Mission Blue Voyage
Greg Stone: Saving the ocean one island at a time
克雷格．史東：一次保育一個島嶼來拯救海洋
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克雷格．史東這位科學家參與了藍色海洋任務的講座，他講述了自己如何幫助吉里巴斯共和國，在太平洋中央建立起一座廣大的海洋保護區，保護魚類、海洋生物，也保護這個海洋島國。
Greg Stone - Oceanographer
Greg Stone was a key driver in the establishment of the Phoenix Island Protected Area in the island nation of Kiribati. The second-largest marine protected area in the world -- and one of the most pristine -- PIPA is a laboratory for exploring and monitoring the recovery of coral reefs from bleaching events. Full bio
Greg Stone was a key driver in the establishment of the Phoenix Island Protected Area in the island nation of Kiribati. The second-largest marine protected area in the world -- and one of the most pristine -- PIPA is a laboratory for exploring and monitoring the recovery of coral reefs from bleaching events. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I guess the story actually has to start
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我想這件事
00:18
maybe back in the the 1960s,
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得追溯回1960年代，
00:20
when I was seven or eight years old,
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那時我才七、八歲，
00:23
watching Jacques Cousteau documentaries on the living room floor
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我常坐在客廳地板上，戴著我的蛙鏡和蛙鞋，
00:26
with my mask and flippers on.
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看著傑克．庫斯托(著名深海探險家)的記錄片，
00:29
Then after every episode, I had to go up to the bathtub
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等節目一結束，我就會跑到浴缸，
00:32
and swim around the bathtub and look at the drain,
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在裡頭游泳，盯著排水孔看，
00:34
because that's all there was to look at.
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因為那是那裡唯一的東西。
00:37
And by the time I turned 16,
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到我十六歲時，
00:39
I pursued a career in marine science,
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我朝海洋科學方面發展，
00:42
in exploration and diving,
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進行探索與潛水，
00:45
and lived in underwater habitats, like this one off the Florida Keys,
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我會待在潛水艇裡，像是這艘在佛羅里達外海的潛艇，
00:48
for 30 days total.
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有時會待上一個月。
00:50
Brian Skerry took this shot. Thanks, Brian.
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布萊恩．史凱瑞幫我拍了這張照片，謝謝你，布萊恩。
00:52
And I've dived in deep-sea submersibles around the world.
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我搭乘深海潛水艇潛入世界各地的水域，
00:55
And this one is the deepest diving submarine in the world,
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這艘潛水艇則是世界上能潛入最深海域的潛艇，
00:58
operated by the Japanese government.
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為日本政府所有。
01:00
And Sylvia Earle and I
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我和席薇亞．厄爾(海洋保育運動者)
01:02
were on an expedition in this submarine
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在20年前一同前往日本，
01:04
20 years ago in Japan.
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在這艘潛水艇上考察。
01:07
And on my dive, I went down 18,000 feet,
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那次我們潛入海底5,400公尺深，
01:10
to an area that I thought
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到達一個我原以為
01:12
would be pristine wilderness area on the sea floor.
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會是純淨自然的海底區域。
01:15
But when I got there, I found
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但我到那兒之後，
01:17
lots of plastic garbage and other debris.
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我發現許多塑膠垃圾和廢棄物，
01:19
And it was really a turning point in my life,
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那是我人生中的一個轉折點，
01:21
where I started to realize
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那時我才明白，
01:23
that I couldn't just go have fun doing science and exploration.
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我不可能以玩樂的心情來研究科學和探索，
01:26
I needed to put it into a context.
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我必須要更有深度，
01:28
I needed to head towards conservation goals.
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我要朝保育這個目標前進。
01:31
So I began to work
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所以我開始
01:33
with National Geographic Society and others
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和國家地理協會及其他人一起合作，
01:36
and led expeditions to Antarctica.
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帶領一支考察隊伍去南極洲。
01:39
I led three diving expeditions to Antarctica.
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我總共帶領過三支潛水考察隊伍去南極洲，
01:41
Ten years ago was a seminal trip,
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10年前還只是先發隊伍，
01:43
where we explored that big iceberg, B-15,
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我們探索了那座大冰山B-15，
01:46
the largest iceberg in history, that broke off the Ross Ice Shelf.
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那是有史以來最大的冰山，是從羅斯(Ross)冰棚脫落的。
01:49
And we developed techniques
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我們還開發了幾項技術，
01:51
to dive inside and under the iceberg,
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讓我們能潛入冰山裡面和下面，
01:53
such as heating pads on our kidneys
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像是我們會在腎臟上綁上一組
01:55
with a battery that we dragged around,
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用電池供電的加熱墊，
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so that, as the blood flowed through our kidneys,
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當我們人體的血液流經腎臟時，
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it would get a little boost of warmth
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就能補充到熱能，
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before going back into our bodies.
