Mission Blue Voyage
Greg Stone: Saving the ocean one island at a time
Greg Stone: Greg Stone: Päästes ookeani ühe saare haaval
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Sinise Missiooni pardal, teadlane Greg Stone räägib loo, kuidas ta aitas Kiribati Vabariigil luua hiiglasliku kaitseala keset Vaikset Ookeani, kaitstes kalu, mere elu ja saarte enda rahvast.
Greg Stone - Oceanographer
Greg Stone was a key driver in the establishment of the Phoenix Island Protected Area in the island nation of Kiribati. The second-largest marine protected area in the world -- and one of the most pristine -- PIPA is a laboratory for exploring and monitoring the recovery of coral reefs from bleaching events. Full bio
Greg Stone was a key driver in the establishment of the Phoenix Island Protected Area in the island nation of Kiribati. The second-largest marine protected area in the world -- and one of the most pristine -- PIPA is a laboratory for exploring and monitoring the recovery of coral reefs from bleaching events. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I guess the story actually has to start
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See lugu tegelikult algas
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maybe back in the the 1960s,
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võib-olla 1960ndatel,
00:20
when I was seven or eight years old,
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kui ma olin seitsme või kaheksa aastane,
00:23
watching Jacques Cousteau documentaries on the living room floor
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kui ma vaatasin elutoa põrandal Jacques Cousteau dokumentaale
00:26
with my mask and flippers on.
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mask peas ja lestad jalas.
00:29
Then after every episode, I had to go up to the bathtub
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Siis, pärast iga episoodi, pidin ma minema vanni,
00:32
and swim around the bathtub and look at the drain,
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ujuma seal ning vaatama äravoolutoru,
00:34
because that's all there was to look at.
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kuna see oli kõik, mida seal vaadata oli.
00:37
And by the time I turned 16,
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Selleks ajaks kui ma sain 16
00:39
I pursued a career in marine science,
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jälitasin ma karjääri mereteaduses,
00:42
in exploration and diving,
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uurimisretkedes ja sukeldumises
00:45
and lived in underwater habitats, like this one off the Florida Keys,
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ja elasin veealustes asulates, nagu see Florida Keysi juures,
00:48
for 30 days total.
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kokku 30 päeva.
00:50
Brian Skerry took this shot. Thanks, Brian.
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Brian Skerry tegi selle pildi. Aitäh Brian.
00:52
And I've dived in deep-sea submersibles around the world.
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Ja ma olen sukeldunud süvamere allveelaevades kogu maailmas
00:55
And this one is the deepest diving submarine in the world,
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See on kõike sügavamale sukelduv allveelaev maailmas -
00:58
operated by the Japanese government.
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seda haldab Jaapani valitsus.
01:00
And Sylvia Earle and I
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Sylvia Earle ja mina
01:02
were on an expedition in this submarine
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olime selles allveelaevas ekspeditsioonil,
01:04
20 years ago in Japan.
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20 aastat tagasi Jaapanis.
01:07
And on my dive, I went down 18,000 feet,
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Oma sukeldusel läksin ma 5500 meetrit allapoole,
01:10
to an area that I thought
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kohta, kus ma arvasin,
01:12
would be pristine wilderness area on the sea floor.
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et on ürgse looduse ala merepõhjas.
01:15
But when I got there, I found
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Aga kui ma sinna jõudsin, leidsin ma
01:17
lots of plastic garbage and other debris.
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palju plastikust prügi ja teist prahti.
01:19
And it was really a turning point in my life,
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Ja see oli minu elus pöördepunkt,
01:21
where I started to realize
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kui ma hakkasin aru saama,
01:23
that I couldn't just go have fun doing science and exploration.
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et ma ei saa tehes teadust ja avastusretki lihtsalt lõbutseda.
01:26
I needed to put it into a context.
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Mul oli vaja see konteksti panna.
01:28
I needed to head towards conservation goals.
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Mul oli vaja suunduda loodushoiu eesmärkide poole.
01:31
So I began to work
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Niisis alustasin ma tööd
01:33
with National Geographic Society and others
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koos National Geographicu Seltsi ja teistega
01:36
and led expeditions to Antarctica.
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ja viisin ekspeditsioonid Antarktikasse.
01:39
I led three diving expeditions to Antarctica.
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Ma viisin kolm sukeldumisekspeditsiooni Antarktikasse.
01:41
Ten years ago was a seminal trip,
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10 aasta tagasi toimus reis,
01:43
where we explored that big iceberg, B-15,
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kus me uurisime suurt jäämäge B-15,
01:46
the largest iceberg in history, that broke off the Ross Ice Shelf.
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suurimat jäämäge ajaloos, mis murdus ära Ross'i jääpanga küljest.
01:49
And we developed techniques
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Ja me arendasime tehnika,
01:51
to dive inside and under the iceberg,
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millega sai sukelduda jäämäe sisse ja alla,
01:53
such as heating pads on our kidneys
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nagu soojapadjad neerude peal,
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with a battery that we dragged around,
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koos patareiga, mida me kaasas kandsime,
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so that, as the blood flowed through our kidneys,
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et kui veri voolab läbi neerude
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it would get a little boost of warmth
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saab ta väikse soojustõuke,
02:01
before going back into our bodies.
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enne kui läheb tagasi kehasse.
02:03
But after three trips to Antarctica,
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Aga pärast kolme reisi Antarktikasse
02:05
I decided that it might be nicer to work in warmer water.
