Chip Colwell: Why museums are returning cultural treasures
Chip Colwell: Kodėl muziejai grąžina kultūrines vertybes
Chip Colwell is an archaeologist who tries to answer the tangled question: Who owns the past? Full bio
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and a museum curator,
back to where they came from.
iš kur jie kilę.
they're social and educational,
atlieka socialinę ir edukacinę funkciją,
because of the magic of objects:
objektų magiškumas:
impresionistinis paveikslas,
už vaizduotės ribų.
to gaze upon our human empire of things
pažvelgti į žmonių daiktų imperiją
visits each year.
apsilankymų.
have become a battleground.
muziejai tapo mūšio lauku.
don't want to see their culture
matyti savo kultūros
which they have no control over.
kurių negali kontroliuoti.
to their places of origin.
of the Parthenon Marbles,
Partenono marmuras,
held by the British Museum.
esantis Britų muziejuje.
grąžintų senienas.
kad būtų grąžintos
from museums everywhere.
laikomos įvairiuose muziejuose.
to those made by Native Americans.
prieš tuos, kuriuos pateikė indėnai.
more than one million artifacts
daugiau nei milijoną artefaktų
of Native American skeletons.
let's start with the War Gods.
pradėsiu nuo Karo Dievų.
of the Zuni tribe in New Mexico.
zunių genties narių.
began to collect them
antropologai pradėjo jas rinkti
of Picasso and Paul Klee,
skulptūrų pirmtakes,
the modern art movement.
į modernaus meno judėjimą.
did exactly as it's supposed to
pasielgė taip,
a little-known art form
meno formą
a terrible crime of cultural violence.
kultūrinį nusikaltimą.
is not a piece of art,
nelaiko nei meno kūriniu,
in a long ceremony.
ilgos ceremonijos metu.
zunių genties žmones
ar jį parduoti.
namus šventyklose
should be returned.
reikėtų grąžinti.
contradicts the refrain
not just to drive movie plots,
ne tik vystyti filmo siužetą,
of museums for society.
muziejų naudą.
with the Sonoran Desert's past.
the city's bland strip malls
prekybos centrais
just waiting to be discovered.
tik ir laukia, kad ją kas nors atrastų.
I started taking archaeology classes
pradėjau lankyti archeologijos pamokas
even helped me set up my own laboratory
įrengti nuosavą laboratoriją,
had a dark history.
turi tamsią praeitį.
became a tool for science,
of social and racial hierarchies.
apie socialines ir rasines hierarchijas.
were plundered from graves,
iš kapaviečių,
came across white graves,
as specimens on museum shelves.
kaip pavyzdžius ant muziejų lentynų.
boarding schools,
įkurtos internatinės mokyklos,
were on the cusp of extinction.
but the labels don't matter
bet etiketės nėra tokios svarbios,
that over the last century,
were taken from them.
ir kultūra.
indėnų protestų,
through the US Congress,
Native Americans to reclaim
indėnams reikalauti sugrąžinti
and human remains from museums.
žmonių palaikus iš muziejų.
how a piece of wood can be a living god
medžio gabalas gali būti gyvu dievu,
especially with DNA,
ypač DNR pagalba,
into the past.
Frank Norwick declared,
antropologas Frankas Norwickas:
that benefits all of mankind.
visai žmonijai.
all of this was an enigma
want their heritage back
spend their entire lives
visą gyvenimą,
about living ones?
taip mažai rūpi.
what to do next,
ką veikti toliau,
former prison cell on Robben Island.
kalėjimo vienutę Robeno saloje.
a country bridge vast divides
įveikti didelius skirtumus
reconciliation.
būdą susitaikyti.
in the ruins of the past?
praeities griuvėsiuose?
buvau pasamdytas kaip kuratorius
of Nature and Science.
many other institutions,
nei kitos institucijos,
the legacy of museum collecting.
su muziejaus kolekcionavimo palikimu.
the skeletons in our closet,
we met with dozens of tribes
su dešimtimis genčių,
these remains home.
