Mission Blue Voyage
Greg Stone: Saving the ocean one island at a time
Greg Stone: Spašavanje oceana otok po otok
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Na palubi broda Mission Blue, znanstvenik Greg Stone priča kako je pomogao Republici Kiribati stvoriti ogromno zaštićeno područje u središtu Pacifika – koje štiti ribe, morski život i sam narod s otoka.
Greg Stone - Oceanographer
Greg Stone was a key driver in the establishment of the Phoenix Island Protected Area in the island nation of Kiribati. The second-largest marine protected area in the world -- and one of the most pristine -- PIPA is a laboratory for exploring and monitoring the recovery of coral reefs from bleaching events. Full bio
Greg Stone was a key driver in the establishment of the Phoenix Island Protected Area in the island nation of Kiribati. The second-largest marine protected area in the world -- and one of the most pristine -- PIPA is a laboratory for exploring and monitoring the recovery of coral reefs from bleaching events. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I guess the story actually has to start
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Pretpostavljam da ova priča zapravo počinje
00:18
maybe back in the the 1960s,
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negdje u 1960-ima
00:20
when I was seven or eight years old,
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kada sam imao sedam ili osam godina
00:23
watching Jacques Cousteau documentaries on the living room floor
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i gledao dokumentarce Jacquesa Cousteaua na podu dnevne sobe
00:26
with my mask and flippers on.
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s maskom i perajama na sebi.
00:29
Then after every episode, I had to go up to the bathtub
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I onda bih, nakon svake epizode, otišao gore u kadu,
00:32
and swim around the bathtub and look at the drain,
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plivao u njoj i promatrao odvod,
00:34
because that's all there was to look at.
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jer je to bila jedina stvar koju sam mogao gledati.
00:37
And by the time I turned 16,
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Kada sam napunio 16 godina,
00:39
I pursued a career in marine science,
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odlučio sam se za karijeru u znanosti o moru,
00:42
in exploration and diving,
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u istraživanju i ronjenju,
00:45
and lived in underwater habitats, like this one off the Florida Keys,
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živio sam u podvodnim nastambama, kao što je ova na Florida Keysu,
00:48
for 30 days total.
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30 dana u komadu.
00:50
Brian Skerry took this shot. Thanks, Brian.
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Ovo je slikao Brian Skerry. Hvala, Brian.
00:52
And I've dived in deep-sea submersibles around the world.
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Zaranjao sam i u dubokomorskim podmornicama po cijelom svijetu.
00:55
And this one is the deepest diving submarine in the world,
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Ovo je podmornica koja zaranja najdublje na svijetu,
00:58
operated by the Japanese government.
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njome upravlja japanska vlada.
01:00
And Sylvia Earle and I
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Sylvia Earle i ja
01:02
were on an expedition in this submarine
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bili smo na ekspediciji u ovoj podmornici
01:04
20 years ago in Japan.
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prije 20 godina u Japanu.
01:07
And on my dive, I went down 18,000 feet,
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U svom zaronu išao sam do 5.500 m dubine,
01:10
to an area that I thought
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do područja za koje sam mislio
01:12
would be pristine wilderness area on the sea floor.
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da će biti područje iskonske divljine na dnu mora.
01:15
But when I got there, I found
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Ali kada sam tamo stigao, našao sam
01:17
lots of plastic garbage and other debris.
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hrpe plastičnog smeća i ostalog otpada.
01:19
And it was really a turning point in my life,
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To je zapravo bila prava prekretnica u mom životu,
01:21
where I started to realize
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kada sam shvatio
01:23
that I couldn't just go have fun doing science and exploration.
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da se ne mogu samo zabavljati istraživajući i baveći se znanošću.
01:26
I needed to put it into a context.
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Morao sam svoj rad staviti u neki kontekst.
01:28
I needed to head towards conservation goals.
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Morao sam se početi baviti zaštitom okoliša.
01:31
So I began to work
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Zato sam počeo surađivati
01:33
with National Geographic Society and others
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s National Geographic Society i drugima,
01:36
and led expeditions to Antarctica.
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i vodio ekspedicije na Antarktiku.
01:39
I led three diving expeditions to Antarctica.
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Vodio sam tri ronilačke ekspedicije na Antarktiku.
01:41
Ten years ago was a seminal trip,
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Prvo putovanje bilo je prije 10 godina,
01:43
where we explored that big iceberg, B-15,
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istraživali smo veliku santu leda, B-15,
01:46
the largest iceberg in history, that broke off the Ross Ice Shelf.
