TEDGlobal 2009
Rachel Armstrong: Architecture that repairs itself?
Rachel Armstrong: Selvreparerende arkitektur?
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Italiens Venedig synker. For at redde byen må vi ifølge Rachel Armstrong bevæge os fra statisk arkitektur til at begynde at bygge arkitektur der vokser på egen hånd. Hun foreslår et ikke-helt-levende materiale, der både er selvreparerende og fjerner CO2 fra atmosfæren.
Rachel Armstrong - Applied scientist, innovator
TED Fellow Rachel Armstrong is a sustainability innovator who creates new materials that possess some of the properties of living systems, and can be manipulated to "grow" architecture. Full bio
TED Fellow Rachel Armstrong is a sustainability innovator who creates new materials that possess some of the properties of living systems, and can be manipulated to "grow" architecture. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
All buildings today have something in common.
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Alle vor tids bygninger har noget til fælles:
00:19
They're made using Victorian technologies.
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De er lavet ved hjælp af victoriansk teknologi.
00:22
This involves blueprints,
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Dette involverer tegninger,
00:25
industrial manufacturing
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industriel produktion
00:27
and construction using teams of workers.
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og byggeri ved hjælp af grupper af håndværkere.
00:30
All of this effort results in an inert object.
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Alt dette arbejde resulterer i et statisk objekt.
00:33
And that means that there is a one-way transfer of energy
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Og det betyder at der er en en-vejs overførsel af energi
00:36
from our environment into our homes and cities.
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fra vores omgivelser ind i vore hjem og byer.
00:40
This is not sustainable.
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Det er ikke bæredygtigt.
00:42
I believe that the only way that it is possible for us
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Jeg mener, at den eneste måde hvorpå vi vil kunne
00:45
to construct genuinely sustainable homes and cities
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konstruere virkelig bæredygtige hjem og byer
00:48
is by connecting them to nature,
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er ved at forbinde dem med naturen,
00:50
not insulating them from it.
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ikke ved at isolere dem fra den.
00:53
Now, in order to do this, we need the right kind of language.
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For at kunne lykkes med det projekt har vi brug for det rigtige sprog.
00:57
Living systems are in constant conversation
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Levende systemer er i konstant samtale
00:59
with the natural world,
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med naturen omkring dem
01:01
through sets of chemical reactions called metabolism.
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gennem rækker af kemiske reaktioner kaldet metabolismer.
01:05
And this is the conversion of one group of substances
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Metabolismer er en gruppe stoffers ændring
01:08
into another, either through
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fra én slags til en anden, enten gennem
01:10
the production or the absorption of energy.
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produktion eller optagelse af energi.
01:13
And this is the way in which living materials
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Og det er på denne måde at levende materialer
01:15
make the most of their local resources
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får det bedste ud af de ressourcer de har adgang til
01:18
in a sustainable way.
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på en bæredygtig måde.
01:21
So, I'm interested in the use of
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Så, min interesse ligger indenfor brugen af
01:23
metabolic materials for the practice of architecture.
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metaboliske materialer indenfor arkitektur.
01:28
But they don't exist. So I'm having to make them.
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Men de findes ikke - så jeg bliver nødt til at lave dem.
01:30
I'm working with architect Neil Spiller
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Jeg arbejder sammen med arkitekten Neil Spiller
01:32
at the Bartlett School of Architecture,
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på Bartlett School of Architecture.
01:34
and we're collaborating with international scientists
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Og vi samarbejder med internationale forskere
01:36
in order to generate these new materials
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om at fremstille disse nye materialer
01:38
from a bottom up approach.
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gennem en nedefra-og-op-tilgang.
01:40
That means we're generating them from scratch.
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Det betyder, at vi laver dem helt fra bunden.
01:42
One of our collaborators is chemist Martin Hanczyc,
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En af vores samarbejdspartnere er kemikeren Martin Hanczyc
01:46
and he's really interested in the transition from
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og han er meget interesseret i overgangen fra
01:49
inert to living matter.
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statisk til levende materiale.
01:51
Now, that's exactly the kind of process that I'm interested in,
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Og det er præcis den slags proces jeg er interesseret i
01:54
when we're thinking about sustainable materials.
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når vi snakker om bæredygtige materialer.
01:56
So, Martin, he works with a system called the protocell.
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Martin arbejder med et system kaldet Protocellen.