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再循環到身體其他部位。
02:03
But after three trips to Antarctica,
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在結束三趟南極洲之旅後，
02:05
I decided that it might be nicer to work in warmer water.
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我覺得在常溫的環境裡工作還是比較好，
02:09
And that same year, 10 years ago,
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所以就在那一年，也就是10年前，
02:11
I headed north to the Phoenix Islands.
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我就往北來到鳳凰群島，
02:13
And I'm going to tell you that story here in a moment.
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我等一下會花些時間告訴各位那裡的一些事情，
02:16
But before I do, I just want you to ponder this graph for a moment.
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但在此之前，我希望各位能好好想想這張圖，
02:19
You may have seen this in other forms,
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你以前可能看過以不同形式呈現的這張圖，
02:21
but the top line is the amount of protected area
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最上面的線是指全球被納入保護的
02:24
on land, globally,
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陸地區域大小，
02:26
and it's about 12 percent.
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這大約是12%。
02:28
And you can see that it kind of hockey sticks up
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你可以看到這條線有點像曲棍球棒一樣，
02:30
around the 1960s and '70s,
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在1960到1970年代附近開始往上攀升，
02:32
and it's on kind of a nice trajectory right now.
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現在則很像一條完美的拋物線了。
02:35
And that's probably because
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這或許是因為
02:37
that's when everybody got aware of the environment
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人們開始注意到環境議題，
02:39
and Earth Day
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設計了地球日，
02:41
and all the stuff that happened in the '60s with the Hippies and everything
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還有60年代嬉皮們所提倡的那些事情，
02:44
really did, I think, have an affect on global awareness.
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我認為這每一件事都引起了世人關注。
02:46
But the ocean-protected area
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但是海洋保護區這條線，
02:48
is basically flat line
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卻似乎一直維持不動，
02:50
until right about now -- it appears to be ticking up.
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直到最近似乎還有上升的趨勢。
02:52
And I do believe that we are at the hockey stick point
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我相信這條海洋保護區的線
02:55
of the protected area in the ocean.
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會呈現如曲棍球棒的形狀，
02:57
I think we would have gotten there a lot earlier
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我認為如果我們能看清海裡發生了什麼事，
03:00
if we could see what happens in the ocean
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這條曲線就能早一點呈現曲棍球棒狀，
03:02
like we can see what happens on land.
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就像陸地保護區那條曲線一樣。
03:04
But unfortunately, the ocean is opaque,
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不幸的是，海洋並沒有那麼容易看透，
03:07
and we can't see what's going on.
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我們並不清楚海裡發生了什麼事，
03:09
And therefore we're way behind on protection.
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因此也就談不上劃分什麼保護區了。
03:11
But scuba diving, submersibles
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但是利用潛水技術或是乘坐潛艇，
03:13
and all the work that we're setting about to do here
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利用我們目前所有的技術，
03:16
will help rectify that.
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其實可以幫我們釐清真相。
03:19
So where are the Phoenix Islands?
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鳳凰群島在哪裡？
03:21
They were the world's largest marine-protected area
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那個區域以前是世上最大的海洋保護區，
03:24
up until last week
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直到上個星期，
03:26
when the Chagos Archipelago was declared.
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查戈斯群島才取代鳳凰群島成為最大的保護區。
03:28
It's in the mid-Pacific. It's about five days from anywhere.
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鳳凰群島在中太平洋，不管從哪裡去都要花差不多五天，
03:31
If you want to get to the Phoenix Islands,
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如果你要到鳳凰群島，
03:33
it's five days from Fiji,
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從斐濟去要五天，
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it's five days from Hawaii, it's five days from Samoa.
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從夏威夷去要五年，從薩摩亞去也要五天。
03:37
It's out in the middle of the Pacific,
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它位在太平洋的中間，
03:39
right around the Equator.
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就在赤道附近。
03:42
I had never heard of the islands 10 years ago,
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在十年前，我從未聽過這個地方，
03:44
nor the country, Kiribati, that owns them,
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更別提吉里巴斯這個擁有鳳凰群島的國家了。
03:46
till two friends of mine who run a liveaboard dive boat in Fiji
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後來有二個朋友，他們在斐濟經營潛艇生意，
03:49
said, "Greg, would you lead a scientific expedition up to these islands?
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他們說：「克雷格，你要不要帶一支科學考察隊來這個群島？
03:52
They've never been dived."
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還沒有人來過哩。」
03:54
And I said, "Yeah.
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我回說：「好啊！
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But tell me where they are and the country that owns them."
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告訴我那個群島在哪裡、哪個國家吧！」
03:58
So that's when I first learned of the Islands
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那是我第一次知道有那個群島，
04:00
and had no idea what I was getting into.
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我完全不知道那裡長什麼樣子，
04:02
But I was in for the adventure.
