TEDGlobal 2009
Rachel Armstrong: Architecture that repairs itself?
Rachel Armstrong: Arhitektura koja se sama popravlja?
Filmed:
Readability: 4.7
1,344,794 views
Venecija u Italiji tone. Kako bismo je spasili, Rachel Armstrong kaže da trebamo prerasti arhitekturu inertnih materijala i stvoriti arhitekturu koja sama raste. Ona predlaže materijale koji su ne-baš-sasvim-živi i koji popravljaju sami sebe te također izdvajaju ugljik.
Rachel Armstrong - Applied scientist, innovator
TED Fellow Rachel Armstrong is a sustainability innovator who creates new materials that possess some of the properties of living systems, and can be manipulated to "grow" architecture. Full bio
TED Fellow Rachel Armstrong is a sustainability innovator who creates new materials that possess some of the properties of living systems, and can be manipulated to "grow" architecture. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
All buildings today have something in common.
0
0
4000
Sve zgrade danas imaju nešto zajedničko.
00:19
They're made using Victorian technologies.
1
4000
3000
Grade se korištenjem viktorijanske tehnologije.
00:22
This involves blueprints,
2
7000
3000
To uključuje nacrte,
00:25
industrial manufacturing
3
10000
2000
industrijsku proizvodnju
00:27
and construction using teams of workers.
4
12000
3000
i izgradnju pomoću timova radnika.
00:30
All of this effort results in an inert object.
5
15000
3000
Svi ti napori rezultiraju inertnim zdanjem.
00:33
And that means that there is a one-way transfer of energy
6
18000
3000
A to znači da postoji jednosmjerni transfer energije
00:36
from our environment into our homes and cities.
7
21000
4000
iz okoliša u naše domove i gradove.
00:40
This is not sustainable.
8
25000
2000
To nije održivo.
00:42
I believe that the only way that it is possible for us
9
27000
3000
Vjerujem da je jedini način na koji je moguće
00:45
to construct genuinely sustainable homes and cities
10
30000
3000
graditi istinski održive domove i gradove
00:48
is by connecting them to nature,
11
33000
2000
taj da ih povežemo s prirodom,
00:50
not insulating them from it.
12
35000
3000
a ne izoliramo ih od nje.
00:53
Now, in order to do this, we need the right kind of language.
13
38000
4000
Kako bismo to mogli, treba nam pravi jezik.
00:57
Living systems are in constant conversation
14
42000
2000
Živi sustavi su u stalnom razgovoru
00:59
with the natural world,
15
44000
2000
s prirodnim svijetom,
01:01
through sets of chemical reactions called metabolism.
16
46000
4000
putem nizova kemijskih reakcija koje nazivamo metabolizam.
01:05
And this is the conversion of one group of substances
17
50000
3000
A to je pretvaranje jedne skupine tvari
01:08
into another, either through
18
53000
2000
u drugu, bilo putem
01:10
the production or the absorption of energy.
19
55000
3000
proizvodnje, bilo putem apsorpcije energije.
01:13
And this is the way in which living materials
20
58000
2000
To je način na koji živi materijali
01:15
make the most of their local resources
21
60000
3000
najbolje iskorištavaju lokalne resurse
01:18
in a sustainable way.
22
63000
3000
na održiv način.
01:21
So, I'm interested in the use of
23
66000
2000
Ja sam zainteresirana za upotrebu
01:23
metabolic materials for the practice of architecture.
24
68000
5000
metaboličkih materijala u praktičnoj arhitekturi.
01:28
But they don't exist. So I'm having to make them.
25
73000
2000
Ali oni ne postoje. Pa ih moram napraviti.
01:30
I'm working with architect Neil Spiller
26
75000
2000
Radim s arhitektom Neilom Spillerom
01:32
at the Bartlett School of Architecture,
27
77000
2000
na arhitektonskoj školi Bartlett
01:34
and we're collaborating with international scientists
28
79000
2000
Surađujemo s međunarodnim znanstvenicima
01:36
in order to generate these new materials
29
81000
2000
kako bismo stvorili te nove materijale
01:38
from a bottom up approach.