02:01
Now all this is -- and it's magic --
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Den er i bund og grund -- det er magisk det her --
02:04
is a little fatty bag. And it's got a chemical battery in it.
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ikke andet end en lille fedtbobbel. Den har et kemisk batteri i sig.
02:07
And it has no DNA.
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Men den har ikke noget DNA.
02:10
This little bag is able to conduct itself
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Denne lille bobbel er i stand til at opføre sig
02:12
in a way that can only be described as living.
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på en måde der ikke kan kaldes andet end levende.
02:15
It is able to move around its environment.
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Den kan bevæge sig rundt i sine omgivelser
02:18
It can follow chemical gradients.
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Den kan følge efter kemiske gradienter.
02:20
It can undergo complex reactions,
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den kan deltage i komplekse reaktioner
02:23
some of which are happily architectural.
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nogle af hvilke, heldigvis for mig, er arkitektoniske.
02:27
So here we are. These are protocells,
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Så der kan vi se. Disse er protoceller,
02:29
patterning their environment.
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der påvirker deres omgivelser.
02:31
We don't know how they do that yet.
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Vi ved endnu ikke hvordan de gør det.
02:34
Here, this is a protocell, and it's vigorously shedding this skin.
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Her er en protocelle, der er ihærdigt i gang med at smide sit skind
02:38
Now, this looks like a chemical kind of birth.
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Det ligner nærmest en slags kemisk fødsel --
02:40
This is a violent process.
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det er en voldsom proces.
02:43
Here, we've got a protocell to extract carbon dioxide
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Her har vi fået en protocelle til at trække kuldioxid
02:46
out of the atmosphere
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ud af atmosfæren
02:48
and turn it into carbonate.
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og lave det om til karbonat.
02:50
And that's the shell around that globular fat.
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Det er det der laver skallen rundt om fedtboblen.
02:52
They are quite brittle. So you've only got a part of one there.
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De er ret skrøbelige, så I kan kun se et udsnit af en her.
02:55
So what we're trying to do is, we're trying to push these technologies
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Så det vi prøver på er at skubbe disse teknologier
02:58
towards creating bottom-up construction approaches
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i retning af at skabe nye, nedefra-og-op konstruktionsmetoder
03:00
for architecture,
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til brug i arkitektur
03:02
which contrast the current, Victorian, top-down methods
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som står i modsætning til de nuværende, victorianske oppefra-og-ned metoder
03:05
which impose structure upon matter.
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der tvinger stof ind i en bestemt form.
03:08
That can't be energetically sensible.
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Det kan ikke være energimæssigt fornuftigt.
03:11
So, bottom-up materials
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Men disse 'nedefra-og-op' materialer
03:13
actually exist today.
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findes faktisk allerede i dag.
03:15
They've been in use, in architecture, since ancient times.
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De har været brugt i arkitekturen siden antikken.
03:18
If you walk around the city of Oxford, where we are today,
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Hvis du går en tur i byen Oxford, her hvor vi er i dag,
03:21
and have a look at the brickwork,
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og kigger på murene
03:23
which I've enjoyed doing in the last couple of days,
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som jeg har nydt at gøre de seneste par dage
03:25
you'll actually see that a lot of it is made of limestone.
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kan du se at meget af det faktisk er lavet af kalksten.
03:27
And if you look even closer,
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Og hvis du går endnu tættere på
03:29
you'll see, in that limestone, there are little shells
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kan du se at inde i kalkstenen er der små skaller
03:31
and little skeletons that are piled upon each other.
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og skeletter der er bunket ovenpå hinanden
03:34
And then they are fossilized over millions of years.
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og er blevet til fossiler over millioner af år.
03:37
Now a block of limestone, in itself,
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Et stykke kalksten er i sig selv
03:39
isn't particularly that interesting.
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ikke særlig interessant.
03:42
It looks beautiful.
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Det ser bare smukt ud.
03:44
But imagine what the properties of this limestone block might be
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Men forestil jer hvilke egenskaber dette stykke kalksten kunne have
03:48
if the surfaces were actually
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hvis dets overflader var
03:50
in conversation with the atmosphere.
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i samtale med atmosfæren.
03:53
Maybe they could extract carbon dioxide.
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Måske kunne det fjerne kuldioxid.
03:56
Would it give this block of limestone new properties?
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Ville det give dette stykke kalksten nye egenskaber?