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otsustasin ma, et võib-olla oleks parem töötada soojemates vetes.
02:09
And that same year, 10 years ago,
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Ja samal aastal, 10 aastat tagasi,
02:11
I headed north to the Phoenix Islands.
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Suundusin ma Phoenix'i saartest põhja poole.
02:13
And I'm going to tell you that story here in a moment.
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Ja ma räägin teile selle loo hetke pärast.
02:16
But before I do, I just want you to ponder this graph for a moment.
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Aga enne kui ma seda teen, tahan ma, et te mõtiskleks hetkeks selle graafiku üle.
02:19
You may have seen this in other forms,
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Seda võib olla nähtud teistes vormides,
02:21
but the top line is the amount of protected area
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aga ülemine joon on kaitstud ala
02:24
on land, globally,
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maa peal, ülemaailmselt,
02:26
and it's about 12 percent.
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Ja see on umbes 12 protsenti.
02:28
And you can see that it kind of hockey sticks up
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Ja sa võid näha, et see hakkab tõusma
02:30
around the 1960s and '70s,
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1960ndate ja 70ndate paiku
02:32
and it's on kind of a nice trajectory right now.
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ja see on praegu suhteliselt heal trajektooril.
02:35
And that's probably because
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Ja see on ilmselt kuna
02:37
that's when everybody got aware of the environment
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siis muutusid kõik keskkonnateadlikuks
02:39
and Earth Day
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ja Maa päev
02:41
and all the stuff that happened in the '60s with the Hippies and everything
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ja kõik see, mis juhtus 60ndatel näiteks hipide ja kõige muuga
02:44
really did, I think, have an affect on global awareness.
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tõesti mõjutas globaalset teadlikkust.
02:46
But the ocean-protected area
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Aga mere kaitseala
02:48
is basically flat line
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on praktiliselt sirge joon
02:50
until right about now -- it appears to be ticking up.
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kuni umbes praeguseni - kus ta nüüd tundub tõusvat.
02:52
And I do believe that we are at the hockey stick point
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Ja ma usun, et me oleme mere kaitsealade
02:55
of the protected area in the ocean.
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tõusutee alguses.
02:57
I think we would have gotten there a lot earlier
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Ma arvan, et me oleks jõudnud siia palju varem,
03:00
if we could see what happens in the ocean
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kui me näeks, mis ookeanis toimub
03:02
like we can see what happens on land.
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nagu me näeme, mis juhtub maal.
03:04
But unfortunately, the ocean is opaque,
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Aga kahjuks on ookean läbipaistmatu
03:07
and we can't see what's going on.
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ja me ei näe, mis seal toimub.
03:09
And therefore we're way behind on protection.
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Ja seetõttu oleme me selle kaitsmisel väga taga.
03:11
But scuba diving, submersibles
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Aga sukeldumine, allveelaevad
03:13
and all the work that we're setting about to do here
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ja kõik see töö, mida me hakkame tegema
03:16
will help rectify that.
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aitab selle joonde ajada.
03:19
So where are the Phoenix Islands?
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Niisiis, kus on Phoenixi saared?
03:21
They were the world's largest marine-protected area
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Nad olid maailma suurim merekaitseala,
03:24
up until last week
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kuni eelmise nädalani,
03:26
when the Chagos Archipelago was declared.
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kui Chagos Archipelago välja kuulutati.
03:28
It's in the mid-Pacific. It's about five days from anywhere.
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See on Vaikse Ookeani keskel. See on igalt poolt umbes viie päeva kaugusel.
03:31
If you want to get to the Phoenix Islands,
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Kui sa tahad saada Phoenixi saartele,
03:33
it's five days from Fiji,
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on sinna viis päeva Fijilt,
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it's five days from Hawaii, it's five days from Samoa.
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viis päeva Hawailt, viis päeva Samoalt.
03:37
It's out in the middle of the Pacific,
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See on Vaikse Ookeani keskel,
03:39
right around the Equator.
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ekvaatori ümbruses.
03:42
I had never heard of the islands 10 years ago,
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Kuni 10 aastat tagasi, polnud ma saartest kuulnud,
03:44
nor the country, Kiribati, that owns them,
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ega Kiribatist - riigist, mis neid omab,
03:46
till two friends of mine who run a liveaboard dive boat in Fiji
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kuni kaks mu sõpra, kes peavad Fijil elamis sukelpaati,
03:49
said, "Greg, would you lead a scientific expedition up to these islands?
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ütlesid: " Greg, kas sa tahaks juhtida teaduslikku ekspeditsiooni nendele saartele?
03:52
They've never been dived."
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Neil pole kunagi sukeldud."
03:54
And I said, "Yeah.
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Ja ma ütlesin: " Jah,
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But tell me where they are and the country that owns them."
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Aga öelge mulle, kus need on ja mis riik neid omab."
03:58
So that's when I first learned of the Islands
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Siis sain ma esimest korda neist saartest teada
04:00
and had no idea what I was getting into.
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ja mul polnud õrna aimugi millesse ma sattunud olin.
04:02
But I was in for the adventure.
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Aga ma olin seikluseks valmis.
04:06
Let me give you a little peek here of the Phoenix Islands-protected area.
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Ma annan teile siin väikse pilgu Phoenixi saarte kaitsealale.
04:09
It's a very deep-water part of our planet.
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See on meie planeedi väga sügav koht.
