TED-Ed
Jon Bergmann: Just how small is an atom?
Tieši cik mazs ir atoms? — Džonatans Bergmans
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Tieši cik mazi ir atomi? Un kas tajos ir iekšā? Atbildes izrādās satriecošas, pat tiem, kuri domā, ka zina. Šajā raitajā animācijā tiek izmantotas iespaidīgas metaforas (iedomājieties melleni futbola stadiona lielumā!), lai radītu iekšēju un pamatīgu izpratni par šiem „klucīšiem”, kas veido mūsu pasauli.
Sagatavoja — Džonatans Bergmans, animēja — „Cognitive Media”.
Jon Bergmann - Educator
Jon Bergmann co-wrote the book on the "flipped classroom" -- using video to help students master new ideas outside the traditional class setting. Full bio
Jon Bergmann co-wrote the book on the "flipped classroom" -- using video to help students master new ideas outside the traditional class setting. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:26
You probably already know
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Droši vien jau zini,
00:28
everything is made up
of little tiny things called atoms
of little tiny things called atoms
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ka visu veido mazmazītiņas daļiņas — atomi.
00:30
or even that each atom
is made up of even smaller particles
is made up of even smaller particles
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Varbūt pat zini, ka katru atomu
veido vēl mazākas daļiņas
veido vēl mazākas daļiņas
00:33
called protons, neutrons and electrons.
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— protoni, neitroni un elektroni.
00:35
And you've probably heard
that atoms are small.
that atoms are small.
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Noteikti esi arī dzirdējis,
ka atomi ir mazi.
ka atomi ir mazi.
00:38
But I bet you haven't ever thought
about how small atoms really are.
about how small atoms really are.
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Taču varu saderēt, nekad neesi aizdomājies
cik mazi atomi ir patiesībā.
cik mazi atomi ir patiesībā.
00:42
Well, the answer is
that they are really, really small.
that they are really, really small.
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Atbilde ir — tie ir ļoti, ļoti, ļoti mazi.
00:46
So you ask, just how small are atoms?
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Tieši cik mazi ir atomi, tu vaicā?
00:49
To understand this,
let's ask this question:
let's ask this question:
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Lai to saprastu, uzdosim šādu jautājumu —
00:53
How many atoms are in a grapefruit?
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cik daudz atomu ir greipfrūtā?
00:55
Well, let's assume that the grapefruit
is made up of only nitrogen atoms,
is made up of only nitrogen atoms,
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Pieņemsim, ka greipfrūtu veido
tikai slāpekļa atomi,
tikai slāpekļa atomi,
00:59
which isn't at all true, but there
are nitrogen atoms in a grapefruit.
are nitrogen atoms in a grapefruit.
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kas nepavisam nav tiesa,
tomēr greipfrūtā ir arī slāpekļa atomi.
tomēr greipfrūtā ir arī slāpekļa atomi.
01:02
To help you visualize this,
let's blow up each of the atoms
let's blow up each of the atoms
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Lai to iztēlotos,
piepūtīsim katru no atomiem
piepūtīsim katru no atomiem
01:05
to the size of a blueberry.
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līdz mellenes izmēram.
01:07
And then how big
would the grapefruit have to be?
would the grapefruit have to be?
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Cik liels tad būtu greipfrūts?
01:10
It would have to be the same size of
-- well, actually, the Earth.
-- well, actually, the Earth.
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Tas būtu tikpat liels kā...
nu, īstenībā, Zeme.
nu, īstenībā, Zeme.
01:14
That's crazy!
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Trakums!
01:16
You mean to say that if I filled
the Earth with blueberries,
the Earth with blueberries,
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Gribat teikt,
ja es piepildītu Zemi ar mellenēm,
ja es piepildītu Zemi ar mellenēm,
01:18
I would have the same number
of nitrogen atoms as a grapefruit?
of nitrogen atoms as a grapefruit?
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tajā būtu tikpat daudz slāpekļa atomu
kā greipfrūtā?
kā greipfrūtā?
01:21
That's right!
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Tieši tā!
01:23
So how big is the atom?
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Cik tad liels ir atoms?
01:25
Well, it's really, really small!
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Tas ir ļoti, ļoti, ļoti, ļoti mazs.
