TED-Ed
Jon Bergmann: Just how small is an atom?
Com n'és de petit un àtom?
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Com en són de petits els àtoms? I què hi ha dins? Les respostes resulten sorprenents, fins i tot pels que creuen saber-les. Aquesta dinàmica animació utilitza metàfores espectaculars (imagineu-vos un nabiu de la mida d'un estadi) per a donar una visió visceral de les peces que formen el nostre món.
Lliçó de Jonathan Bergmann, animació de Cognitive Media.
Jon Bergmann - Educator
Jon Bergmann co-wrote the book on the "flipped classroom" -- using video to help students master new ideas outside the traditional class setting. Full bio
Jon Bergmann co-wrote the book on the "flipped classroom" -- using video to help students master new ideas outside the traditional class setting. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:26
You probably already know
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Potser ja saps
00:28
everything is made up
of little tiny things called atoms
of little tiny things called atoms
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que tot està fet
d'unes coses petites anomenades àtoms.
d'unes coses petites anomenades àtoms.
00:30
or even that each atom
is made up of even smaller particles
is made up of even smaller particles
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o també que cada àtom
és fet de partícules encara més menudes
és fet de partícules encara més menudes
00:33
called protons, neutrons and electrons.
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anomenades protons, neutrons i electrons.
00:35
And you've probably heard
that atoms are small.
that atoms are small.
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I potser has sentit
que els àtoms són menuts.
que els àtoms són menuts.
00:38
But I bet you haven't ever thought
about how small atoms really are.
about how small atoms really are.
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Però m'hi jugo que mai has pensat
com en són de petits realment.
com en són de petits realment.
00:42
Well, the answer is
that they are really, really small.
that they are really, really small.
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Bé, la resposta és
que son molt i molt petits.
que son molt i molt petits.
00:46
So you ask, just how small are atoms?
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I preguntes, com en són de petits?
00:49
To understand this,
let's ask this question:
let's ask this question:
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Per a entendre-ho,
fes-te aquesta pregunta:
fes-te aquesta pregunta:
00:53
How many atoms are in a grapefruit?
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quants àtoms hi ha en una aranja?
00:55
Well, let's assume that the grapefruit
is made up of only nitrogen atoms,
is made up of only nitrogen atoms,
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Bé, suposem que l'aranja
és feta tans sols d'àtoms de nitrogen,
és feta tans sols d'àtoms de nitrogen,
00:59
which isn't at all true, but there
are nitrogen atoms in a grapefruit.
are nitrogen atoms in a grapefruit.
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cosa que no és del tot certa,
encara que sí que n'hi ha molts.
encara que sí que n'hi ha molts.
01:02
To help you visualize this,
let's blow up each of the atoms
let's blow up each of the atoms
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Per ajudar-te a visualitzar-ho,
inflem cadascun dels àtoms
inflem cadascun dels àtoms
01:05
to the size of a blueberry.
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fins la mida d'un nabiu.
01:07
And then how big
would the grapefruit have to be?
would the grapefruit have to be?
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Aleshores, com de gran seria l'aranja?
01:10
It would have to be the same size of
-- well, actually, the Earth.
-- well, actually, the Earth.
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Hauria de tenir la mida de,
bé, de fet, la Terra sencera.
bé, de fet, la Terra sencera.
01:14
That's crazy!
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Això és de bojos!
01:16
You mean to say that if I filled
the Earth with blueberries,
the Earth with blueberries,
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Vols dir que si omplo
la Terra de nabius,
la Terra de nabius,
01:18
I would have the same number
of nitrogen atoms as a grapefruit?
of nitrogen atoms as a grapefruit?
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n'hi haurà tants
com àtoms de nitrogen en una aranja?
com àtoms de nitrogen en una aranja?
01:21
That's right!
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Correcte!
01:23
So how big is the atom?
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Doncs de quina mida és l'àtom?
01:25
Well, it's really, really small!
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Bé, és molt i molt petit!
01:28
And you know what?
It gets even more crazy.
It gets even more crazy.
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I saps què?
La cosa encara és més estranya.
La cosa encara és més estranya.