04:13
The average depths are about 12,000 ft.
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Keskmine sügavus on seal umbes 3600 meetrit
04:15
There's lots of seamounts in the Phoenix Islands,
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Phoenixi saartel on palju veealuseid mägesid,
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which are specifically part of the protected area.
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mis on nimelt kaitseala osa.
04:20
Seamounts are important for biodiversity.
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Veealused mäed on tähtsad bioloogilise mitmekesisuse pärast.
04:22
There's actually more mountains in the ocean than there are on land.
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Tegelikult on ookeanis mägesid rohkem kui maa peal.
04:25
It's an interesting fact.
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See on huvitav fakt.
04:27
And the Phoenix Islands is very rich in those seamounts.
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Ja Phoenixi saared on neis mägedes väga rikkad.
04:31
So it's a deep -- think about it in a big three-dimensional space,
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Niisiis on see sügav - mõelge sellest suures kolmes ruumis.
04:34
very deep three-dimensional space
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väga sügavas kolmemõõtmelises ruumis,
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with herds of tuna, whales,
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koos tuunikala parvede, vaalade
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all kinds of deep sea marine life
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ja kõigi võimalike süvamere elustikuga,
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like we've seen here before.
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nagu me seda varem näinud oleme.
04:43
That's the vessel that we took up there
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See on see laev, millega me sõitsime
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for these studies, early on,
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uuringuteks, varakult
04:47
and that's what the Islands look like -- you can see in the background.
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ja nii näevad need saared välja - nagu on taustal näha.
04:50
They're very low to the water,
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Neil on väga vähe vett
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and they're all uninhabited, except one island
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ja kõik on asustamata, peale ühe saare,
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has about 35 caretakers on it.
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kus on umbes 35 hooldajat.
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And they've been uninhabited for most of time
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Ja need on olnud asustamata suurema osa ajast,
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because even in the ancient days,
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kuna isegi iidsetel aegadel
05:01
these islands were too far away
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olid need saared liiga kaugel,
05:03
from the bright lights of Fiji and Hawaii and Tahiti
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Fiji eredatest tuledest, Hawaist ja Tahitist,
05:06
for those ancient Polynesian mariners
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nende iidsete Polüneesia meremeeste jaoks,
05:08
that were traversing the Pacific so widely.
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kes liiklesid Vaiksel Ookeanil nii laialdaselt.
05:11
But we got up there,
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Aga meie jõudsime siia
05:13
and I had the unique and wonderful scientific opportunity and personal opportunity
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ja ma mul oli ainuldaadne ja imeline teaduslik võimalus ja isiklik võimalus
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to get to a place that had never been dived
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minna kohta, kus pole kunagi varem sukeldud
05:18
and just get to an island and go, "Okay, where are we going to dive?
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ja jõuda lihtsalt saatele ning öelda :" Okei, kus me nüüd sukeldume?
05:20
Let's try there,"
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Proovime siia."
05:22
and then falling into the water.
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ja kohe vette minna.
05:24
Both my personal and my professional life changed.
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Nii mu isiklik kui professionaalne elu muutusid.
05:26
Suddenly, I saw a world
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Järsku nägin ma maailma,
05:28
that I had never seen before in the ocean --
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mida ma polnud varem ookeanis näinud -
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schools of fish that were so dense
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kalaparved olid nii tihedad,
05:33
they dulled the penetration of sunlight from the surface,
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et nad tuhmistasid päikesevalguse läbitungimise veepinnast,
05:36
coral reefs that were continuous
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korallrahud, mis olid lakkamatud
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and solid and colorful,
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ja pidevad ja värvilised,
05:40
large fish everywhere,
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suured kalad igal pool,
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manta rays.
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manta raid.
05:45
It was an ecosystem. Parrotfish spawning --
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See oli ökosüsteem. Papagoikalad kudemas -
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this is about 5,000 longnose parrotfish spawning
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siin on umbes 5000 pikknina papagoikala kudemas
05:50
at the entrance to one of the Phoenix Islands.
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Phoenixi saarte ühe sissepääsu juures.
05:52
You can see the fish are balled up
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Võib näha, et kalad on tihedalt koos
05:54
and then there's a little cloudy area there
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ja seal on üks hägune ala,
05:56
where they're exchanging the eggs and sperm for reproduction --
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kus nad vahetavad marja ja spermat paljunemiseks -
06:00
events that the ocean is supposed to do,
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sündmused, mida ookean peaks tegema,
06:02
but struggles to do in many places now
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aga võitleb selle tegemiseks nii paljudes kohtades
06:04
because of human activity.
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inimtegevuse tõttu.
06:06
The Phoenix Islands and all the equatorial parts of our planet
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Phoenixi saared ja kõik ekvatoriaalsed planeedi osad
06:08
are very important for tuna fisheries,
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on väga tähtsad tuunikalade jaoks,
06:10
especially this yellowfin tuna that you see here.
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eriti selle kulduim-tuunikala jaoks, mida te siin näete.
06:14
Phoenix Islands is a major tuna location.
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Phoenixi saared on peamised tuunikala kohad.
06:16
And sharks -- we had sharks on our early dives,
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Ja haid - meil olid varastel sukeldumistel haid,
06:19
up to 150 sharks at once,
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kuni 150 haid korraga,
06:21
which is an indication
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mis näitab, et on
06:23
of a very, very healthy, very strong, system.