01:28
And you know what?
It gets even more crazy.
It gets even more crazy.
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Un zini ko?
Tālāk ir vēl trakāk.
Tālāk ir vēl trakāk.
01:31
Let's now look inside of each atom
-- and thus the blueberry, right? --
-- and thus the blueberry, right? --
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Nu ieskatīsimies katrā no atomiem,
proti, mellenē, ja?
proti, mellenē, ja?
01:34
What do you see there?
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Ko tu tur redzi?
01:35
In the center of the atom
is something called the nucleus,
is something called the nucleus,
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Atoma vidū ir kas tāds, ko sauc par kodolu,
01:38
which contains protons and neutrons,
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kurā ir protoni un neitroni,
01:40
and on the outside, you'd see electrons.
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un ārpusē redzami elektroni.
01:42
So how big is the nucleus?
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Cik tad liels ir kodols?
01:44
If atoms are like blueberries
in the Earth,
in the Earth,
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Ja atomi ir kā mellenes zemeslodē,
01:46
how big would the nucleus be?
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cik tad liels būtu kodols?
01:48
You might remember the old pictures
of the atom from science class,
of the atom from science class,
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Varbūt atceries vecos atoma attēlus
no dabaszinātņu stundām,
no dabaszinātņu stundām,
01:51
where you saw this tiny dot on the page
with an arrow pointing to the nucleus.
with an arrow pointing to the nucleus.
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kur uz lapas uzzīmēts sīciņš punktiņš
ar bultiņu, kas norāda uz kodolu.
ar bultiņu, kas norāda uz kodolu.
01:55
Well, those pictures,
they're not drawn to scale,
they're not drawn to scale,
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Šos attēlus nezīmē pēc mēroga,
01:57
so they're kind of wrong.
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tādēļ tie savā ziņā ir nepareizi.
01:59
So how big is the nucleus?
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Cik tad liels ir kodols?
02:01
So if you popped open the blueberry
and were searching for the nucleus ...
and were searching for the nucleus ...
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Ja melleni pārkostu un meklētu kodolu...
02:06
You know what? It would be invisible.
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Zini ko? Tas nebūtu redzams.
02:08
It's too small to see!
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Tas būtu par mazu, lai saskatītu!
02:10
OK. Let's blow up the atom --
the blueberry --
the blueberry --
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Labi. Piepūtīsim atomu, t.i., melleni,
02:13
to the size of a house.
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līdz mājas izmēram.
02:15
So imagine a ball that is as tall
as a two-story house.
as a two-story house.
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Iedomāsimies bumbu,
kas ir divstāvu mājas augstumā.
kas ir divstāvu mājas augstumā.
02:18
Let's look for the nucleus
in the center of the atom.
in the center of the atom.
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Pameklēsim tagad atoma centrā kodolu.
02:21
And do you know what?
It would just barely be visible.
It would just barely be visible.
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Zini, ko?
Tas būtu tik tikko saskatāms.
Tas būtu tik tikko saskatāms.
02:25
So to get our minds wrapped
around how big the nucleus is,
around how big the nucleus is,
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Lai aptvertu, cik liels ir kodols,
02:27
we need to blow up the blueberry,
up to the size of a football stadium.
up to the size of a football stadium.
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mums jāpiepūš mellene
līdz futbola stadiona izmēram.
līdz futbola stadiona izmēram.
02:32
So imagine a ball the size
of a football stadium,
of a football stadium,
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Iedomāsimies bumbu futbola stadiona izmērā,
02:35
and right smack dab
in the center of the atom,
in the center of the atom,
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un pašā atoma viducī varētu atrast kodolu.
02:38
you would find the nucleus,
and you could see it!
and you could see it!
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To jau varētu saskatīt!
02:41
And it would be the size
of a small marble.
of a small marble.
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Tas būtu mazas lodītes lielumā.
02:45
And there's more, if I haven't
blown your mind by now.
blown your mind by now.
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Tas vēl nav viss, ja jau neesmu
samežģījis tavas smadzenes.
samežģījis tavas smadzenes.
02:47
Let's consider the atom some more.
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Parunāsim vēl mazliet par atomu.
02:49
It contains protons,
neutrons and electrons.
neutrons and electrons.