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najveću u povijesti, koja se odlomila s Ross Ice Shelfa.
01:49
And we developed techniques
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Razvili smo tehnike
01:51
to dive inside and under the iceberg,
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za zaranjanje unutar i ispod sante,
01:53
such as heating pads on our kidneys
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npr. grijaće jastučiće na bubrezima
01:55
with a battery that we dragged around,
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s baterijom koju smo nosili uokolo,
01:57
so that, as the blood flowed through our kidneys,
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kako bi krv idući kroz naše bubrege
01:59
it would get a little boost of warmth
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dobila malo topline
02:01
before going back into our bodies.
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prije nego bi se vratila u naša tijela.
02:03
But after three trips to Antarctica,
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Ali nakon tri izleta na Antarktiku,
02:05
I decided that it might be nicer to work in warmer water.
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odlučio sam kako bi moglo biti ljepše raditi u toplijim vodama.
02:09
And that same year, 10 years ago,
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Tako sam se, iste godine, prije 10 godina,
02:11
I headed north to the Phoenix Islands.
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zaputio na sjever na otočje Phoenix.
02:13
And I'm going to tell you that story here in a moment.
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Tu ću vam priču ispričati ovdje za trenutak.
02:16
But before I do, I just want you to ponder this graph for a moment.
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Prije toga, htio bih da malo pogledate ovaj graf na kratko.
02:19
You may have seen this in other forms,
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Možda ste ga vidjeli u drugim oblicima,
02:21
but the top line is the amount of protected area
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ali gornja linija predstavlja količinu zaštićenih područja
02:24
on land, globally,
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na kopnu, globalno,
02:26
and it's about 12 percent.
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i iznosi otprilike 12 posto.
02:28
And you can see that it kind of hockey sticks up
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I možete vidjeti da se nekako ističe
02:30
around the 1960s and '70s,
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oko 60-ih i 70-ih,
02:32
and it's on kind of a nice trajectory right now.
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i sada ima lijepu putanju.
02:35
And that's probably because
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To je vjerojatno zato
02:37
that's when everybody got aware of the environment
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što su tada svi postali svjesni okoliša
02:39
and Earth Day
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i Dana planeta Zemlje,
02:41
and all the stuff that happened in the '60s with the Hippies and everything
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i zbog svih stvari koje su se događale 60-ih s hipijima –
02:44
really did, I think, have an affect on global awareness.
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vjerujem da je sve to imalo utjecaja na globalnu svjesnost.
02:46
But the ocean-protected area
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Ali linija koja označava oceanska zaštićena područja
02:48
is basically flat line
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ravna je
02:50
until right about now -- it appears to be ticking up.
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sve do današnjih dana – sada kao da raste.
02:52
And I do believe that we are at the hockey stick point
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Smatram da smo sada na točki kada se linija
02:55
of the protected area in the ocean.
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zaštićenih područja u oceanu počinje pomicati i isticati.
02:57
I think we would have gotten there a lot earlier
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Mislim da bismo dospijeli tamo puno ranije
03:00
if we could see what happens in the ocean
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da smo mogli vidjeti što se sve događa u oceanima
03:02
like we can see what happens on land.
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kao što smo mogli vidjeti što se događa na kopnu.
03:04
But unfortunately, the ocean is opaque,
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Ali nažalost, ocean je neproziran
03:07
and we can't see what's going on.
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i ne možemo vidjeti što se događa.
03:09
And therefore we're way behind on protection.
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Zato užasno kasnimo sa zaštitom.
03:11
But scuba diving, submersibles
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Ali ronjenje, podmornice
03:13
and all the work that we're setting about to do here
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i sav posao koji planiramo obaviti,
03:16
will help rectify that.
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pomoći će to ispraviti.
03:19
So where are the Phoenix Islands?
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Dakle, gdje je otočje Phoenix?
03:21
They were the world's largest marine-protected area
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Bilo je najveće zaštićeno morsko područje
03:24
up until last week
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sve do prošlog tjedna
03:26
when the Chagos Archipelago was declared.
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kada je time proglašen arhipelag Chagos.
03:28
It's in the mid-Pacific. It's about five days from anywhere.
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Oni su u središtu Pacifika. Otprilike pet dana udaljeni od svega.