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väga väga terve ja tugev süsteem.
06:26
So I thought the scenes
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Niisiis ma arvasin, et need pildid
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of never-ending wilderness
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lõpmatust rikkumata loodusest
06:30
would go on forever,
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lähevad edasi igavesti,
06:32
but they did finally come to an end.
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aga lõpuks jõudsid nad lõpule.
06:34
And we explored the surface of the Islands as well --
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Ja me uurisime ka saarte maapinda,
06:37
very important bird nesting site,
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mis on väga oluline lindude pesitsuspaik,
06:39
some of the most important bird-nesting sites in the Pacific, in the world.
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üks tähtsamaid lindude pesitsuspaiku Vaikses ookeanis, maailmas.
06:44
And we finished our trip.
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Ja me lõpetasime oma reisi.
06:46
And that's the area again.
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Ja siin on jälle see ala.
06:49
You can see the Islands -- there are eight islands --
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Siin võb neid saari näha, on kaheksa saart,
06:51
that pop out of the water.
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mis veest välja tulevad
06:53
The peaks that don't come out of the water are the seamounts.
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Need tipud, mis ei tule veest välja on veealused mäed.
06:56
Remember, a seamount turns into an island when it hits the surface.
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Veealune mägi muutub saareks kui ta jõuab veepinnani.
07:02
And what's the context of the Phoenix Islands?
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Ja mis on Phoenixi saarte kontekst?
07:04
Where do these exist?
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Kus need eksisteerivad?
07:06
Well they exist in the Republic of Kiribati,
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Need eksisteerivad Kirbati Vabariigis
07:08
and Kiribati is located in the Central Pacific
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ja Kiribati asub Vaikse ookeani keskel
07:10
in three island groups.
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kolmes saartegrupis.
07:13
In the west we have the Gilbert Islands.
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Lääned on meil Gilberti saared.
07:15
In the center we have the Phoenix Islands,
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Keskel on Phoenixi saared,
07:17
which is the subject that I'm talking about.
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mis on mu jutu põhiteema.
07:19
And then over to the east we have the Line Islands.
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Ja seal - idapool on Line saared.
07:21
It's the largest atoll nation in the world.
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See on suurim atoll rahvus maailmas
07:24
And they have
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Ja neil on
07:26
about 110,000 people
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umbes 110 000 inimest
07:28
spread out over 33 islands.
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jagatud rohkem kui 33 saare peale.
07:31
They control 3.4 million cubic miles of ocean,
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Nad kontrollivad 3.4 miljonid ruutmeetrit ookeanid
07:34
and that's between one and two percent
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ja see on ühe ja kahe protsendi vahel
07:36
of all the ocean water on the planet.
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kogu ookeaniveest planeedil.
07:38
And when I was first going up there,
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Ja kui ma sinna läksin
07:40
I barely knew the name of this country 10 years ago,
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10 aastat tagasi, teadsin ma vaevalt selle riigi nime,
07:43
and people would ask me,
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ja inimesed küsisid minult:
07:45
"Why are you going to this place called Kiribati?"
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"Miks sa lähed kohta mida kutsutake Kiribatiks?"
07:47
And it reminded me of that old joke
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Ja see meenutas mulle seda vana nalja,
07:49
where the bank robber comes out of the courthouse handcuffed,
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kus pangaröövel tuleb kohtumajast välja käed vangis,
07:51
and the reporter yells, "Hey, Willy. Why do you rob banks?"
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ja reporter hüüab: "Hei, Willy. Miks sa panka röövisid?"
07:54
And he says, "cause that's where all the money is."
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Ja ta vastab: " Sest see on koht, kus kogu raha on."
07:56
And I would tell people, "Why do I go to Kiribati?
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Ja ma ütlesin inimestele: " Miks ma Kiribatile lähen?
07:59
Because that's where all the ocean is."
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Sest see on koht, kus kogu ookean on."
08:01
They basically are one nation
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Nad praktiliselt on üks rahvus,
08:03
that controls most of the equatorial waters
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mis kontrollib suuremat osa ekvatoriaalsetest vetest
08:06
of the Central Pacific Ocean.
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Vaikses Ookeanis.
08:09
They're also a country
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Nad on ka riik,
08:11
that is in dire danger.
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mis on kohutavas ohus.
08:13
Sea levels are rising,
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Meretase on tõusmas
08:15
and Kiribati, along with 42 other nations in the world,
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ja Kiribati, koos 42 teise rahvusega maailmas
08:18
will be under water within 50 to 100 years
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jääb vee alla 50 kuni 100 aasta jooksul
08:20
due to climate change
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kliimamuutuste tõttu
08:22
and the associated sea-level rise from thermal expansion
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ja sellega seotud veetaseme tõusuga meres ja soojuspaisumise tõttu
08:25
and the melting of freshwater into the ocean.
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ja magevee sulamine ookeanisse.
08:28
The Islands rise only one to two meters
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Saaret on ainult üks kuni kaks meetrit
08:30
above the surface.
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veepinnast kõrgemal
08:32
Some of the islands have already gone under water.
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Mõned saared on juba vee alla jäänud.
08:35
And these nations are faced with a real problem.
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Ja need rahvused on silmitsi tõsise probleemiga.
08:37
We as a world are faced with a problem.
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Meie kui maailm oleme silmitsi tõsise probleemiga.
08:40
What do we do with displaced fellow Earthlings
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Mida teha ümberasustatutega,
08:43
who no longer have a home on the planet?
