ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Chip Colwell - Archaeologist, museum curator
Chip Colwell is an archaeologist who tries to answer the tangled question: Who owns the past?

Why you should listen

Chip Colwell is an archaeologist and museum curator who has published 11 books that invite us to rethink how Native American history is told. His essays have appeared in The Atlantic, The Guardian and TIME, while his research has been highlighted in the New York Times, BBC, Forbes and elsewhere. Most recently, he wrote Plundered Skulls and Stolen Spirits: Inside the Fight to Reclaim Native America’s Culture, which The Wall Street Journal dubbed "a careful and intelligent chronicle" and won a 2018 Colorado Book Award.

In 1990, Colwell fell in love with archaeology. Still in high school, he decided to make a life for himself discovering ancient windswept ruins across the American Southwest. But in college he discovered that archaeologists have not always treated Native Americans with respect. In museums were thousands of Native American skeletons, grave goods and sacred objects -- taken with the consent of Native communities. Disheartened, he planned to leave the field he revered. But an epiphany struck that instead he should help develop a new movement in archaeology and museums based on the dignity and rights of Native Americans.

When Colwell was hired as a curator at the Denver Museum of Nature & Science, he had the chance to address the dark legacies of museum collecting. He and his colleagues began consulting with hundreds of tribes about the return of skeletons and sacred objects. In this work, Colwell realized, too, there was an important story to share that explored vital questions. Why do museums collect so many things? Why is it offensive to some that museums exhibit human remains and religious items? What are the legal rights of museums -- and the moral claims of tribes? What do we lose when artifacts go home? And what do we gain?

More profile about the speaker
Chip Colwell | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxMileHigh

Chip Colwell: Why museums are returning cultural treasures

Filmed:
1,453,223 views

Archaeologist and curator Chip Colwell collects artifacts for his museum, but he also returns them to where they came from. In a thought-provoking talk, he shares how some museums are confronting their legacies of stealing spiritual objects and pillaging ancient graves -- and how they're bridging divides with communities who are demanding the return of their cultural treasures.
- Archaeologist, museum curator
Chip Colwell is an archaeologist who tries to answer the tangled question: Who owns the past? Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:13
A confession:
0
1992
1818
00:15
I am an archaeologist
and a museum curator,
1
3834
2973
00:18
but a paradoxical one.
2
6831
2189
00:21
For my museum, I collect things,
3
9637
2631
00:24
but I also return things
back to where they came from.
4
12292
3408
00:28
I love museums because
they're social and educational,
5
16815
4556
00:33
but I'm most drawn to them
because of the magic of objects:
6
21395
3730
00:37
a one-million-year-old hand axe,
7
25814
2478
00:40
a totem pole, an impressionist painting
8
28316
2954
00:43
all take us beyond our own imaginations.
9
31294
2925
00:47
In museums, we pause to muse,
to gaze upon our human empire of things
10
35228
6430
00:53
in meditation and wonder.
11
41682
2047
00:57
I understand why US museums alone
12
45315
2234
00:59
host more than 850 million
visits each year.
13
47573
4365
01:05
Yet, in recent years, museums
have become a battleground.
14
53390
3690
01:09
Communities around the world
don't want to see their culture
15
57564
2864
01:12
in distant institutions
which they have no control over.
16
60452
3735
01:16
They want to see their cultural treasures
17
64783
2141
01:18
repatriated, returned
to their places of origin.
18
66948
3718
01:23
Greece seeks the return
of the Parthenon Marbles,
19
71679
2786
01:26
a collection of classical sculptures
held by the British Museum.
20
74489
4182
01:31
Egypt demands antiquities from Germany.
21
79425
2785
01:35
New Zealand's Maori want to see returned
22
83187
2796
01:38
ancestral tattooed heads
from museums everywhere.
23
86007
4349
01:43
Yet these claims pale in comparison
to those made by Native Americans.
24
91197
4888
01:48
Already, US museums have returned
more than one million artifacts
25
96857
3913
01:52
and 50,000 sets
of Native American skeletons.
26
100794
3974
01:58
To illustrate what's at stake,
let's start with the War Gods.
27
106891
3697
02:03
This is a wood carving
28
111461
1850
02:05
made by members
of the Zuni tribe in New Mexico.
29
113335
3391
02:09
In the 1880s, anthropologists
began to collect them
30
117399
3199
02:12
as evidence of American Indian religion.
31
120622
2387
02:16
They came to be seen as beautiful,
32
124040
3059
02:19
the precursor to the stark sculptures
of Picasso and Paul Klee,
33
127123
4973
02:24
helping to usher in
the modern art movement.
34
132120
3523
02:28
From one viewpoint, the museum
did exactly as it's supposed to
35
136559
4247
02:32
with the War God.
36
140830
1420
02:34
It helped introduce
a little-known art form
37
142274
2419
02:36
for the world to appreciate.
38
144717
1866
02:40
But from another point of view,
39
148200
1517
02:41
the museum had committed
a terrible crime of cultural violence.
40
149741
4443
02:47
For Zunis, the War God
is not a piece of art,
41
155589
4031
02:51
it is not even a thing.
42
159644
1969
02:53
It is a being.
43
161637
1499
02:57
For Zunis, every year,
44
165521
2676
03:00
priests ritually carve new War Gods,
45
168221
2222
03:02
the Ahayu:da,
46
170467
1492
03:03
breathing life into them
in a long ceremony.
47
171983
2603
03:07
They are placed on sacred shrines
48
175408
1972
03:09
where they live to protect the Zuni people
49
177404
3241
03:12
and keep the universe in balance.
50
180669
2314
03:15
No one can own or sell a War God.
51
183856
2302
03:18
They belong only to the earth.
52
186182
2197
03:21
And so Zunis want them back from museums
53
189443
3167
03:24
so they can go to their shrine homes
54
192634
2110
03:28
to fulfill their spiritual purpose.
55
196531
2261
03:32
What is a curator to do?
56
200451
2333
03:35
I believe that the War Gods
should be returned.
57
203461
3595
03:40
This might be a startling answer.
58
208694
1627
03:42
After all, my conclusion
contradicts the refrain
59
210345
2579
03:44
of the world's most famous archaeologist:
60
212948
2547
03:48
"That belongs in a museum!"
61
216174
1554
03:49
(Laughter)
62
217752
2936
03:52
is what Indiana Jones said,
not just to drive movie plots,
63
220712
4024
03:56
but to drive home the unquestionable good
of museums for society.
64
224760
4758
04:03
I did not come to my view easily.
65
231052
2492
04:05
I grew up in Tucson, Arizona,
66
233926
2451
04:08
and fell in love
with the Sonoran Desert's past.
67
236401
2809
04:12
I was amazed that beneath
the city's bland strip malls
68
240037
3981
04:16
was 12,000 years of history
just waiting to be discovered.
69
244042
3873
04:20
When I was 16 years old,
I started taking archaeology classes
70
248983
3267
04:24
and going out on digs.
71
252274
1785
04:26
A high school teacher of mine
even helped me set up my own laboratory
72
254896
3272
04:30
to study animal bones.
73
258192
1577
04:33
But in college,
74
261061
1150
04:35
I came to learn that my future career
had a dark history.
75
263125
4355
04:40
Starting in the 1860s,
76
268372
2731
04:43
Native American skeletons
became a tool for science,
77
271127
4127
04:47
collected in the thousands
78
275278
1858
04:49
to prove new theories
of social and racial hierarchies.
79
277160
4284
04:54
Native American human remains
were plundered from graves,
80
282735
4508
04:59
even taken fresh from battlefields.
81
287267
2666
05:04
When archaeologists
came across white graves,
82
292370
2453
05:06
the skeleton was often quickly reburied,
83
294847
2436
05:09
while Native bones were deposited
as specimens on museum shelves.
84
297307
5019
05:15
In the wake of war, stolen land,
boarding schools,
85
303380
3325
05:18
laws banning religion,
86
306729
1787
05:20
anthropologists collected sacred objects
87
308540
2102
05:22
in the belief that Native peoples
were on the cusp of extinction.
88
310666
3991
05:28
You can call it racism or colonialism,
but the labels don't matter
89
316162
4383
05:32
as much as the fact
that over the last century,
90
320569
2808
05:35
Native American rights and culture
were taken from them.
91
323401
3610
05:40
In 1990, after years of Native protests,
92
328039
3211
05:43
the US government,
through the US Congress,
93
331274
2433
05:45
finally passed a law that allowed
Native Americans to reclaim
94
333731
4350
05:50
cultural items, sacred objects
and human remains from museums.
95
338105
3594
05:54
Many archaeologists were panicked.
96
342854
2604
05:58
For scientists,
97
346713
1174
05:59
it can be hard to fully grasp
how a piece of wood can be a living god
98
347911
6240
06:06
or how spirits surround bones.
99
354175
2228
06:08
And they knew that modern science,
especially with DNA,
100
356427
3802
06:12
can provide luminous insights
into the past.
101
360253
3539
06:17
As the anthropologist
Frank Norwick declared,
102
365155
2559
06:19
"We are doing important work
that benefits all of mankind.
103
367738
4131
06:23
We are not returning anything to anyone."
104
371893
3027
06:29
As a college student,