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我就當我是去探險而已。
04:06
Let me give you a little peek here of the Phoenix Islands-protected area.
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我先來大概描述一下鳳凰群島保護區的樣貌，
04:09
It's a very deep-water part of our planet.
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那裡的水域很深，
04:13
The average depths are about 12,000 ft.
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平均有3,600公尺深，
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There's lots of seamounts in the Phoenix Islands,
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在鳳凰群島有許多海底山，
04:17
which are specifically part of the protected area.
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也屬於保護區的一部分。
04:20
Seamounts are important for biodiversity.
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海底山對於保持生物多樣化是很重要的，
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There's actually more mountains in the ocean than there are on land.
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事實上，在地球上，海裡的山要比陸地上的山多得多，
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It's an interesting fact.
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很有趣吧！
04:27
And the Phoenix Islands is very rich in those seamounts.
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鳳凰群島擁有非常多的海底山，
04:31
So it's a deep -- think about it in a big three-dimensional space,
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所以水域很深--請你們試著以三度空間來想像，
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very deep three-dimensional space
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在一個很深的三度空間裡，
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with herds of tuna, whales,
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有成群的鮪魚和鯨魚，
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all kinds of deep sea marine life
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還有其他各種深海生物，
04:41
like we've seen here before.
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各種我們熟知的生物。
04:43
That's the vessel that we took up there
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那是我們較早時
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for these studies, early on,
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為研究所搭乘的水上飛機，
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and that's what the Islands look like -- you can see in the background.
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這就是群島的全貌，你可以看到水裡有些島嶼，
04:50
They're very low to the water,
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都低於水平面之下，
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and they're all uninhabited, except one island
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全都不能住人，除了一個島以外，
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has about 35 caretakers on it.
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上面只有35個管理員。
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And they've been uninhabited for most of time
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這些島上已經很久沒有人居住，
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because even in the ancient days,
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因為即使在古代，
05:01
these islands were too far away
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這些島還是離斐濟、夏威夷、
05:03
from the bright lights of Fiji and Hawaii and Tahiti
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或大溪地這些有人居住的地方太遠，
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for those ancient Polynesian mariners
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就算對古代擅於橫越太平洋的
05:08
that were traversing the Pacific so widely.
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波利尼西亞航海人來說也是太遠。
05:11
But we got up there,
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我們到了那裡，
05:13
and I had the unique and wonderful scientific opportunity and personal opportunity
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我覺得來到一個從未經世人探索的地方，對科學研究和我個人來說，
05:16
to get to a place that had never been dived
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都是非常獨特和美好的經驗，
05:18
and just get to an island and go, "Okay, where are we going to dive?
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所一到島上我就說：「我們該從哪裡開始潛水探索？
05:20
Let's try there,"
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試試那裡吧！」
05:22
and then falling into the water.
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接著我就跳進水裡，
05:24
Both my personal and my professional life changed.
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從此改變了我的一生和我的職業生涯。
05:26
Suddenly, I saw a world
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我突然看到一個
05:28
that I had never seen before in the ocean --
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我以前從未看過的海洋世界，
05:31
schools of fish that were so dense
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那裡的魚大量成群地一起游動，
05:33
they dulled the penetration of sunlight from the surface,
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遮蔽了從海水表面射入的光線；
05:36
coral reefs that were continuous
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珊瑚礁是一整片，
05:38
and solid and colorful,
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結構完整且色彩豐富；
05:40
large fish everywhere,
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到處都有大魚游動，
05:42
manta rays.
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主要是魟魚。
05:45
It was an ecosystem. Parrotfish spawning --
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那是一個完整的生態體系，我看到鸚哥魚在產卵，
05:47
this is about 5,000 longnose parrotfish spawning
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大約有5千隻長鼻鸚哥魚
05:50
at the entrance to one of the Phoenix Islands.
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在鳳凰群島的某個入口處附近產卵。
05:52
You can see the fish are balled up
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他們全都亂成一片，
05:54
and then there's a little cloudy area there
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只看到海水裡有一片混涿的水域，
05:56
where they're exchanging the eggs and sperm for reproduction --
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他們就在那裡為延續後代而互相交換卵子與精子。
06:00
events that the ocean is supposed to do,
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那些活動本來就是海裡常發生的事，
06:02
but struggles to do in many places now
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但現在卻因為人類的參與，
06:04
because of human activity.
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而使這些活動處處受限。
06:06
The Phoenix Islands and all the equatorial parts of our planet
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鳳凰群島和其他赤道附近的地區一樣，
06:08
are very important for tuna fisheries,
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都是鮪魚捕撈業者的聚集地，
06:10
especially this yellowfin tuna that you see here.
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尤其是你現在所看到的黃鰭鮪魚。
06:14
Phoenix Islands is a major tuna location.