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kellel pole enam kodu meie planeedil.
08:46
The president of the Maldives
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Maldiivide president
08:48
conducted a mock cabinet meeting
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juhtis võlts valitsuskabineti kohtumise
08:50
underwater recently
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hiljuti vee all,
08:52
to highlight the dire straits of these countries.
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et rõhutada nende riikide viimast häda.
08:54
So it's something we need to focus on.
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Niisiis on see, midagi millele peab tähelepanu pöörama.
08:57
But back to the Phoenix Islands,
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Aga minnes tagasi Phoenixi saarte juurde,
09:00
which is the subject of this Talk.
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mis on selle jutu teema.
09:02
After I got back, I said,
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Kui ma jõudsin tagasi ütlesin ma,
09:04
okay, this is amazing, what we found.
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"Okei, see on hämmastav, mis me leidnud oleme.
09:06
I'd like to go back and share it with the government of Kiribati,
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Ma tahaksin minna tagasi ja jagada seda Kiribati valitsusega,"
09:09
who are over in Tarawa,
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kes on Tarawas,
09:11
the westernmost group.
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idapoolne grupp.
09:13
So I started contacting them --
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Niisiis hakkasin ma nendega ühendust võtma -
09:15
because they had actually given me a permit to do this --
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kuna nad olid mulle andnud loa seda teha -
09:17
and I said, "I want to come up and tell you what we found."
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ja ma ütlesin: "Ma tahan sinna tulla ja öelda teile, mis me leidnud oleme."
09:20
And for some reason they didn't want me to come,
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Ja mingil põhjusel ei tahtnud ma, et ma tuleks
09:22
or it was hard to find a time and a place, and it took a while,
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või oli raske leida kohta ja aega ning see võttis tükk aega,
09:25
but finally they said, "Okay, you can come.
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aga lõpuks nad ütlesid: "Okei, sa võid tulla.
09:27
But if you come, you have to buy lunch
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Aga kui sa tuled, siis sa pead ostma lõuna
09:29
for everybody who comes to the seminar."
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kõigile, kes seminarile tulevad,"
09:31
So I said, "Okay, I'm happy to buy lunch.
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Niisis ütlesin ma; "Okei. Ma ostan meeleldi lõuna.
09:33
Just get whatever anybody wants."
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Lihtsalt võtke mida keegi tahab."
09:35
So David Obura, a coral reef biologist, and I went to Tarawa,
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Niisis David Obura, korallrahu bioloog, ja mina läksime Tarawasse
09:38
and we presented for two hours
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ja esitlesime kaks tundi
09:40
on the amazing findings of the Phoenix Islands.
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oma imelisi leide Phoenixi saartel.
09:42
And the country never knew this. They never had any data from this area.
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Ja se riik ei teadnud seda enne. Neil polnud mingeid andmeid selle ala kohta.
09:45
They'd never had any information from the Phoenix Islands.
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Neil polnud kunagi olnud informatsiooni Phoenixi saarte kohta.
09:48
After the talk, the Minister of Fisheries walked up to me
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Pärast vestlust tuli kalandusminister minu juurde
09:51
and he said, "Greg, do you realize
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ja ütles: "Greg, kas sa saad aru,
09:53
that you are the first scientist
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et sina oled esimene teadlane,
09:55
who has ever come back
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kes on kunagi tagasi tulnud
09:57
and told us what they did?"
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ja öelnud meile mis sa tegid."
09:59
He said, "We often issue these permits
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Ta ütles: "Me anname tihti neid lubasid,
10:01
to do research in our waters,
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et meie vetes uurida,
10:03
but usually we get a note two or three years later,
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aga tavaliselt saame me kirja kaks või kolm aastat hiljem,
10:05
or a reprint.
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või kordustrüki.
10:07
But you're the first one who's ever come back and told us what you did.
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Aga sina oled esimene, kes on kunagi tagasi tulnud ja rääkinud meile, mis sa tegid.
10:10
And we really appreciate that. And we're buying you lunch today.
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Ja me tõesti hindame seda. Ja me ostame sulle täna lõuna
10:13
And are you free for dinner?"
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Ja kas sa oled õhtusöögi ajal vaba?"
10:15
And I was free for dinner,
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Ja ma olin õhtusöögi ajal vaba,
10:17
and I went out to dinner with the Minister of Fisheries in Kiribati.
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ja läksin Kiribati kalandusministriga õhtustama.
10:19
And over the course of dinner,
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Ja õhtusöögi ajal
10:21
I learned that Kiribati gains most of its revenue --
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õppisin ma, et Kiribati teenib suurema osa oma aastatulust,
10:24
it's a very poor country --
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see on väga vaene riik,
10:26
but it gains what revenue is has
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aga teenib oma aastatu, mis tal on
10:28
by selling access to foreign nations
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võõrastele riikidele ligipääsu müümisest,
10:30
to take fish out of its waters,
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et need võtaks kala selle vetest,
10:32
because Kiribati does not have the capacity
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kuna Kiribatil pole mahutavust,
10:34
to take the fish itself.
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et kala ise võtta.
10:36
And the deal that they strike
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Ja diil, mis neil on
10:38
is the extracting country
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on, et väljavõttev riik
10:40
gives Kiribati five percent
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annab Kiribatile viis protsenti
10:42
of the landed value.
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saadud väärtusest.