all of this was an enigma
105
377381
2977
06:32
that was hard to decipher.
106
380382
2395
06:35
Why did Native Americans
want their heritage back
107
383409
2993
06:38
from the very places preserving it?
108
386426
2380
06:41
And how could scientists
spend their entire lives
109
389849
3222
06:45
studying dead Indians
110
393095
1491
06:46
but seem to care so little
about living ones?
111
394610
3077
06:52
I graduated but wasn't sure
what to do next,
112
400221
3191
06:55
so I traveled.
113
403436
1658
06:58
One day, in South Africa,
114
406897
1699
07:00
I visited Nelson Mandela's
former prison cell on Robben Island.
115
408620
3459
07:05
I had an epiphany.
116
413160
1317
07:07
Here was a man who helped
a country bridge vast divides
117
415590
4184
07:11
to seek, however imperfectly,
reconciliation.
118
419798
2897
07:16
I'm no Mandela, but I ask myself:
119
424120
2709
07:18
Could I, too, plant seeds of hope
in the ruins of the past?
120
426853
3960
07:23
In 2007, I was hired as a curator
121
431586
2369
07:25
at the Denver Museum
of Nature and Science.
122
433979
2798
07:28
Our team agreed that unlike
many other institutions,
123
436801
3212
07:32
we needed to proactively confront
the legacy of museum collecting.
124
440037
4550
07:37
We started with
the skeletons in our closet,
125
445850
3215
07:41
100 of them.
126
449089
1387
07:43
After months and then years,
we met with dozens of tribes
127
451035
2747
07:45
to figure out how to get
these remains home.
128
453806
2276
07:48
And this is hard work.
129
456840
1358
07:50
It involves negotiating
who will receive the remains,
130
458222
4079
07:54
how to respectfully transfer them,
131
462325
1928
07:56
where will they go.
132
464277
1730
07:58
Native American leaders
become undertakers,
133
466734
3607
08:02
planning funerals for dead relatives
they had never wanted unearthed.
134
470365
4579
08:09
A decade later, the Denver Museum
and our Native partners
135
477106
2710
08:11
have reburied nearly all
of the human remains in the collection.
136
479840
3766
08:16
We have returned
hundreds of sacred objects.
137
484098
2579
08:19
But I've come to see
that these battles are endless.
138
487600
3164
08:23
Repatriation is now a permanent feature
of the museum world.
139
491837
3761
08:29
Hundreds of tribes are waiting their turn.
140
497310
2238
08:32
There are always
more museums with more stuff.
141
500668
3173
08:36
Every catalogued War God
in an American public museum
142
504766
2913
08:39
has now been returned -- 106, so far --
143
507703
4230
08:43
but there are more
beyond the reach of US law,
144
511957
3040
08:47
in private collections
and outside our borders.
145
515021
2967
08:51
In 2014, I had the chance to travel
with a respected religious leader
146
519225
5104
08:56
from the Zuni tribe
named Octavius Seowtewa
147
524353
3842
09:00
to visit five museums
in Europe with War Gods.
148
528219
2689
09:03
At the Ethnological Museum of Berlin,
149
531680
2659
09:06
we saw a War God
with a history of dubious care.
150
534363
3729
09:10
An overly enthusiastic curator
had added chicken feathers to it.
151
538443
3619
09:14
Its necklace had once been stolen.
152
542922
2100
09:18
At the Musée du quai Branly in Paris,
153
546267
2049
09:20
an official told us that the War God there
is now state property
154
548340
3333
09:23
with no provisions for repatriation.
155
551697
2833
09:26
He insisted that the War God
no longer served Zunis
156
554554
2912
09:29
but museum visitors.
157
557490
1317
09:31
He said, "We give all
of the objects to the world."
158
559238
3180
09:35
At the British Museum,
159
563487
1452
09:36
we were warned that the Zuni case
would establish a dangerous precedent
160
564963
4008
09:40
for bigger disputes,
161
568995
1445
09:42
such as the Parthenon Marbles,
claimed by Greece.
162
570464
3554
09:46
After visiting the five museums,
163
574574
2469
09:49
Octavius returned home
to his people empty-handed.
164
577067
3800
09:54
He later told me,
165
582284
1310
09:55
"It hurts my heart to see
the Ahayu:da so far away.
166
583618
3301
09:58
They all belong together.
167
586943
1674
10:01
It's like a family member
that's missing from a family dinner.
168
589066
4278
10:06
When one is gone,
their strength is broken."
169
594292
3424
10:10
I wish that my colleagues
in Europe and beyond
170
598848
2814
10:13
could see that the War Gods
do not represent the end of museums
171
601686
3477
10:17
but the chance for a new beginning.
172
605187
2197
10:20
When you walk the halls of a museum,
173
608861
2596
10:23
you're likely just seeing
about one percent
174
611481
2769
10:26
of the total collections.
175
614274
1219
10:27
The rest is in storage.
176
615517
1994
10:29
Even after returning
500 cultural items and skeletons,
177
617535
3787
10:33
my museum still retains 99.999 percent
of its total collections.
178
621346
5872
10:39
Though we no longer have War Gods,
179
627987
1660
10:41
we have Zuni traditional pottery,
180
629671
2380
10:44
jewelry, tools, clothing and arts.
181
632075
3412
10:48
And even more precious than these objects
182
636461
2827
10:51
are the relationships that we formed
with Native Americans
183
639312
3333
10:54
through the process of repatriation.
184
642669
2626
10:58
Now, we can ask Zunis
to share their culture with us.
185
646673
4674
11:04
Not long ago, I had the chance
to visit the returned War Gods.
186
652810
3659
11:09
A shrine sits up high atop a mesa
overlooking beautiful Zuni homeland.
187
657263
5528
11:16
The shrine is enclosed
by a roofless stone building
188
664466
4215
11:20
threaded at the top with barbed wire
189
668705
2428
11:23
to ensure that they're not stolen again.
190
671157
1936
11:26
And there they are, inside,
191
674553
2341
11:28
the Ahayu:da,
192
676918
1204
11:30
106 War Gods amid offerings
of turquoise, cornmeal, shell,
193
678146
5411
11:35
even T-shirts ...
194
683581
1206
11:38
a modern gift to ancient beings.
195
686149
1948
11:41
And standing there,
196
689306
1715
11:43
I got a glimpse at the War Gods'
true purpose in the world.
197
691045
3443
11:47
And it occurred to me then
198
695518
1643
11:49
that we do not get to choose
the histories that we inherit.
199
697185
4055
11:54
Museum curators today
did not pillage ancient graves
200
702043
3135
11:57
or steal spiritual objects,
201
705202
1786
11:59
but we can accept responsibility
for correcting past mistakes.
202
707012
4262
12:04
We can help restore dignity,
203
712232
2240
12:06
hope and humanity to Native Americans,
204
714496
3437
12:09
the very people who were once
the voiceless objects of our curiosity.
205
717957
3817
12:14
And this doesn't even require us
to fully understand others' beliefs,
206
722400
5081
12:19
only that we respect them.
207
727505
2093
12:22
Museums are temples to things past.
208
730732
2725
12:26
Now they must also become
places for living cultures.
209
734406
3872
12:32
As I turned to walk away from the shrine,
210
740466
2270
12:34
I drank in the warm summer air,
211
742760
2374
12:37
and I watched an eagle
turn lazy circles high above.
212
745158
3081
12:41
I thought of the Zunis,
213
749483
1453
12:42
whose offerings ensure
that their culture is not dead and gone
214
750960
4195
12:47
but alive and well,
215
755179
1642
12:49
and I could think of no better place
for the War Gods to be.
216
757970
3420
12:54
Thank you.
217
762069
1151
12:55
(Applause)
218
763244
5256

▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Chip Colwell - Archaeologist, museum curator
Chip Colwell is an archaeologist who tries to answer the tangled question: Who owns the past?

Why you should listen

Chip Colwell is an archaeologist and museum curator who has published 11 books that invite us to rethink how Native American history is told. His essays have appeared in The Atlantic, The Guardian and TIME, while his research has been highlighted in the New York Times, BBC, Forbes and elsewhere. Most recently, he wrote Plundered Skulls and Stolen Spirits: Inside the Fight to Reclaim Native America’s Culture, which The Wall Street Journal dubbed "a careful and intelligent chronicle" and won a 2018 Colorado Book Award.

In 1990, Colwell fell in love with archaeology. Still in high school, he decided to make a life for himself discovering ancient windswept ruins across the American Southwest. But in college he discovered that archaeologists have not always treated Native Americans with respect. In museums were thousands of Native American skeletons, grave goods and sacred objects -- taken with the consent of Native communities. Disheartened, he planned to leave the field he revered. But an epiphany struck that instead he should help develop a new movement in archaeology and museums based on the dignity and rights of Native Americans.

When Colwell was hired as a curator at the Denver Museum of Nature & Science, he had the chance to address the dark legacies of museum collecting. He and his colleagues began consulting with hundreds of tribes about the return of skeletons and sacred objects. In this work, Colwell realized, too, there was an important story to share that explored vital questions. Why do museums collect so many things? Why is it offensive to some that museums exhibit human remains and religious items? What are the legal rights of museums -- and the moral claims of tribes? What do we lose when artifacts go home? And what do we gain?

More profile about the speaker
Chip Colwell | Speaker | TED.com

Data provided by TED.

This site was created in May 2015 and the last update was on January 12, 2020. It will no longer be updated.

We are currently creating a new site called "eng.lish.video" and would be grateful if you could access it.

If you have any questions or suggestions, please feel free to write comments in your language on the contact form.

Privacy Policy

Developer's Blog

Buy Me A Coffee