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鳳凰群島是主要的鮪魚產地，
06:16
And sharks -- we had sharks on our early dives,
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而鯊魚--在我們早期的探索就看過鯊魚了，
06:19
up to 150 sharks at once,
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一下子就看到150隻鯊魚，
06:21
which is an indication
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這表示這裡的生態環境
06:23
of a very, very healthy, very strong, system.
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很健康也很完善。
06:26
So I thought the scenes
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我以為這些美好的景象
06:28
of never-ending wilderness
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會一直、永遠地
06:30
would go on forever,
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持續下去，
06:32
but they did finally come to an end.
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但終究還是消失了。
06:34
And we explored the surface of the Islands as well --
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我們也探索了各個島嶼，
06:37
very important bird nesting site,
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發現那裡是非常重要的鳥類棲息地，
06:39
some of the most important bird-nesting sites in the Pacific, in the world.
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世上許多重要的鳥類都築巢在此。
06:44
And we finished our trip.
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這趟探索就到此為止。
06:46
And that's the area again.
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這是鳳凰群島，
06:49
You can see the Islands -- there are eight islands --
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你可以看到總共有八個島，
06:51
that pop out of the water.
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只有八個島是露在水面上的，
06:53
The peaks that don't come out of the water are the seamounts.
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沒露出來的島尖，其實是海底山。
06:56
Remember, a seamount turns into an island when it hits the surface.
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如果海底山的山尖露出水面，就稱為島嶼。
07:02
And what's the context of the Phoenix Islands?
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那麼鳳凰群島到底是由幾個島組成的？
07:04
Where do these exist?
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這個群島隸屬於什麼國家？
07:06
Well they exist in the Republic of Kiribati,
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鳳凰群島隸屬於吉里巴斯共和國，
07:08
and Kiribati is located in the Central Pacific
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而吉里巴斯位於太平洋中間，
07:10
in three island groups.
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由三個群島組成。
07:13
In the west we have the Gilbert Islands.
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西邊是吉爾勃特群島，
07:15
In the center we have the Phoenix Islands,
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中間則是我們這次所談到的
07:17
which is the subject that I'm talking about.
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鳳凰群島，
07:19
And then over to the east we have the Line Islands.
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東邊則是直線群島。
07:21
It's the largest atoll nation in the world.
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吉里巴斯是世上最大的環狀珊瑚礁島國，
07:24
And they have
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他們的人口
07:26
about 110,000 people
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約有11萬人，
07:28
spread out over 33 islands.
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分佈在33個島嶼上。
07:31
They control 3.4 million cubic miles of ocean,
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全國的海域約有340萬立方哩，
07:34
and that's between one and two percent
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大約佔全世界
07:36
of all the ocean water on the planet.
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海域的1%或2%。
07:38
And when I was first going up there,
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我第一次到那裡時，
07:40
I barely knew the name of this country 10 years ago,
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也就是十年前，我其實完全沒聽過那個國家，
07:43
and people would ask me,
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人們都問我：
07:45
"Why are you going to this place called Kiribati?"
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「你為什麼要去吉里巴斯？」
07:47
And it reminded me of that old joke
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這讓我想起了一個老掉牙的笑話，
07:49
where the bank robber comes out of the courthouse handcuffed,
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一個戴著手銙的銀行搶匪從法院走出來，
07:51
and the reporter yells, "Hey, Willy. Why do you rob banks?"
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記者對他叫道：「嘿！威利！你為什麼要搶銀行？」
07:54
And he says, "cause that's where all the money is."
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他回說：「因為那裡的錢最多啊！」
07:56
And I would tell people, "Why do I go to Kiribati?
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所以我回覆道：「我為什麼要去吉里巴斯？
07:59
Because that's where all the ocean is."
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因為那裡的海洋最多啊！」
08:01
They basically are one nation
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吉里巴斯其實是
08:03
that controls most of the equatorial waters
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在中太平洋地區掌控最多
08:06
of the Central Pacific Ocean.
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赤道附近海域的國家，
08:09
They're also a country
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他們同時也
08:11
that is in dire danger.
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面臨著迫切的危機，
08:13
Sea levels are rising,
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因為海平面不斷上升，
08:15
and Kiribati, along with 42 other nations in the world,
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而吉里巴斯和世上其他42個國家一樣，
08:18
will be under water within 50 to 100 years
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在未來的50到100年之內，
08:20
due to climate change
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會因為氣候變遷而沈入海底。
08:22
and the associated sea-level rise from thermal expansion
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因為溫室效應會使冰山熔化，
08:25
and the melting of freshwater into the ocean.
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而使海平面上升，
08:28
The Islands rise only one to two meters
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現在的島嶼也不過高於海平面
08:30
above the surface.
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1到2公尺而已，
08:32
Some of the islands have already gone under water.
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有些島嶼已經沈入海底。
08:35
And these nations are faced with a real problem.