10:44
So if the United States
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Niisiis, kui Ameerika Ühendriigid
10:46
removes a million dollars'
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võtavad miljoni jagu
10:48
worth of lobsters from a reef,
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homaare riffidelt,
10:50
Kiribati gets 50,000 dollars.
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saab Kiribati 50 000 dollarit.
10:53
And, you know, it didn't seem like a very good deal to me.
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Ja kas teate, see ei tundunud minu jaoks väga hea tehinguna.
10:56
So I asked the Minister over dinner,
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Niisiis küsisnima ministrilt õhtusöögil,
10:58
I said, "Would you consider a situation
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ma ütlesin: "Kas te kaaluks situatsiooni,
11:01
where you would still get paid --
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kus teile ikka makstaks,
11:04
we do the math and figure out what the value of the resource is --
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me teeme arvutused ja uurime välja ressursside väärtuse,
11:07
but you leave fish and the sharks
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aga teie jätate kalad ja haid
11:09
and the shrimp in the water?"
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ja krevetid vette?"
11:11
He stopped, and he said, "Yes, we would like to do that
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Ta peatus ja ütles: "Jah, meile meeldiks seda teha,
11:14
to deal with our overfishing problem,
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et tegeleda ülekalastamise probleemiga
11:16
and I think we would call it a reverse fishing license."
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ja ma arvan, et me kutsuks seda vastupidiseks kalapüügilitsentsiks."
11:19
He coined the term "reverse fishing license."
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Ta leiutas termini "vastupidine kalapüügilitsents."
11:21
So I said, "Yes, a 'reverse fishing license.'"
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Niisiis ma ütlesin: "Jah. vastupidine kalapüügilitsents."
11:24
So we walked away from this dinner
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Niisis me kõndisime õhtusöögilt ära
11:26
really not knowing where to go at that point.
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teadmata kuhu sealt edasi minna.
11:28
I went back to the States and started looking around
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Ma läksin tagasi ühendriikidesse ja hakkasin ringi vaatama,
11:30
to see if I could find examples
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et näha kas ma leian mingeid näiteid,
11:33
where reverse fishing licenses
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kus vastupidine kalapüügilitsents
11:35
had been issued,
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on välja antud
11:37
and it turned out there were none.
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ja tuli välja, et polnud ühtegi.
11:39
There were no oceanic deals
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Polnud ühtegi ookeanilist tehingut,
11:41
where countries were compensated for not fishing.
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kus riikidele kompenseeritakse mittekalastamine.
11:44
It had occurred on land,
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See oli ette tulnud maal -
11:46
in rainforests of South America and Africa,
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Lõuna Ameerika ja Aafrika vihmametsades,
11:49
where landowners had been paid
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kus maaomanikele makstakse,
11:51
not to cut the trees down.
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et mitte puid maha võtta.
11:53
And Conservation International had struck some of those deals.
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Ja Looduskaitseorganisatsioon oli mõned neist tehingutest teosanud.
11:55
So I went to Conservation International
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Niisiis läksin ma Looduskaitseorganisatsiooni
11:57
and brought them in as a partner
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ja tõin nad partnerina sisse
12:00
and went through the process
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ja läksin läbi protssi,
12:02
of valuing the fishery resource,
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kus hindasime kalaressursside väärtuse,
12:05
deciding how much Kiribati should be compensated,
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otustades, kui palju Kiribati peks kompensatsiooni saama,
12:08
what the range of the fishes were,
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kuna oli palju erinevaid kalaliike
12:10
brought in a whole bunch of other partners --
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tõime sisse ka teisi partnereid -
12:12
the government of Australia,
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Austraalia valistus,
12:14
the government of New Zealand, the World Bank.
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New Zealandi valitsus, Maailmapank,
12:16
The Oak Foundation and National Geographic
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The Oak Foundation ja National Geographic
12:18
have been big funders of this as well.
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olid samuti suured rahastajad.
12:20
And we basically founded the park
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Ja me põhimõtteliselt rajasime pargi
12:22
on the idea of an endowment
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toetuste põhjal,
12:24
that would pay the equivalent lost fishing license fees
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mis maksaks samaväärse tasu kaotatud kalastuslitsentside eest
12:27
to this very poor country
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sellele väga vaesele riigile,
12:29
to keep the area intact.
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et hoida see ala puutumatuna.
12:31
Halfway through this process, I met the president of Kiribati,
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Protsessi poole peal kohtusin ma Kiribati presidendiga,
12:33
President Anote Tong.
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president Anote Tongiga.
12:35
He's a really important leader,
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Ta on väga tähtis juht,
12:37
a real visionary, forward-thinking man,
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tõeline visiooniga ja tulevikuvaadetega mees
12:39
and he told me two things when I approached him.
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ja kui ma talle lähenesin ütles ta mulle kaks asja.
12:41
He said, "Greg, there's two things I'd like you to do.
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Ta ütles: " Greg, mul on kaks asja, mis ma sulle öelda tahaks.
12:44
One is, remember I'm a politician,
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Esimene on: mäleta,et ma olen poliitik,
12:46
so you've got to go out and work with my ministers
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niiet sina mine ja tööta minu ministritega
12:48
and convince the people of Kiribati that this is a good idea.
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ja veena Kiribati inimesi, et see on hea idee.
12:51
Secondly, I'd like you to create principles
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Teiseks tahaks ma lasta sul luua põhimõttel,
12:53
that will transcend my own presidency.