30
83000
2000
u pristupu od dna prema vrhu.
01:40
That means we're generating them from scratch.
31
85000
2000
To znači da ih stvaramo od nule.
01:42
One of our collaborators is chemist Martin Hanczyc,
32
87000
4000
Jedan od naših suradnika je kemičar Martin Hanczyc,
01:46
and he's really interested in the transition from
33
91000
3000
i on je zaista zainteresiran za tranziciju od
01:49
inert to living matter.
34
94000
2000
inertnih k živim tvarima.
01:51
Now, that's exactly the kind of process that I'm interested in,
35
96000
3000
A to je upravo onakav proces koji mene zanima,
01:54
when we're thinking about sustainable materials.
36
99000
2000
kada razmišljamo o održivim materijalima.
01:56
So, Martin, he works with a system called the protocell.
37
101000
5000
Martin radi sa sustavom zvanim Protostanica (Protocell).
02:01
Now all this is -- and it's magic --
38
106000
3000
To je samo – a to je čarolija --
02:04
is a little fatty bag. And it's got a chemical battery in it.
39
109000
3000
debela torbica. U sebi ima kemijsku bateriju.
02:07
And it has no DNA.
40
112000
3000
Nema DNK.
02:10
This little bag is able to conduct itself
41
115000
2000
Ova torbica se može ponašati
02:12
in a way that can only be described as living.
42
117000
3000
na način koji jedino možemo opisati kao život.
02:15
It is able to move around its environment.
43
120000
3000
Može se kretati u svom okruženju.
02:18
It can follow chemical gradients.
44
123000
2000
Može slijediti kemijske gradijente.
02:20
It can undergo complex reactions,
45
125000
3000
Prolazi kroz složene reakcije
02:23
some of which are happily architectural.
46
128000
4000
od kojih su neke, na sreću, arhitektonske.
02:27
So here we are. These are protocells,
47
132000
2000
Pa, evo nas. Ovo su protostanice,
02:29
patterning their environment.
48
134000
2000
koje odražavaju svoje okružje.
02:31
We don't know how they do that yet.
49
136000
3000
Još ne znamo kako to čine.
02:34
Here, this is a protocell, and it's vigorously shedding this skin.
50
139000
4000
Ovo je protostanica i ona žustro odbacuje svoj omotač.
02:38
Now, this looks like a chemical kind of birth.
51
143000
2000
Ovo izgleda kao kemijsko rođenje.
02:40
This is a violent process.
52
145000
3000
To je nasilan proces.
02:43
Here, we've got a protocell to extract carbon dioxide
53
148000
3000
Ovdje imamo protostanicu koja izvlači ugljični dioksid
02:46
out of the atmosphere
54
151000
2000
iz atmosfere
02:48
and turn it into carbonate.
55
153000
2000
i pretvara ga u karbonat.
02:50
And that's the shell around that globular fat.
56
155000
2000
A ovo je omotač oko te okrugle masti.
02:52
They are quite brittle. So you've only got a part of one there.
57
157000
3000
Vrlo su krhke. Pa ovdje imate samo dio jedne.
02:55
So what we're trying to do is, we're trying to push these technologies
58
160000
3000
Ono što pokušavamo je pogurati te tehnologije
02:58
towards creating bottom-up construction approaches
59
163000
2000
prema osmišljavanju pristupa u gradnji od dna prema gore
03:00
for architecture,
60
165000
2000
za arhitekturu,
03:02
which contrast the current, Victorian, top-down methods
61
167000
3000
koji je suprotan od sadašnjih, viktorijanskih, od vrha prema dolje metoda
03:05
which impose structure upon matter.
62
170000
3000
koje strukturu pretpostavljaju tkivu.
03:08
That can't be energetically sensible.
63
173000
3000
To ne može biti energetski razumno.
03:11
So, bottom-up materials
64
176000
2000
Dakle, materijali za pristup od dna prema vrhu
03:13
actually exist today.
65
178000
2000
zapravo već postoje.