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Tajā ir protoni, neitroni un elektroni.
02:51
The protons and neutrons
live inside of the nucleus,
live inside of the nucleus,
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Protoni un neitroni dzīvo iekšā kodolā
02:54
and contain almost
all of the mass of the atom.
all of the mass of the atom.
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un veido gandrīz visu atoma masu.
02:56
Way on the edge are the electrons.
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Pašā, pašā malā atrodas elektroni.
02:58
So if an atom is like a ball
the size of a football stadium,
the size of a football stadium,
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Ja atoms ir kā bumba futbola stadiona izmērā
03:01
with the nucleus in the center,
and the electrons on the edge,
and the electrons on the edge,
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ar kodolu tās centrā un elektroniem malās,
03:03
what is in between the nucleus
and the electrons?
and the electrons?
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kas atrodas starp kodolu un elektroniem?
03:07
Surprisingly, the answer is empty space.
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Pārsteidzošā kārtā — tukša telpa.
03:10
(Wind noise)
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(Vēja skaņa)
03:13
That's right. Empty!
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Tieši tā. Tukšums!
03:15
Between the nucleus and the electrons,
there are vast regions of empty space.
there are vast regions of empty space.
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Starp kodolu un elektroniem
ir milzīgi tukšas telpas plašumi.
ir milzīgi tukšas telpas plašumi.
03:19
Now, technically there are
some electromagnetic fields,
some electromagnetic fields,
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Teorētiski tur ir elektromagnētiskie lauki,
03:21
but in terms of stuff,
matter, it is empty.
matter, it is empty.
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taču vielas un matērijas ziņā tā ir tukša.
03:24
Remember this vast region of empty space
is inside the blueberry,
is inside the blueberry,
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Atcerēsimies,
ka šie milzīgie tukšās telpas plašumi
ka šie milzīgie tukšās telpas plašumi
03:28
which is inside the Earth,
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ir iekšā mellenē, kas ir iekšā zemeslodē,
03:30
which really are the atoms
in the grapefruit.
in the grapefruit.
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kas patiesībā apzīmē atomus greipfrūtā.
03:32
OK, one more thing,
if I can even get more bizarre.
if I can even get more bizarre.
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Vēl kas, lai padarītu lietas vēl dīvainākas.
03:36
Since virtually all the mass
of an atom is in the nucleus --
of an atom is in the nucleus --
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Tā kā teju visa atoma masa ir tā kodolā,
03:40
now, there is some amount
of mass in the electrons,
of mass in the electrons,
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— nedaudz masas ir arī elektronos,
03:43
but most of it is in the nucleus --
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tomēr lielākā daļa no tās ir kodolā —
03:45
how dense is the nucleus?
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cik tad blīvs ir kodols?
03:46
Well, the answer is crazy.
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Atbilde ir neaptverama.
03:48
The density of a typical nucleus
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Tipiska kodola blīvums
03:50
is four times 10 to the 17th
kilograms per meter cubed.
kilograms per meter cubed.
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ir četri reiz desmit 17. pakāpē
kilogrami uz kubikmetru.
kilogrami uz kubikmetru.
03:54
But that's hard to visualize.
OK, I'll put it in English units.
OK, I'll put it in English units.
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To ir grūti iztēloties.
Pārvērtīšu to angļu mērvienībās.
Pārvērtīšu to angļu mērvienībās.
03:57
2.5 times 10 to the 16th pounds
per cubic feet.
per cubic feet.
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2,5 reiz desmit 16. pakāpē
mārciņu uz kubikpēdu.
mārciņu uz kubikpēdu.
04:02
OK, that's still kind of hard to figure.
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To ir joprojām pagrūti saprast.
04:04
OK, here's what I want you to do.
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Labi, darīsim tā —
04:06
Make a box that is one foot
by one foot by one foot.
by one foot by one foot.
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izveidojiet aptuveni
30 reiz 30 centimetru lielu kasti.
30 reiz 30 centimetru lielu kasti.
04:10
Now let's go and grab
all of the nuclei from a typical car.
all of the nuclei from a typical car.
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Tad paņemsim visus atomu kodolus
no tipiskas automašīnas.
no tipiskas automašīnas.
04:14
Now, cars on average weigh two tons.