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et see ületab mu enda presidiaja.
12:55
I don't want to do something like this
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Ma ei taha teha midagi sellist,
12:57
if it's going to go away after I'm voted out of office."
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kui see kaob kui mind välja hääletatakse."
13:00
So we had very strong leadership, very good vision
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Niisiis oli meil väga tugev juhtimine, väga hea visioon
13:03
and a lot of science, a lot of lawyers involved.
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ja palju teadust ja advokaate kaasatud.
13:06
Many, many steps were taken to pull this off.
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Palju, palju samme võeti, et see õnnestuks.
13:09
And it was primarily because Kiribati realized
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Ja see oli peamiselt, kuna Kiribati sai aru,
13:12
that this was in their own self-interest to do this.
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et see on nende enda huvides seda teha.
13:14
They realized that this was a common cause
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Nad mõistsin, et see on ühise tagajärje nimel,
13:16
that they had found
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mis nad olid leidnud
13:18
with the conservation community.
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kogukonna säilitamises.
13:21
Then in 2002,
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Siis, 2002 aastal,
13:23
when this was all going full-swing,
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kui plaan oli täies hoos,
13:26
a coral-bleaching event happened in the Phoenix Islands.
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toimus koralli-pleegitamine Phoenixi saartes.
13:29
Here's this resource that we're looking to save,
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Siin oli ressurss, mida me lootsime säilitada
13:32
and it turns out it's the hottest heating event
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ja tuleb välja, et see on kõige suurem soojenemise juhtum,
13:34
that we can find on record.
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mida leida võid.
13:36
The ocean heated up as it does sometimes,
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Ookean soojenes, nagu see vahel teeb
13:39
and the hot spot formed and stalled
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ja see kuum koht tekkis ja jäi seisma
13:42
right over the Phoenix Islands for six months.
339
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otse Phoenixi saartel, kuueks kuuks.
13:45
It was over 32 degrees Celsius for six months
340
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Oli üle 32 kraadi kuus kuud
13:48
and it basically killed
341
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ja see tappis
13:50
60 percent of the coral.
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60 protsenti korallides.
13:52
So suddenly we had this area that we were protecting,
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Niiet järsku oli meil see ala, mida me kaitsesime,
13:54
but now it appeared to be dead, at least in the coral areas.
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aga nüüd oli see vähemalt korallide osas surnud.
13:57
Of course the deep-sea areas and the open ocean areas were fine,
345
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Muidugi olid süvamere osad ja avaookean korras,
14:00
but the coral, which everybody likes to look at, was in trouble.
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aga korall, mida kõigile meeldib vaadata oli raskustes.
14:03
Well, the good news is it's recovered
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Hea uudis on, et see taastus
14:05
and recovering fast,
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ja taastus kiiresti,
14:07
faster than any reef we've seen.
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kiiremini kui ükski riff, mida me näinud oleme.
14:09
This picture was just taken by Brian Skerry a few months ago
350
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See pilt oli Brian Skerry poolt tehtud paar kuud tagasi,
14:12
when we returned to the Phoenix Islands
351
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kui me naasesime Phoenixi saartele
14:14
and discovered that, because it is a protected area
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ja avastasime, et kuna see on kaitstud ala
14:17
and has healthy fish populations
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ja seal on terved kalapopulatsioonid,
14:20
that keep the algae grazed down
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mis hoiavad vetikad kontrolli alla
14:23
and keep the rest of the reef healthy,
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ja hoiavad ülejäänud riffi tervena,
14:25
the coral is booming, is just booming back.
356
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on korall õitsev, tuleb ellu tagasi.
14:28
It's almost like if a person
357
853000
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See on paaegu nagu inimene,
14:30
has multiple diseases,
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tal on mitmeid haigusi,
14:32
it's hard to get well, you might die,
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on raske terveks saada, võid surra,
14:34
but if you only have one disease to deal with, you can get better.
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kuid kui sul on ainult üks haigus millega tegeleda võid sa paremaks saada,
14:37
And that's the story with climate-change heating.
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Ja see on kliimamuutuste soojenemise lugu.
14:39
It's the only threat,
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See on ainus oht,
14:41
the only influence that the reef had to deal with.
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ainus mõju millega korallriff pidi tegelema.
14:44
There was no fishing, there was no pollution, there was no coastal development,
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Polnud kalastamist ega reostust ega rannikuarendust
14:47
and the reef is on a full-bore recovery.
365
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ja riff on täielikul paranemisel.
14:51
Now I remember that dinner I had with the Minister of Fisheries 10 years ago
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Nüüd tuleb mul meelde see õhtusöök, kus ma olin kalandusministriga, 10 aastat tagasi,
14:54
when we first brought this up and I got quite animated during the dinner
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kui me esimest korda selle teema üles võtsime ja ma päris üles köetud sain
14:57
and said, "Well, I think that the conservation community
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ja ütlesin: " Ma arvan minister, et säilitamise ühendus
14:59
might embrace this idea, Minister."
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võib selle idee omaks võtta."
15:01
He paused and put his hands together and said,
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Ta peatus, pani oma käed kokku ja ütles:
15:03
"Yes, Greg,
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"Jah Greg,
15:05
but the devil will be in the details," he said.
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aga probleem peitub detailides," ütles ta.
15:07
And it certainly was.
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Ja see oligi nii.