03:15
They've been in use, in architecture, since ancient times.
66
180000
3000
Koriste se, u arhitekturi, od pradavnih vremena.
03:18
If you walk around the city of Oxford, where we are today,
67
183000
3000
Ako prošetate gradom Oxfordom u kojemu smo danas,
03:21
and have a look at the brickwork,
68
186000
2000
i pogledate zidove od cigle,
03:23
which I've enjoyed doing in the last couple of days,
69
188000
2000
u čemu sam uživala u proteklih nekoliko dana,
03:25
you'll actually see that a lot of it is made of limestone.
70
190000
2000
vidjet ćete da su mnogi izgrađeni od vapnenca.
03:27
And if you look even closer,
71
192000
2000
A ako pogledate još pažljivije,
03:29
you'll see, in that limestone, there are little shells
72
194000
2000
vidjet ćete u tom vapnencu male školjke
03:31
and little skeletons that are piled upon each other.
73
196000
3000
i male kosture naslagane jedan na drugi.
03:34
And then they are fossilized over millions of years.
74
199000
3000
A zatim su se fosilizirali tijekom milijuna godina.
03:37
Now a block of limestone, in itself,
75
202000
2000
Komad vapnenca, sam po sebi
03:39
isn't particularly that interesting.
76
204000
3000
i nije posebno zanimljiv.
03:42
It looks beautiful.
77
207000
2000
Izgleda prekrasno.
03:44
But imagine what the properties of this limestone block might be
78
209000
4000
Ali zamislite kakve bi karakteristike tog vapnenca mogle biti
03:48
if the surfaces were actually
79
213000
2000
kad bi površina zaista
03:50
in conversation with the atmosphere.
80
215000
3000
razgovarala s atmosferom.
03:53
Maybe they could extract carbon dioxide.
81
218000
3000
Možda bi mogao izvlačiti ugljični dioksid.
03:56
Would it give this block of limestone new properties?
82
221000
3000
Bi li to komadu vapnenca dalo nova obilježja?
03:59
Well, most likely it would. It might be able to grow.
83
224000
3000
Pa, najvjerojatnije bi. Mogao bi biti u stanju rasti.
04:02
It might be able to self-repair, and even respond
84
227000
2000
Mogao bi se sam popravljati, pa čak i odgovoriti
04:04
to dramatic changes
85
229000
2000
na dramatične promjene
04:06
in the immediate environment.
86
231000
2000
u neposrednom okružju.
04:08
So, architects are never happy
87
233000
3000
Arhitekti nikada nisu sretni
04:11
with just one block of an interesting material.
88
236000
3000
samo s jednim blokom zanimljivog materijala.
04:14
They think big. Okay?
89
239000
2000
Oni razmišljaju na veliko. OK?
04:16
So when we think about scaling up metabolic materials,
90
241000
3000
Pa, kad razmišljamo o povećanju metaboličkih materijala,
04:19
we can start thinking about ecological interventions
91
244000
2000
možemo početi misliti o ekološkim intervencijama
04:21
like repair of atolls,
92
246000
2000
poput popravljanja atola,
04:23
or reclamation of parts of a city
93
248000
3000
ili vraćanju dijelova grada
04:26
that are damaged by water.
94
251000
2000
koji su oštećeni vodom.
04:28
So, one of these examples
95
253000
2000
Jedan od takvih primjera
04:30
would of course be the historic city of Venice.
96
255000
3000
bi, naravno, bio povijesni grad Venecija.
04:33
Now, Venice, as you know, has a tempestuous relationship with the sea,
97
258000
4000
Venecija, kao što znate, ima olujni odnos s morem,
04:37
and is built upon wooden piles.
98
262000
2000
i izgrađena je na drvenim stupovima.
04:39
So we've devised a way by which it may be possible
99
264000
3000
Pa smo izumili način na koji je možda moguće
04:42
for the protocell technology that we're working with
100
267000
2000
da protostanična tehnologija s kojom radimo
04:44
to sustainably reclaim Venice.