03:59
Well, most likely it would. It might be able to grow.
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Ja, højst sandsynligt ville det. Det ville måske kunne vokse.
04:02
It might be able to self-repair, and even respond
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Måske ville det kunne være selvreparerende,
04:04
to dramatic changes
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og endda reagere på dramatiske ændringer
04:06
in the immediate environment.
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i dets nærmiljø.
04:08
So, architects are never happy
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Men nej, arkitekter er aldrig tilfredse
04:11
with just one block of an interesting material.
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med bare et enkelt stykke interessant materiale.
04:14
They think big. Okay?
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De tænker stort. Okay?
04:16
So when we think about scaling up metabolic materials,
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Så når vi snakker om at bruge metaboliske materialer i større skala
04:19
we can start thinking about ecological interventions
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kan vi begynde at overveje økologiske opfindelser
04:21
like repair of atolls,
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som reparationen af atoller
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or reclamation of parts of a city
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eller redning af dele af en by
04:26
that are damaged by water.
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der er blevet skadede af vand.
04:28
So, one of these examples
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Et eksempel på dette
04:30
would of course be the historic city of Venice.
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kunne selvfølgelig være den historiske by Venedig.
04:33
Now, Venice, as you know, has a tempestuous relationship with the sea,
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Venedig har, som I ved, et stormfuldt forhold til havet,
04:37
and is built upon wooden piles.
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og byen er bygget på søjler af træ.
04:39
So we've devised a way by which it may be possible
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Så vi har fundet en måde hvorpå vi kan bruge
04:42
for the protocell technology that we're working with
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den protocelle-teknologi vi arbejder med
04:44
to sustainably reclaim Venice.
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til at generobre Venedig på en bæredygtig måde.
04:47
And architect Christian Kerrigan
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Og arkitekten Christian Kerrigan
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has come up with a series of designs that show us
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har lavet en serie billeder som viser os
04:51
how it may be possible to actually grow a limestone reef
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hvordan det kan være muligt at få et kalkstenskoralrev
04:54
underneath the city.
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til at vokse frem under byen.
04:56
So, here is the technology we have today.
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Så her er den teknologi vi har i dag.
04:59
This is our protocell technology,
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Dette er vores protocelleteknologi,
05:01
effectively making a shell, like its limestone forefathers,
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der kan lave skaller ligesom dens kalkstens-forfædre,
05:05
and depositing it in a very complex environment,
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og deponere dem i et komplekst miljø
05:08
against natural materials.
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op ad de naturlige materialer.
05:10
We're looking at crystal lattices to see the bonding process in this.
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Vi kigger på krystaller for at forstå bindingsprocessen involveret i dette.
05:13
Now, this is the very interesting part.
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Og her kommer så den mest interessante del af det hele.
05:15
We don't just want limestone dumped everywhere in all the pretty canals.
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Vi vil jo ikke bare have kalksten overalt i de smukke kanaler.
05:18
What we need it to do is to be
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Vi skal have det til at koncentrere sig
05:20
creatively crafted around the wooden piles.
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omkring træsøjlerne under byen.
05:24
So, you can see from these diagrams that the protocell is actually
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På disse billeder kan I se at protocellerne faktisk
05:26
moving away from the light,
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bevæger sig væk fra lyset,
05:28
toward the dark foundations.
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henimod de mørke fundamenter.
05:30
We've observed this in the laboratory.
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Dette er noget vi har observeret i laboratoriet.
05:32
The protocells can actually move away from the light.
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Protocellerne kan faktisk bevæge sig væk fra lyset.
05:35
They can actually also move towards the light. You have to just choose your species.
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Egentlig kan de også bevæge sig henimod lyset - det handler bare om at vælge den rigtige slags.
05:38
So that these don't just exist as one entity,
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De eksisterer nemlig ikke bare som én ting,
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we kind of chemically engineer them.
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vi kan kemisk konstruere dem.
05:43
And so here the protocells are depositing their limestone
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Og her er så protocellerne der deponerer deres kalksten
05:46
very specifically, around the foundations of Venice,
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meget præcist rundt om Venedigs fundament,
05:49
effectively petrifying it.
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og herved forstener de det reelt.
05:51
Now, this isn't going to happen tomorrow. It's going to take a while.
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Det her er ikke noget vi kan gøre i morgen -- det kommer til at tage noget tid.