15:09
The last 10 years have been detail after detail
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Viimased 10 aastat on olnud detail detailis kinni
15:12
ranging from creating legislation
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alustades õigusaktide loomisest,
15:15
to multiple research expeditions
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et mitmekordistada uurimisekspeditsioonid,
15:18
to communication plans,
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kuni suhtlusplaanideni
15:20
as I said, teams of lawyers,
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nagu ma ütlesin - advokaatide tiimid.
15:22
MOUs,
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memorandumid,
15:24
creating the Phoenix Islands Trust Board.
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Phoenixi saarte Usaldusnõukogu loomine.
15:27
And we are now in the process of raising the full endowment.
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Ja meil toimub praegu kogu sihtkapitali kogumine.
15:29
Kiribati has frozen extracting activities
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Kiribati on peatanud väljavõtva tegevuse
15:32
at its current state while we raise the endowment.
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praeguses olukorras, kuni me kogume sihtkapitali.
15:35
We just had our first PIPA Trust Board meeting three weeks ago.
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Meil oli just, kolm nädalat tagasi, esimene PIPA Usaldusnõukogu kohtumine.
15:38
So it's a fully functional
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Niiet see on täiesti toimiv,
15:40
up-and-running entity
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täies hoos ettevõte,
15:42
that negotiates the reverse fishing license with the country.
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mis peab riigiga läbirääkimisi vastupidise kalanduslitsentsi kohta.
15:45
And the PIPA Trust Board holds that license
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Ja PIPA Usaldusnõukogu haldab seda litsentsi
15:48
and pays the country for this.
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ja maksab selle eest riigile.
15:50
So it's a very solid, very well thought-out,
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Niisis on see väga kindel, hästi läbi mõeldud,
15:52
very well grounded system,
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väga hästi põhjendatud süsteem
15:55
and it was a bottom-up system,
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ja see oli alt üles süsteem
15:57
and that was very important with this work,
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ja see oli selle töö puhu väga tähtis
15:59
from the bottom up to secure this.
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see alt üles kindlustada.
16:01
So the conditions for success here are listed.
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Niisiis on on edu tingimused siin loetletud.
16:03
You can read them yourselves.
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Te võite ise neid lugeda.
16:05
But I would say the most important one in my mind
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Aga ma ütlen, et minu meelest kõige olulisem oli
16:07
was working within the market forces
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turujõududega töötamine
16:09
of the situation.
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selles situatsioonis.
16:11
And that insured that we could move this forward
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Ja see, et on kindlustatud, et me saame edasi liikuda
16:14
and it would have both the self-interest of Kiribati
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ja silmas on peetud nii Kiribati enda huve,
16:17
as well as the self-interest of the world.
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kui ka maailma huve.
16:20
And I'll leave you with one final slide,
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Ja ma jätan teid selle viimase slaidi juurde,
16:22
that is: how do we scale this up?
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mis on: Kuidas me seda suurendame?
16:24
How do we realize Sylvia's dream?
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Kuidas me realiseerime Sylvia unistuse?
16:26
Where eventually do we take this?
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Kuhu me lõpuks selle viime?
16:28
Here's the Pacific
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Siin on Vaikne Ookean
16:30
with large MPAs
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suurte merekaitsealadega
16:33
and large conservation zones on it.
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ja suurte kaitsetsoonidega.
16:37
And as you can see,
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Nagu näha võite
16:39
we have a patchwork across this ocean.
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on meil lapid üle ookeani.
16:42
I've just described to you the one story
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Ma olen just kirjeldanud ühte lugu,
16:44
behind that rectangular area in the middle, the Phoenix Islands,
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selle ristküliku ala taga keskel on Phoenixi saared,
16:47
but every other green patch on that
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aga igal rohelisel lapil mis seal on,
16:49
has its own story.
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on oma lugu.
16:51
And what we need to do now
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Ja mis me praegu tegema peame,
16:53
is look at the whole Pacific Ocean
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on vaadata kogu Vaikset Ookeanid,
16:55
in its entirety
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selle täies mahus
16:57
and make a network of MPAs
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ja teha merekaitsealade võrgustik
16:59
across the Pacific
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Üle Vaikse Ookeani,
17:01
so that we have our world's largest ocean
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niiet meil oleks maailma suurim ookean
17:03
protected and self-sustaining
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kaitstud ja isemajandav
17:05
over time.
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aja jooksul.
17:07
Thank you very much. (Applause)
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Suur aitäh. (Aplaus)
Reviewed by Karl Hein
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Greg Stone - OceanographerGreg Stone was a key driver in the establishment of the Phoenix Island Protected Area in the island nation of Kiribati. The second-largest marine protected area in the world -- and one of the most pristine -- PIPA is a laboratory for exploring and monitoring the recovery of coral reefs from bleaching events.
Why you should listen
Greg Stone began his career as an ocean scientist, pioneering research in Antarctica on marine mammals and ice ecology where he mastered the art of diving into icebergs. Today he is well-known for his leadership in the effort to create the world’s second-largest marine protected area (MPA), around the Phoenix Islands in Kiribati.
Working with the government of Kiribati, Stone helped establish the MPA using market-based tools to conserve ocean biodiversity, in order to encourage continued local economic development rather than destruction of local communities livelihoods. Stone is the Chief Scientist for Oceans at Conservation International and a prolific author and speaker on the state of the marine environment and how policy can make change.
Greg Stone | Speaker | TED.com