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這些國家所面對的是迫切的真實危機，
08:37
We as a world are faced with a problem.
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我們這個世界也面對相同的問題，
08:40
What do we do with displaced fellow Earthlings
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當這些國家的人民流離失所、
08:43
who no longer have a home on the planet?
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無家可歸時，我們該怎麼辦？
08:46
The president of the Maldives
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馬爾地夫總統
08:48
conducted a mock cabinet meeting
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最近在海底召開了一次
08:50
underwater recently
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具嘲諷意味的內閣會議，
08:52
to highlight the dire straits of these countries.
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以彰顯這些國家所面臨的迫切危機。
08:54
So it's something we need to focus on.
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這是我們應該關注的問題，
08:57
But back to the Phoenix Islands,
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但讓我們先回到鳳凰群島，
09:00
which is the subject of this Talk.
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這是我今天演講的主題，
09:02
After I got back, I said,
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在我回到那兒之後，我說：
09:04
okay, this is amazing, what we found.
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我們看到了很棒的東西，
09:06
I'd like to go back and share it with the government of Kiribati,
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我想和吉里巴斯政府分享我的探索成果，
09:09
who are over in Tarawa,
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但政府機構在最西邊群島
09:11
the westernmost group.
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的塔拉瓦島上，
09:13
So I started contacting them --
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所以我與他們聯繫，
09:15
because they had actually given me a permit to do this --
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他們先前核准了我這次的探索，
09:17
and I said, "I want to come up and tell you what we found."
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我說：「我想過來告訴你們我的探索成果。」
09:20
And for some reason they didn't want me to come,
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但不知為何，他們似乎不想看到我，
09:22
or it was hard to find a time and a place, and it took a while,
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或是他們安排不出適當的時間地點，反正就是拖了一陣子，
09:25
but finally they said, "Okay, you can come.
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最後他們才說：「好，你可以過來，
09:27
But if you come, you have to buy lunch
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但你來的時候，要幫我們每個
09:29
for everybody who comes to the seminar."
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參與會議的人準備午餐。」
09:31
So I said, "Okay, I'm happy to buy lunch.
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我回說：「好啊！我很樂意請客，
09:33
Just get whatever anybody wants."
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看看大家想吃什麼。」
09:35
So David Obura, a coral reef biologist, and I went to Tarawa,
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我和一位珊瑚礁生物學家大衛．歐布拉一起去塔拉瓦島，
09:38
and we presented for two hours
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我們講解了二個小時，
09:40
on the amazing findings of the Phoenix Islands.
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說明我們在鳳凰群島的驚人發現，
09:42
And the country never knew this. They never had any data from this area.
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但他們似乎從來不知道，他們對這片海域一無所知，
09:45
They'd never had any information from the Phoenix Islands.
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從來沒有針對鳳凰群島的海域做過任何調查。
09:48
After the talk, the Minister of Fisheries walked up to me
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在我的解說之後，他們的漁業部長走過來找我，
09:51
and he said, "Greg, do you realize
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他說：「克雷格，你知道嗎？
09:53
that you are the first scientist
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你是第一個
09:55
who has ever come back
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願意回來告訴我們
09:57
and told us what they did?"
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探索成果的科學家。」
09:59
He said, "We often issue these permits
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他說：「我們通常都只是核准
10:01
to do research in our waters,
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他們來我們的水域裡進行調查，
10:03
but usually we get a note two or three years later,
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但我們通常得等個二、三年才收到個隻字片語，
10:05
or a reprint.
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或是一份舊版文件。
10:07
But you're the first one who's ever come back and told us what you did.
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但你是第一個願意與我們分享你的成果的人，
10:10
And we really appreciate that. And we're buying you lunch today.
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我們真的很感激你，今天中餐就讓我來請客好了，
10:13
And are you free for dinner?"
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晚餐你有空嗎？」
10:15
And I was free for dinner,
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我當然有空，
10:17
and I went out to dinner with the Minister of Fisheries in Kiribati.
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所以就和漁業部長共進晚餐，
10:19
And over the course of dinner,
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在享用晚餐時，
10:21
I learned that Kiribati gains most of its revenue --
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我發現吉里巴斯的主要經濟來源--
10:24
it's a very poor country --
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吉里巴斯是很窮的國家--
10:26
but it gains what revenue is has
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他們的主要經濟來源
10:28
by selling access to foreign nations
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是將附近水域的捕漁權，
10:30
to take fish out of its waters,
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賣給外國，
10:32
because Kiribati does not have the capacity
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因為吉里巴斯自己並沒有
10:34
to take the fish itself.
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捕漁的設備，
10:36
And the deal that they strike
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因此他們只向
10:38
is the extracting country
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來申請捕漁的國家，
10:40
gives Kiribati five percent
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收取漁獲金額
10:42
of the landed value.