101
269000
3000
održivo povrati Veneciju.
04:47
And architect Christian Kerrigan
102
272000
2000
Arhitekt Christian Kerrigan
04:49
has come up with a series of designs that show us
103
274000
2000
je napravio niz nacrta koji nam pokazuju
04:51
how it may be possible to actually grow a limestone reef
104
276000
3000
kako bi moglo biti moguće izgraditi greben vapnenca
04:54
underneath the city.
105
279000
2000
ispod grada.
04:56
So, here is the technology we have today.
106
281000
3000
Dakle, to je tehnologija koju danas imamo.
04:59
This is our protocell technology,
107
284000
2000
Ovo je naša protostanična tehnologija,
05:01
effectively making a shell, like its limestone forefathers,
108
286000
4000
koja učinkovito gradi omotač poput svojih vapnenačkih predaka,
05:05
and depositing it in a very complex environment,
109
290000
3000
i odlaže ga u vrlo složenom okružju,
05:08
against natural materials.
110
293000
2000
uz prirodne materijale.
05:10
We're looking at crystal lattices to see the bonding process in this.
111
295000
3000
Promatramo kristalnu strukturu da vidimo proces spajanja.
05:13
Now, this is the very interesting part.
112
298000
2000
Ovo je vrlo zanimljiv dio.
05:15
We don't just want limestone dumped everywhere in all the pretty canals.
113
300000
3000
Ne želimo samo istovariti vapnenac posvuda u te lijepe kanale.
05:18
What we need it to do is to be
114
303000
2000
Ono što želimo je da bude
05:20
creatively crafted around the wooden piles.
115
305000
4000
kreativno oblikovan oko drvenih stupova.
05:24
So, you can see from these diagrams that the protocell is actually
116
309000
2000
Na ovim dijagramima vidite da se protostanica
05:26
moving away from the light,
117
311000
2000
zapravo odmiče od svjetla,
05:28
toward the dark foundations.
118
313000
2000
prema temeljima u tami.
05:30
We've observed this in the laboratory.
119
315000
2000
Promatrali smo to u laboratoriju.
05:32
The protocells can actually move away from the light.
120
317000
3000
Protostanice se doista mogu odmicati od svjetla.
05:35
They can actually also move towards the light. You have to just choose your species.
121
320000
3000
A mogu se isto tako i micati prema svjetlu. Samo morate odabrati vrstu.
05:38
So that these don't just exist as one entity,
122
323000
2000
Tako da one ne postoje u samo jednom obliku,
05:40
we kind of chemically engineer them.
123
325000
3000
mi ih kemijski izrađujemo.
05:43
And so here the protocells are depositing their limestone
124
328000
3000
Pa ovdje protostanice odlažu vapnenac
05:46
very specifically, around the foundations of Venice,
125
331000
3000
vrlo precizno, oko temelja Venecije,
05:49
effectively petrifying it.
126
334000
2000
učinkovito ih okamenjujući.
05:51
Now, this isn't going to happen tomorrow. It's going to take a while.
127
336000
4000
Sad, ovo se neće dogoditi sutra. Trebat će neko vrijeme.
05:55
It's going to take years of tuning and monitoring this technology
128
340000
4000
Trebat će godine prilagođavanja i promatranja ove tehnologije
05:59
in order for us to become ready
129
344000
2000
kako bismo postali spremni
06:01
to test it out in a case-by-case basis
130
346000
2000
testirati je na slučajevima
06:03
on the most damaged and stressed buildings within the city of Venice.
131
348000
3000
najoštećenijih i najviše pogođenih zgrada u Veneciji.
06:06
But gradually, as the buildings are repaired,
132
351000
3000
Ali postupno, kako zgrade budu popravljane,
06:09
we will see the accretion of a limestone reef beneath the city.
133
354000
3000
vidjet ćemo okrupnjavanje vapnenačkog grebena ispod grada.
06:12
An accretion itself is a huge sink of carbon dioxide.
134
357000
4000
Takav greben je ogromni slivnik ugljičnog dioksida.