01:31
Let's now look inside of each atom
-- and thus the blueberry, right? --
-- and thus the blueberry, right? --
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Donem un cop d'ull dins l'àtom
–això és el nabiu, d'acord?–
–això és el nabiu, d'acord?–
01:34
What do you see there?
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Què hi veus?
01:35
In the center of the atom
is something called the nucleus,
is something called the nucleus,
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Al centre de l'àtom
hi ha una cosa anomenada nucli,
hi ha una cosa anomenada nucli,
01:38
which contains protons and neutrons,
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que conté protons i neutrons,
01:40
and on the outside, you'd see electrons.
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i a l'exterior s'hi veuen els electrons.
01:42
So how big is the nucleus?
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Com n'és de gran el nucli?
01:44
If atoms are like blueberries
in the Earth,
in the Earth,
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Si els àtoms són com nabius a la terra
01:46
how big would the nucleus be?
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com serà el nucli?
01:48
You might remember the old pictures
of the atom from science class,
of the atom from science class,
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Potser recordes els dibuixos de l'àtom
de la classe de ciències,
de la classe de ciències,
01:51
where you saw this tiny dot on the page
with an arrow pointing to the nucleus.
with an arrow pointing to the nucleus.
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on veies aquell puntet
amb una fletxa assenyalant el nucli.
amb una fletxa assenyalant el nucli.
01:55
Well, those pictures,
they're not drawn to scale,
they're not drawn to scale,
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Bé, aquells dibuixos
no eren dibuixats a escala,
no eren dibuixats a escala,
01:57
so they're kind of wrong.
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eren erronis.
01:59
So how big is the nucleus?
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De quina mina és el nucli?
02:01
So if you popped open the blueberry
and were searching for the nucleus ...
and were searching for the nucleus ...
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Si obrissis el nabiu
i hi busquéssis el nucli…
i hi busquéssis el nucli…
02:06
You know what? It would be invisible.
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Saps què? Seria invisible!
02:08
It's too small to see!
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És massa petit per a veure'l!
02:10
OK. Let's blow up the atom --
the blueberry --
the blueberry --
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D'acord. Inflem l´àtom
–el nabiu–
–el nabiu–
02:13
to the size of a house.
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fins la mida d'una casa.
02:15
So imagine a ball that is as tall
as a two-story house.
as a two-story house.
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Imagina't, doncs,
una pilota alta com una casa de dos pisos.
una pilota alta com una casa de dos pisos.
02:18
Let's look for the nucleus
in the center of the atom.
in the center of the atom.
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Busquem-hi ara el nucli
al centre de l'àtom.
al centre de l'àtom.
02:21
And do you know what?
It would just barely be visible.
It would just barely be visible.
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Sabeu què?
Gairebé no es veuria.
Gairebé no es veuria.
02:25
So to get our minds wrapped
around how big the nucleus is,
around how big the nucleus is,
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Per a poder entendre
la mida del nucli,
la mida del nucli,
02:27
we need to blow up the blueberry,
up to the size of a football stadium.
up to the size of a football stadium.
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haurem d'inflar el nabiu
fins la mida d'un estadi de futbol.
fins la mida d'un estadi de futbol.
02:32
So imagine a ball the size
of a football stadium,
of a football stadium,
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Imagina't ara una pilota
de la mida d'un estadi de futbol,
de la mida d'un estadi de futbol,
02:35
and right smack dab
in the center of the atom,
in the center of the atom,
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i al bell mig de l'àtom
02:38
you would find the nucleus,
and you could see it!
and you could see it!
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hi podries veure el nucli!
02:41
And it would be the size
of a small marble.
of a small marble.
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I seria de la mida
d'una bala de vidre.
d'una bala de vidre.
02:45
And there's more, if I haven't
blown your mind by now.
blown your mind by now.
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I encara més,
si no t'ha esclatat el cap.
si no t'ha esclatat el cap.
Fixem-nos una mica més en l'àtom.
02:47
Let's consider the atom some more.
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Conté protons,
neutrons i electrons.
neutrons i electrons.
02:49
It contains protons,
neutrons and electrons.
neutrons and electrons.
