comfort in the group,
where there are earthquakes
The presidents do this.
have to do this job.
and that's a very important task.
и это очень важная миссия.
some self-interest involved in it.
a male becomes as alpha male
как альфа-самец,
respects them and looks up to them,
уважают его и считаются с ним,
challenged by somebody else,
is going to support that male
поддержит главного самца,
a leader who is good for them.
of males who are good leaders,
in a very bad situation there.
хорошо закончиться.
on the consolation behavior.
in chimpanzees,
and low-ranking individuals,
и малозначимых индивидов,
the mammal studies on empathy
have more of it than males.
far more than anybody else.
больше всех остальных.
being the consoler in chief, basically.
главный сочувствующий.
is something about alpha females.
сказать об альфа-самках.
the alpha female in the Arnhem zoo
clicks at the moment,
в возрасте 59 лет.
centrum of the group.
of dominating the males.
не превосходила самцов.
but she was the center of the community,
но она была центром группы,
in the community,
the position of alpha females
положение альфа-самок
that is equally close to us
but the bonobos have a matriarchal society
однако у них матриархальное общество
is a female, generally.
who is at the top of the community,
about how this is done
and what they do with it,
и что с ним делают,
about bonobos in general.
знаем намного меньше.
doesn't need to be a male,
не обязательно бывает самец,
of our close relatives, it is a female.
сородичей это самка.
at men in our society
в нашем обществе,
or Washington or whatever,
не важно где,
and intimidates and insults everyone
унижающий и обижающий других, —
alpha males in chimpanzees,
альфа-самцов среди шимпанзе,
than you may think.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Frans de Waal - PrimatologistFrans de Waal studies primate social behavior -- how they fight and reconcile, share and cooperate.
Why you should listen
Dutch/American biologist and ethologist Frans de Waal draws parallels between primate and human behavior, from peacemaking and morality to culture. Looking at human society through the lens of animal behavior, de Waal's first book, Chimpanzee Politics (1982), compares the schmoozing and scheming of chimpanzees involved in power struggles with that of human politicians. Named one of the 100 Most Influential People Today by Time Magazine, de Waal has written hundreds of peer-reviewed scientific articles, and his popular books have been translated in over 20 languages. He is a professor in Emory University's psychology department and Director of the Living Links Center at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center, in Atlanta. His next book is on animal and human emotions, entitled Mama's Last Hug (Norton, 2019).
Frans de Waal | Speaker | TED.com