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5%的手續費而已。
10:44
So if the United States
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如果美國
10:46
removes a million dollars'
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捕撈了價值
10:48
worth of lobsters from a reef,
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一百萬美金的龍蝦，
10:50
Kiribati gets 50,000 dollars.
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吉里巴斯就會收到5萬美金。
10:53
And, you know, it didn't seem like a very good deal to me.
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我覺得這種交易並不划算，
10:56
So I asked the Minister over dinner,
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所以我趁晚餐之便問漁業部長，
10:58
I said, "Would you consider a situation
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我說：「你們有沒有想過
11:01
where you would still get paid --
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另一種賺錢的方法？
11:04
we do the math and figure out what the value of the resource is --
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就是去算一下原先就此獲取的收入有多少，
11:07
but you leave fish and the sharks
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看看不捕撈魚類、鯊魚或蝦子，
11:09
and the shrimp in the water?"
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是否還能賺取這樣的收入？」
11:11
He stopped, and he said, "Yes, we would like to do that
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他停了一會兒，說：「我們願意嚐試，
11:14
to deal with our overfishing problem,
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希望能藉此改善過度捕撈的問題，
11:16
and I think we would call it a reverse fishing license."
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就把這稱為禁止捕撈補貼證吧！」
11:19
He coined the term "reverse fishing license."
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他把這個名詞定為「禁止捕撈補貼證」，
11:21
So I said, "Yes, a 'reverse fishing license.'"
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所以我也附和：「對！禁止捕撈補貼證。」
11:24
So we walked away from this dinner
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當晚我們離開之後，
11:26
really not knowing where to go at that point.
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卻對「禁止捕撈補貼證」如何執行毫無頭緒。
11:28
I went back to the States and started looking around
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我回到美國，開始調查
11:30
to see if I could find examples
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是否有發行
11:33
where reverse fishing licenses
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「禁止捕撈補貼證」
11:35
had been issued,
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的先例，
11:37
and it turned out there were none.
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但我發現以前並沒有人這麼做過，
11:39
There were no oceanic deals
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沒有針對海洋的案例，
11:41
where countries were compensated for not fishing.
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沒有國家因為不捕撈漁獲而獲得補助，
11:44
It had occurred on land,
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但有國家針對自己的領土這麼做過，
11:46
in rainforests of South America and Africa,
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就是在非洲及南美的雨林裡，
11:49
where landowners had been paid
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如果有地主自願不砍伐森林的話，
11:51
not to cut the trees down.
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就會獲得補助。
11:53
And Conservation International had struck some of those deals.
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國際保育組織曾處理過幾個這種交易，
11:55
So I went to Conservation International
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於是我找上國際保育組織，
11:57
and brought them in as a partner
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讓他們參與這件事，
12:00
and went through the process
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請他們先評估
12:02
of valuing the fishery resource,
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整個漁獲資源有多少，
12:05
deciding how much Kiribati should be compensated,
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再決定吉里巴斯該獲得多少補助，
12:08
what the range of the fishes were,
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有那些魚種的捕撈需受限制等；
12:10
brought in a whole bunch of other partners --
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再找一群其他國家來參與補助，
12:12
the government of Australia,
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像是澳洲政府、
12:14
the government of New Zealand, the World Bank.
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紐西蘭政府及世界銀行。
12:16
The Oak Foundation and National Geographic
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橡樹基金會和國家地理協會
12:18
have been big funders of this as well.
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也都是著名的贊助者，
12:20
And we basically founded the park
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我們秉持資助的理念
12:22
on the idea of an endowment
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成立了這個保護區，
12:24
that would pay the equivalent lost fishing license fees
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補貼這個窮苦的小國
12:27
to this very poor country
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所損失的漁獲捕撈手續費，
12:29
to keep the area intact.
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以保障該區域不會被過度捕撈。
12:31
Halfway through this process, I met the president of Kiribati,
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就在我們進行到中途的時候，我見到了吉里巴斯的總統，
12:33
President Anote Tong.
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也就是湯安諾總統，
12:35
He's a really important leader,
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他是一位重要的政治領袖，
12:37
a real visionary, forward-thinking man,
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也是有遠見、具前瞻性的人，
12:39
and he told me two things when I approached him.
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在我們的會面中，他告訴我二件事，
12:41
He said, "Greg, there's two things I'd like you to do.
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他說：「克雷格，我希望你能做二件事，
12:44
One is, remember I'm a politician,
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第一，記住我是個政治人物，
12:46
so you've got to go out and work with my ministers
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所以你得去和我的部長們合作，
12:48
and convince the people of Kiribati that this is a good idea.
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說服我國的人民這樣做是有益的。
12:51
Secondly, I'd like you to create principles
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第二，我希望你能制定一些準則，
12:53
that will transcend my own presidency.
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一些能超越總統任期的準則，
12:55
I don't want to do something like this
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我不希望事情做到一半，
12:57
if it's going to go away after I'm voted out of office."