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Els protons i els neutrons
es troben al nucli,
es troben al nucli,
02:51
The protons and neutrons
live inside of the nucleus,
live inside of the nucleus,
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i conté gairebé tota
la massa de l'àtom.
la massa de l'àtom.
02:54
and contain almost
all of the mass of the atom.
all of the mass of the atom.
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A l'exterior hi ha els electrons.
02:56
Way on the edge are the electrons.
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02:58
So if an atom is like a ball
the size of a football stadium,
the size of a football stadium,
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Així, si l'àtom és com una pilota
gran com un estadi de fútbol,
gran com un estadi de fútbol,
03:01
with the nucleus in the center,
and the electrons on the edge,
and the electrons on the edge,
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amb el nucli al centre
i els electrons a l'escorça,
i els electrons a l'escorça,
03:03
what is in between the nucleus
and the electrons?
and the electrons?
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què hi ha entre el nucli i els electrons?
03:07
Surprisingly, the answer is empty space.
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Sorprenentment, la resposta és espai buit.
03:10
(Wind noise)
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(Vent que xiula)
03:13
That's right. Empty!
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Exactament. Buit!
03:15
Between the nucleus and the electrons,
there are vast regions of empty space.
there are vast regions of empty space.
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Entre el nucli i els electrons
hi ha una immensa regió d'espai buit.
hi ha una immensa regió d'espai buit.
03:19
Now, technically there are
some electromagnetic fields,
some electromagnetic fields,
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Tècnicament hi ha
camps electromagnètics,
camps electromagnètics,
però pel que fa a material,
a matèria, és buit.
a matèria, és buit.
03:21
but in terms of stuff,
matter, it is empty.
matter, it is empty.
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03:24
Remember this vast region of empty space
is inside the blueberry,
is inside the blueberry,
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Recorda que aquest immens espai buit
és dins del nabiu,
és dins del nabiu,
03:28
which is inside the Earth,
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que és dins la terra,
03:30
which really are the atoms
in the grapefruit.
in the grapefruit.
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i que en realitat
són els àtoms de l'aranja.
són els àtoms de l'aranja.
03:32
OK, one more thing,
if I can even get more bizarre.
if I can even get more bizarre.
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Encara una altra cosa,
si és que encara pot ser més estrany.
si és que encara pot ser més estrany.
03:36
Since virtually all the mass
of an atom is in the nucleus --
of an atom is in the nucleus --
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Si pràcticament tota la massa
de l'àtom és dins del nucli–
de l'àtom és dins del nucli–
03:40
now, there is some amount
of mass in the electrons,
of mass in the electrons,
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bé, n'hi ha una certa quantitat
als electrons,
als electrons,
03:43
but most of it is in the nucleus --
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però la majoria és al nucli–
03:45
how dense is the nucleus?
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quina densitat té el nucli?
03:46
Well, the answer is crazy.
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Bé, la resposta és increïble.
03:48
The density of a typical nucleus
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La densitat d'un nucli típic
03:50
is four times 10 to the 17th
kilograms per meter cubed.
kilograms per meter cubed.
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és quatre vegades 10 elevat a 17
quilograms per metre cúbic.
quilograms per metre cúbic.
03:54
But that's hard to visualize.
OK, I'll put it in English units.
OK, I'll put it in English units.
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Però això és difícil de visualitzar.
Ok, ho posaré en unitats angleses.
Ok, ho posaré en unitats angleses.
03:57
2.5 times 10 to the 16th pounds
per cubic feet.
per cubic feet.
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2,5 vegades 10 elevat a 16
lliures per peu cúbic.
lliures per peu cúbic.
04:02
OK, that's still kind of hard to figure.
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D'acord, encara costa d'imaginar.
04:04
OK, here's what I want you to do.
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Bé, això és el que vull que fagis.
04:06
Make a box that is one foot
by one foot by one foot.
by one foot by one foot.
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Fes una capsa que mesuri un peu
per un peu per un peu (30 cm).
per un peu per un peu (30 cm).
04:10
Now let's go and grab
all of the nuclei from a typical car.
all of the nuclei from a typical car.