05:55
It's going to take years of tuning and monitoring this technology
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Vi må bruge år på at fin-tune og overvåge denne teknologi
05:59
in order for us to become ready
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før vi er klar til at
06:01
to test it out in a case-by-case basis
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teste den, én sag af gangen,
06:03
on the most damaged and stressed buildings within the city of Venice.
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på de mest beskadigede og belastede bygninger i Venedig.
06:06
But gradually, as the buildings are repaired,
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Men gradvist, efterhånden som bygningerne bliver repareret,
06:09
we will see the accretion of a limestone reef beneath the city.
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vil vi se tilblivelsen af et kalkstens-rev under byen.
06:12
An accretion itself is a huge sink of carbon dioxide.
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Denne tilblivelse binder i sig selv enorme mængder kuldioxid.
06:16
Also it will attract the local marine ecology,
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Ydermere vil den tiltrække lokale undervandsdyr og -planter
06:19
who will find their own ecological niches within this architecture.
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som kan finde deres egne nicher i denne arkitektur.
06:23
So, this is really interesting. Now we have an architecture
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Dette synes jeg er rigtig interessant; vi kommer til at bygge arkitektur
06:26
that connects a city to the natural world
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der forbinder en by med naturen omkring den
06:29
in a very direct and immediate way.
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på en meget direkte og umiddelbar måde.
06:31
But perhaps the most exciting thing about it
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Men den mest spændende del af dette her er måske
06:34
is that the driver of this technology is available everywhere.
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at ingredienserne til denne teknologi er tilgængelige overalt.
06:37
This is terrestrial chemistry. We've all got it,
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Det er basal kemi -- noget vi allesammen har.
06:40
which means that this technology is just as appropriate
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Det betyder, at teknologien er mindst ligeså anvendelig
06:43
for developing countries as it is
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i udviklingslande som den er
06:45
for First World countries.
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i den første verdens lande.
06:47
So, in summary, I'm generating metabolic materials
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Så, for at resummére, jeg udvikler metaboliske materialer
06:50
as a counterpoise to Victorian technologies,
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som en modvægt til viktorianske teknologier,
06:53
and building architectures from a bottom-up approach.
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og bygger arkitektur nedefra og op.
06:56
Secondly, these metabolic materials
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For det andet har disse metaboliske materialer
06:58
have some of the properties of living systems,
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nogle af de samme egenskaber som levende organismer,
07:00
which means they can perform in similar ways.
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hvilket betyder at de kan opføre sig på lignende måder.
07:03
They can expect to have a lot of forms and functions
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Vi forventer at finde mange former og funktioner til dem
07:06
within the practice of architecture.
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indenfor byggeri og arkitektur.
07:08
And finally, an observer in the future
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Og endelig: For en fremtidig iagttager,
07:11
marveling at a beautiful structure in the environment
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der beundrer en smuk struktur i landskabet,
07:14
may find it almost impossible to tell
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vil det måske være stort set umuligt at afgøre
07:17
whether this structure
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hvorvidt denne struktur
07:19
has been created by a natural process
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er skabt gennem en naturlig
07:21
or an artificial one.
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eller kunstig proces.
07:23
Thank you.
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Mange tak.
07:25
(Applause)
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(Bifald)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Rachel Armstrong - Applied scientist, innovatorTED Fellow Rachel Armstrong is a sustainability innovator who creates new materials that possess some of the properties of living systems, and can be manipulated to "grow" architecture.
Why you should listen
Rachel Armstrong innovates and designs sustainable solutions for the built and natural environment using advanced new technologies such as, Synthetic Biology – the rational engineering of living systems - and smart chemistry. Her research prompts a reevaluation of how we think about our homes and cities and raises questions about sustainable development of the built environment. She creates open innovation platforms for academia and industry to address environmental challenges such as carbon capture & recycling, smart ‘living’ materials and sustainable design.
Her award winning research underpins her bold approach to the way that she challenges perceptions, presumptions and established principles related to scientific concepts and the building blocks of life and society. She embodies and promotes new transferrable ways of thinking ‘outside of the box’ and enables others to also develop innovative environmental solutions. Her innovative approaches are outlined in her forthcoming TED Book on Living Architecture.
Watch Rachel Armstrong's TED Fellows talk, "Creating Carbon-Negative Architecture" >>
Rachel Armstrong | Speaker | TED.com