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就因為我沒被選上擔任總統而就停止了。」
13:00
So we had very strong leadership, very good vision
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我們的領導團隊很堅強，具有很好的眼光，
13:03
and a lot of science, a lot of lawyers involved.
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也瞭解科學，還有許多律師參與其中。
13:06
Many, many steps were taken to pull this off.
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我們積極地推動這件事，
13:09
And it was primarily because Kiribati realized
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最主要還得歸功於吉里巴斯本身的自覺，
13:12
that this was in their own self-interest to do this.
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他們知道這是為了他們本身的利益而做，
13:14
They realized that this was a common cause
328
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他們也瞭解這是他們與
13:16
that they had found
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保育團體間
13:18
with the conservation community.
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共同的理想與事業。
13:21
Then in 2002,
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在2002年，
13:23
when this was all going full-swing,
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當我們都在全力推動這件事時，
13:26
a coral-bleaching event happened in the Phoenix Islands.
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鳳凰群島發生了珊瑚白化事件，
13:29
Here's this resource that we're looking to save,
334
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那是我們最想要保護的資源，
13:32
and it turns out it's the hottest heating event
335
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但我們發現那是有史以來
13:34
that we can find on record.
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海水溫度最高的時候。
13:36
The ocean heated up as it does sometimes,
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有時候海水溫度會升高，
13:39
and the hot spot formed and stalled
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但那次卻在鳳凰群島形成了一個
13:42
right over the Phoenix Islands for six months.
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停滯不動的熱區，長達六個月之久。
13:45
It was over 32 degrees Celsius for six months
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六個月以來，海水的溫度都超過攝氏32度，
13:48
and it basically killed
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有60%的
13:50
60 percent of the coral.
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珊瑚死亡，
13:52
So suddenly we had this area that we were protecting,
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突然之間，我們想要保護的區域，
13:54
but now it appeared to be dead, at least in the coral areas.
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卻變成了一片死寂，至少珊瑚礁區域都快死光了。
13:57
Of course the deep-sea areas and the open ocean areas were fine,
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當然，深海區域及一些開放式的海域都沒問題，
14:00
but the coral, which everybody likes to look at, was in trouble.
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但是大家所喜愛的珊瑚礁區域卻有大麻煩了。
14:03
Well, the good news is it's recovered
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好消息是這個區域復原了，
14:05
and recovering fast,
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而且復原得很快，
14:07
faster than any reef we've seen.
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比我們以前看過的任何珊瑚礁都快。
14:09
This picture was just taken by Brian Skerry a few months ago
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這張照片是布萊恩．史凱瑞幾個月之前照的，
14:12
when we returned to the Phoenix Islands
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我們又回到了鳳凰群島，
14:14
and discovered that, because it is a protected area
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我們發現，因為那裡已是一個保護區，
14:17
and has healthy fish populations
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有許多健康的魚群，
14:20
that keep the algae grazed down
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海藻也在此落地生根，
14:23
and keep the rest of the reef healthy,
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連帶地讓當地的珊瑚礁也長得很好，
14:25
the coral is booming, is just booming back.
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珊瑚又長得茂盛了，就像以前一樣。
14:28
It's almost like if a person
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就像一個生病的人，
14:30
has multiple diseases,
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如果有多種疾病纏身，
14:32
it's hard to get well, you might die,
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就很難治癒，可能會死，
14:34
but if you only have one disease to deal with, you can get better.
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但如果只感染了一種疾病，那就很有可能治癒。
14:37
And that's the story with climate-change heating.
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以上是氣候變遷的溫室效應所造成的影響，
14:39
It's the only threat,
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這是唯一會威脅
14:41
the only influence that the reef had to deal with.
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或影響珊瑚生長的因素，
14:44
There was no fishing, there was no pollution, there was no coastal development,
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因為我們排除了過度捕撈、污染與海岸開發等各種因素，
14:47
and the reef is on a full-bore recovery.
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珊瑚因此得以全速復原。
14:51
Now I remember that dinner I had with the Minister of Fisheries 10 years ago
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我想起十年前與吉里巴斯漁業部長共進晚餐的那個夜晚，
14:54
when we first brought this up and I got quite animated during the dinner
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我們在晚餐中第一次提出這個想法，我則被鼓舞地說出：
14:57
and said, "Well, I think that the conservation community
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「我認為保育團體都會
14:59
might embrace this idea, Minister."
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欣然接受這個提議，部長！」
15:01
He paused and put his hands together and said,
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他停頓了一下，雙手交疊，說：
15:03
"Yes, Greg,
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「我同意，克雷格，
15:05
but the devil will be in the details," he said.
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但魔鬼就藏在細節裡啊！」
15:07
And it certainly was.