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I ara farem un nucli a partir de cotxes.
04:14
Now, cars on average weigh two tons.
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Els cotxes pesen dues tones de promig.
04:16
How many cars' nuclei would you
have to put into the box
have to put into the box
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Quants cotxes hauràs de posar
a la capsa de 30 cm
a la capsa de 30 cm
04:20
to have your one-foot-box have
the same density of the nucleus?
the same density of the nucleus?
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perquè tingui la mateixa densitat
que el nucli?
que el nucli?
04:23
Is it one car? Two?
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Un cotxe? Dos?
04:24
How about 100?
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Que me'n dius de 100?
04:26
Nope, nope and nope.
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No, no i no.
04:28
The answer is much bigger.
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La resposta és molts més.
04:30
It is 6.2 billion.
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És 6 mil milions.
04:34
That is almost equal to the number
of people in the Earth.
of people in the Earth.
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Gairebé les persones que hi ha a la terra.
04:37
So if everyone in the Earth
owned their own car --
owned their own car --
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Si tothom a la terra,
tingués cotxe,
tingués cotxe,
04:39
and they don't --
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i no és així,
04:40
(Cars honking)
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(cotxes tocant el clàxon)
04:42
and we put all of those
cars into your box ...
cars into your box ...
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i els posessin
dins la teva capsa…
dins la teva capsa…
04:46
That would be about
the density of a nucleus.
the density of a nucleus.
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Això seria aproximadament
la densitat del nucli.
la densitat del nucli.
04:49
So I'm saying that if you took
every car in the world
every car in the world
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Estic dient que si agafeu
tots els cotxes del món
tots els cotxes del món
04:52
and put it into your one-foot box,
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i els posem a la teva caixa de 30 cm,
04:54
you would have the density of one nucleus.
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tindries la densitat del nucli.
04:57
OK, let's review.
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Bé, repassem.
04:58
The atom is really,
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L'àtom és molt,
04:59
really, really small.
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molt i molt petit.
05:02
Think atoms in a grapefruit
like blueberries in the Earth.
like blueberries in the Earth.
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Imagina't els àtoms d'una aranja
com nabius a la terra.
com nabius a la terra.
05:06
The nucleus is crazy small.
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El nucli és increïblement petit.
05:09
Now look inside the blueberry,
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Mira ara dins del nabiu,
05:10
and blow it up to the size
of a football stadium,
of a football stadium,
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i infla'l fins la mida
d'un estadi de futbol,
d'un estadi de futbol,
05:13
and now the nucleus
is a marble in the middle.
is a marble in the middle.
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ara el nucli és una
bala de vidre al centre.
bala de vidre al centre.
05:16
The atom is made up
of vast regions of empty space.
of vast regions of empty space.
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L'àtom és fet
de vastes regions d'espai buit.
de vastes regions d'espai buit.
05:20
That's weird.
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Això és estrany.
05:21
The nucleus has a crazy-high density.
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El nucli té una densitat increïble.
05:23
Think of putting all those cars
in your one-foot box.
in your one-foot box.
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Pensa en tots aquells cotxes
dins la capsa de 30 cm.
dins la capsa de 30 cm.
05:27
I think I'm tired.
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Crec que estic esgotat.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jon Bergmann - EducatorJon Bergmann co-wrote the book on the "flipped classroom" -- using video to help students master new ideas outside the traditional class setting.
Why you should listen
Jon Bergmann is considered one of the pioneers in the Flipped Class Movement -- in fact, he co-wrote the book on the Flipped Classroom, available from ISTE Press in June 2012. Bergmann believes educators should ask one guiding question: What is best for my students in my classroom? To the best of his abilities he has done this in his two-plus decades as a high school science teacher. He received the Presidential Award for Excellence for Math and Science Teaching in 2002 and was named Semi-Finalist for Colorado Teacher of the Year in 2010. He blogs at flipped-learning.com.
He is the Lead Technology Facilitator for the Joseph Sears School in Kenilworth, Illinois.
Read about the making of "How Small Is an Atom?" >>
Jon Bergmann | Speaker | TED.com