06:16
Also it will attract the local marine ecology,
135
361000
3000
A privući će i lokalnu morsku ekologiju,
06:19
who will find their own ecological niches within this architecture.
136
364000
4000
koja će pronaći vlastite ekološke niše u ovoj arhitekturi.
06:23
So, this is really interesting. Now we have an architecture
137
368000
3000
Dakle, ovo je doista zanimljivo. Sad imamo arhitekturu
06:26
that connects a city to the natural world
138
371000
3000
koja povezuje grad s prirodnim svijetom
06:29
in a very direct and immediate way.
139
374000
2000
na vrlo izravan i neposredan način.
06:31
But perhaps the most exciting thing about it
140
376000
3000
No, možda je najuzbudljivija stvar u vezi toga
06:34
is that the driver of this technology is available everywhere.
141
379000
3000
ta da je osnova ove tehnologije dostupna svuda.
06:37
This is terrestrial chemistry. We've all got it,
142
382000
3000
Ovo je zemaljska kemija. Svi je imamo.
06:40
which means that this technology is just as appropriate
143
385000
3000
Što znači da je ta tehnologija jednako prikladna
06:43
for developing countries as it is
144
388000
2000
za zemlje u razvoju kao što je
06:45
for First World countries.
145
390000
2000
i za zemlje Prvog svijeta.
06:47
So, in summary, I'm generating metabolic materials
146
392000
3000
Dakle, u sažetku, stvaram metaboličke materijale
06:50
as a counterpoise to Victorian technologies,
147
395000
3000
kao suprotnost viktorijanskoj tehnologiji,
06:53
and building architectures from a bottom-up approach.
148
398000
3000
i gradim arhitektonskim pristupom od dna prema vrhu.
06:56
Secondly, these metabolic materials
149
401000
2000
Drugo, ti metabolički materijali
06:58
have some of the properties of living systems,
150
403000
2000
imaju neke osobine živih sustava,
07:00
which means they can perform in similar ways.
151
405000
3000
što znači da se ponašaju na slične načine.
07:03
They can expect to have a lot of forms and functions
152
408000
3000
Mogu se očekivati mnogi oblici i funkcije
07:06
within the practice of architecture.
153
411000
2000
u okviru praktične arhitekture.
07:08
And finally, an observer in the future
154
413000
3000
Konačno, promatrač u budućnosti
07:11
marveling at a beautiful structure in the environment
155
416000
3000
koji bi se divio prekrasnim strukturama u okolišu,
07:14
may find it almost impossible to tell
156
419000
3000
mogao bi otkriti da je gotovo nemoguće reći
07:17
whether this structure
157
422000
2000
je li određena struktura
07:19
has been created by a natural process
158
424000
2000
stvorena prirodnim
07:21
or an artificial one.
159
426000
2000
ili umjetnim procesom.
07:23
Thank you.
160
428000
2000
Hvala vam.
07:25
(Applause)
161
430000
4000
(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Rachel Armstrong - Applied scientist, innovatorTED Fellow Rachel Armstrong is a sustainability innovator who creates new materials that possess some of the properties of living systems, and can be manipulated to "grow" architecture.
Why you should listen
Rachel Armstrong innovates and designs sustainable solutions for the built and natural environment using advanced new technologies such as, Synthetic Biology – the rational engineering of living systems - and smart chemistry. Her research prompts a reevaluation of how we think about our homes and cities and raises questions about sustainable development of the built environment. She creates open innovation platforms for academia and industry to address environmental challenges such as carbon capture & recycling, smart ‘living’ materials and sustainable design.
Her award winning research underpins her bold approach to the way that she challenges perceptions, presumptions and established principles related to scientific concepts and the building blocks of life and society. She embodies and promotes new transferrable ways of thinking ‘outside of the box’ and enables others to also develop innovative environmental solutions. Her innovative approaches are outlined in her forthcoming TED Book on Living Architecture.
Watch Rachel Armstrong's TED Fellows talk, "Creating Carbon-Negative Architecture" >>
Rachel Armstrong | Speaker | TED.com