šiuos palaikus namo.
who will receive the remains,
palaikus,
become undertakers,
they had never wanted unearthed.
laidotuves,
kad jų palaikus iškastų.
and our Native partners
partneriai indėnai
of the human remains in the collection.
buvusius kolekcijoje.
hundreds of sacred objects.
that these battles are endless.
kad šiems mūšiams nėra galo.
of the museum world.
muziejų pasaulyje.
more museums with more stuff.
daugiau objektų.
in an American public museum
Amerikos valstybinio muziejaus sąrašą,
beyond the reach of US law,
įstatymais neįmanoma pasiekti,
and outside our borders.
ar už mūsų valstybės sienų.
with a respected religious leader
su gerbiamu zunių religiniu lyderiu,
named Octavius Seowtewa
in Europe with War Gods.
turinčius Karo Dievų.
with a history of dubious care.
kurio priežiūra kėlė abejonių.
had added chicken feathers to it.
jį papuošė viščiuko plunksnomis.
is now state property
Karo Dievas dabar
ir nėra jokių repatriacijos nuostatų.
no longer served Zunis
tarnauja nebe zuniams,
of the objects to the world."
visus objektus pasauliui.“
would establish a dangerous precedent
claimed by Greece.
reikalauja Graikija.
to his people empty-handed.
tuščiomis rankomis.
the Ahayu:da so far away.
matant Ahayu'da taip toli“.
that's missing from a family dinner.
bendroje vakarienėje.
their strength is broken."
in Europe and beyond
ir už jos ribų
do not represent the end of museums
ne muziejų pabaigą,
about one percent
500 cultural items and skeletons,
ir griaučių,
of its total collections.
99,999 % visos savo kolekcijos.
keramikos dirbinių,
meno kūrinių.
with Native Americans
su indėnais
to share their culture with us.
pasidalinti savo kultūra su mumis.
to visit the returned War Gods.
grąžintus Karo Dievus.
overlooking beautiful Zuni homeland.
su vaizdu į nuostabią zunių tėvynę.
by a roofless stone building
be stogo
of turquoise, cornmeal, shell,
kukurūzų miltų, kriauklių pavidale,
true purpose in the world.
šiame pasaulyje.
the histories that we inherit.
kurias paveldime.
did not pillage ancient graves
senų kapaviečių
for correcting past mistakes.
ir ištaisyti praeities klaidas.
the voiceless objects of our curiosity.
mūsų smalsumo objektai.
to fully understand others' beliefs,
kitų įsitikinimus,
places for living cultures.
dabartinėms kultūroms.
turn lazy circles high above.
sukantį ratus aukštai virš manęs.
that their culture is not dead and gone
kad jų kultūra nėra mirusi,
for the War Gods to be.
kur galėtų būti Karo Dievai.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Chip Colwell - Archaeologist, museum curatorChip Colwell is an archaeologist who tries to answer the tangled question: Who owns the past?
Why you should listen
Chip Colwell is an archaeologist and museum curator who has published 11 books that invite us to rethink how Native American history is told. His essays have appeared in The Atlantic, The Guardian and TIME, while his research has been highlighted in the New York Times, BBC, Forbes and elsewhere. Most recently, he wrote Plundered Skulls and Stolen Spirits: Inside the Fight to Reclaim Native America’s Culture, which The Wall Street Journal dubbed "a careful and intelligent chronicle" and won a 2018 Colorado Book Award.
In 1990, Colwell fell in love with archaeology. Still in high school, he decided to make a life for himself discovering ancient windswept ruins across the American Southwest. But in college he discovered that archaeologists have not always treated Native Americans with respect. In museums were thousands of Native American skeletons, grave goods and sacred objects -- taken with the consent of Native communities. Disheartened, he planned to leave the field he revered. But an epiphany struck that instead he should help develop a new movement in archaeology and museums based on the dignity and rights of Native Americans.
When Colwell was hired as a curator at the Denver Museum of Nature & Science, he had the chance to address the dark legacies of museum collecting. He and his colleagues began consulting with hundreds of tribes about the return of skeletons and sacred objects. In this work, Colwell realized, too, there was an important story to share that explored vital questions. Why do museums collect so many things? Why is it offensive to some that museums exhibit human remains and religious items? What are the legal rights of museums -- and the moral claims of tribes? What do we lose when artifacts go home? And what do we gain?
Chip Colwell | Speaker | TED.com