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Mašīnas sver vidēji divas tonnas.
04:16
How many cars' nuclei would you
have to put into the box
have to put into the box
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Cik daudz mašīnu kodolu būtu jāieliek kastē,
04:20
to have your one-foot-box have
the same density of the nucleus?
the same density of the nucleus?
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lai mūsu 30x30 cm kastei
būtu tāds pats blīvums kā atoma kodolam?
būtu tāds pats blīvums kā atoma kodolam?
04:23
Is it one car? Two?
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Viena mašīna? Divas?
04:24
How about 100?
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Varbūt 100?
04:26
Nope, nope and nope.
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Nē, nē un nē.
04:28
The answer is much bigger.
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Atbilde ir daudz lielāka.
04:30
It is 6.2 billion.
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Tie ir 6,2 miljardi.
04:34
That is almost equal to the number
of people in the Earth.
of people in the Earth.
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Tas ir gandrīz tikpat,
cik uz Zemes ir iedzīvotāju.
cik uz Zemes ir iedzīvotāju.
04:37
So if everyone in the Earth
owned their own car --
owned their own car --
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Ja visiem uz Zemes būtu sava automašīna,
04:39
and they don't --
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— visiem gan nav —
04:40
(Cars honking)
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(Taurējošas mašīnas)
04:42
and we put all of those
cars into your box ...
cars into your box ...
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un mēs visas šīs mašīnas
ieliktu tavā kastē...
ieliktu tavā kastē...
04:46
That would be about
the density of a nucleus.
the density of a nucleus.
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Tā būtu apmēram kodola blīvumā.
04:49
So I'm saying that if you took
every car in the world
every car in the world
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Tas nozīmē, ja mēs paņemtu
visas pasaules mašīnas
visas pasaules mašīnas
04:52
and put it into your one-foot box,
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un ieliktu savā 30x30 cm kastē,
04:54
you would have the density of one nucleus.
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mēs iegūtu viena kodola blīvumu.
04:57
OK, let's review.
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Labi, atkārtosim.
04:58
The atom is really,
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Atomi ir ļoti,
04:59
really, really small.
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ļoti, ļoti mazi.
05:02
Think atoms in a grapefruit
like blueberries in the Earth.
like blueberries in the Earth.
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Iedomājieties atomus greipfrūtā
kā mellenes zemeslodē.
kā mellenes zemeslodē.
05:06
The nucleus is crazy small.
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Kodols ir trakoti mazs.
05:09
Now look inside the blueberry,
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Apskatot melleni,
05:10
and blow it up to the size
of a football stadium,
of a football stadium,
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un uzpūšot to
līdz futbola stadiona izmēriem,
līdz futbola stadiona izmēriem,
05:13
and now the nucleus
is a marble in the middle.
is a marble in the middle.
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kodols būtu vidū esoša lodīte.
05:16
The atom is made up
of vast regions of empty space.
of vast regions of empty space.
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Atomu veido milzīgi tukšas telpas plašumi.
05:20
That's weird.
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Dīvaini gan.
05:21
The nucleus has a crazy-high density.
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Kodolam ir trakoti liels blīvums.
05:23
Think of putting all those cars
in your one-foot box.
in your one-foot box.
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Atceries par visām tām mašīnām
30x30 cm kastē.
30x30 cm kastē.
05:27
I think I'm tired.
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Es laikam esmu piekusis.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jon Bergmann - EducatorJon Bergmann co-wrote the book on the "flipped classroom" -- using video to help students master new ideas outside the traditional class setting.
Why you should listen
Jon Bergmann is considered one of the pioneers in the Flipped Class Movement -- in fact, he co-wrote the book on the Flipped Classroom, available from ISTE Press in June 2012. Bergmann believes educators should ask one guiding question: What is best for my students in my classroom? To the best of his abilities he has done this in his two-plus decades as a high school science teacher. He received the Presidential Award for Excellence for Math and Science Teaching in 2002 and was named Semi-Finalist for Colorado Teacher of the Year in 2010. He blogs at flipped-learning.com.
He is the Lead Technology Facilitator for the Joseph Sears School in Kenilworth, Illinois.
Read about the making of "How Small Is an Atom?" >>
Jon Bergmann | Speaker | TED.com