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他說的果然沒錯，
15:09
The last 10 years have been detail after detail
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過去這十年總有處理不完的細節，
15:12
ranging from creating legislation
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從制定法律
15:15
to multiple research expeditions
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到多重研究探勘，
15:18
to communication plans,
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甚至到溝通計畫等，
15:20
as I said, teams of lawyers,
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我們出動了大批律師，
15:22
MOUs,
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簽了一堆備忘錄，
15:24
creating the Phoenix Islands Trust Board.
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最後才終於成立了鳳凰群島信託基金。
15:27
And we are now in the process of raising the full endowment.
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現在我們則進到了籌資階段，
15:29
Kiribati has frozen extracting activities
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吉里巴斯在籌資階段
15:32
at its current state while we raise the endowment.
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就已經停止了捕撈作業。
15:35
We just had our first PIPA Trust Board meeting three weeks ago.
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我們在三個星期前，剛舉行過鳳凰群島信託基金會的首屆會員大會，
15:38
So it's a fully functional
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我們已經準備好，
15:40
up-and-running entity
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準備和這個國家
15:42
that negotiates the reverse fishing license with the country.
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一同協商「禁止捕撈補貼證」事宜，
15:45
And the PIPA Trust Board holds that license
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也就是由我們的基金會來核發補貼證，
15:48
and pays the country for this.
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補貼因禁止捕撈而產生的損失。
15:50
So it's a very solid, very well thought-out,
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這個補貼制度很完善，想得很週全，
15:52
very well grounded system,
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是一個設計良善的制度。
15:55
and it was a bottom-up system,
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這也是一個由下而上的制度，
15:57
and that was very important with this work,
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因為禁止捕撈這件事，完全得靠
15:59
from the bottom up to secure this.
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從下而上的力量才能維持。
16:01
So the conditions for success here are listed.
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我們把成功的因素列了出來，
16:03
You can read them yourselves.
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你們可以看看，
16:05
But I would say the most important one in my mind
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但我認為最重要的因素
16:07
was working within the market forces
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是要和市場力量
16:09
of the situation.
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一起合作，
16:11
And that insured that we could move this forward
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這樣我們才能確保能推動這個制度，
16:14
and it would have both the self-interest of Kiribati
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因為這不僅牽涉到吉里巴斯的利益，
16:17
as well as the self-interest of the world.
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也牽涉到全世界的利益。
16:20
And I'll leave you with one final slide,
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最後，我要放這張投影片，
16:22
that is: how do we scale this up?
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想想看我們該如何推廣這個計畫？
16:24
How do we realize Sylvia's dream?
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我們如何實現席薇亞(海洋保育運動者)的夢想？
16:26
Where eventually do we take this?
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我們最終想要達到什麼成果？
16:28
Here's the Pacific
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這是我們建立
16:30
with large MPAs
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大量海洋保護區、
16:33
and large conservation zones on it.
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大量保育區後的太平洋，
16:37
And as you can see,
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你可以看到，
16:39
we have a patchwork across this ocean.
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整個太平洋到處都是需要保育的區塊，
16:42
I've just described to you the one story
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我剛才所說的
16:44
behind that rectangular area in the middle, the Phoenix Islands,
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只是有關太平洋中間這個三角區域，鳳凰群島的故事，
16:47
but every other green patch on that
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但在這許多綠色區塊背後，
16:49
has its own story.
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還有許多不為人知的故事。
16:51
And what we need to do now
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我們現在所需要做的，
16:53
is look at the whole Pacific Ocean
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是以太平洋海域
16:55
in its entirety
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整體的觀點出發，
16:57
and make a network of MPAs
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把太平洋上的海洋保護區
16:59
across the Pacific
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串連起來，
17:01
so that we have our world's largest ocean
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這樣，我們就能擁有全世界
17:03
protected and self-sustaining
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最大的海洋保護區，
17:05
over time.
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並能長久保育。
17:07
Thank you very much. (Applause)
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謝謝各位！
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Greg Stone - OceanographerGreg Stone was a key driver in the establishment of the Phoenix Island Protected Area in the island nation of Kiribati. The second-largest marine protected area in the world -- and one of the most pristine -- PIPA is a laboratory for exploring and monitoring the recovery of coral reefs from bleaching events.
Why you should listen
Greg Stone began his career as an ocean scientist, pioneering research in Antarctica on marine mammals and ice ecology where he mastered the art of diving into icebergs. Today he is well-known for his leadership in the effort to create the world’s second-largest marine protected area (MPA), around the Phoenix Islands in Kiribati.
Working with the government of Kiribati, Stone helped establish the MPA using market-based tools to conserve ocean biodiversity, in order to encourage continued local economic development rather than destruction of local communities livelihoods. Stone is the Chief Scientist for Oceans at Conservation International and a prolific author and speaker on the state of the marine environment and how policy can make change.
Greg Stone | Speaker | TED.com