03:31
If you want to get to the Phoenix Islands,
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Ako želite doći do otočja Phoenix,
03:33
it's five days from Fiji,
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treba vam pet dana s Fijija,
03:35
it's five days from Hawaii, it's five days from Samoa.
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pet dana s Havaja, pet dana sa Samoe.
03:37
It's out in the middle of the Pacific,
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Nalazi se usred Pacifika,
03:39
right around the Equator.
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odmah pored ekvatora.
03:42
I had never heard of the islands 10 years ago,
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Prije deset godina, nikad nisam bio čuo za to otočje,
03:44
nor the country, Kiribati, that owns them,
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niti za zemlju pod koju spadaju, Kiribate,
03:46
till two friends of mine who run a liveaboard dive boat in Fiji
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sve dok dva moja prijatelja koja posjeduju brod za zaranjanje na Fijiju
03:49
said, "Greg, would you lead a scientific expedition up to these islands?
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nisu rekla: "Greg, želiš li voditi znanstvenu ekspediciju na te otoke?
03:52
They've never been dived."
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Nitko tamo nikada nije ronio."
03:54
And I said, "Yeah.
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I ja sam rekao: "Može.
03:56
But tell me where they are and the country that owns them."
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Ali recite mi gdje su i koja je to zemlja."
03:58
So that's when I first learned of the Islands
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I tako sam prvi put saznao za to otočje
04:00
and had no idea what I was getting into.
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i nisam imao pojma u što sam se upustio.
04:02
But I was in for the adventure.
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Ali bio sam zainteresiran za pustolovinu.
04:06
Let me give you a little peek here of the Phoenix Islands-protected area.
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Dopustite da vam dam mali prikaz zaštićenog područja otočja Phoenix.
04:09
It's a very deep-water part of our planet.
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To je područje jako dubokih voda.
04:13
The average depths are about 12,000 ft.
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Prosječna dubina je oko 3.500 m.
04:15
There's lots of seamounts in the Phoenix Islands,
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Ima i dosta podvodnih planina oko otočja Phoenix,
04:17
which are specifically part of the protected area.
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koje su isto dio zaštićenog područja.
04:20
Seamounts are important for biodiversity.
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Podvodne planine su važne za biološku raznolikost.
04:22
There's actually more mountains in the ocean than there are on land.
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Zapravo, više planina ima u oceanu nego na kopnu.
04:25
It's an interesting fact.
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To je zanimljivo.
04:27
And the Phoenix Islands is very rich in those seamounts.
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A otočje Phoenix jako je bogato takvim podvodnim planinama.
04:31
So it's a deep -- think about it in a big three-dimensional space,
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Dakle, to je dubok – razmišljajte o tome kao o trodimenzionalnom prostoru –
04:34
very deep three-dimensional space
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jako dubok, trodimenzionali prostor
04:36
with herds of tuna, whales,
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s jatima tuna, kitova,
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all kinds of deep sea marine life
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sa svakakvim dubokomorskim oblicima života,
04:41
like we've seen here before.
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kao što smo već vidjeli.
04:43
That's the vessel that we took up there
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Ovo je brod koji smo odvezli tamo
04:45
for these studies, early on,
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za istraživanje, na početku,
04:47
and that's what the Islands look like -- you can see in the background.
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a ovako otočje izgleda – možete vidjeti u pozadini.
04:50
They're very low to the water,
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Otoci su jako niske nadmorske visine,
04:52
and they're all uninhabited, except one island
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i svi su nenastanjeni, osim jednog
04:54
has about 35 caretakers on it.
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na kojem živi otprilike 35 čuvara.
04:56
And they've been uninhabited for most of time
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Nenastanjeni su bili većinu vremena
04:59
because even in the ancient days,
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jer su čak i davnih dana
05:01
these islands were too far away
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bili predaleko
05:03
from the bright lights of Fiji and Hawaii and Tahiti
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od svjetla Fijija, Havaja i Tahitija,
05:06
for those ancient Polynesian mariners
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čak i za drevne polinezijske moreplovce
05:08
that were traversing the Pacific so widely.
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koji su prelazili Pacifik.
05:11
But we got up there,
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Ali mi smo došli tamo,
05:13
and I had the unique and wonderful scientific opportunity and personal opportunity
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i ja sam dobio jedinstvenu, prekrasnu znanstvenu i osobnu priliku
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to get to a place that had never been dived
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zaroniti tamo gdje nitko prije nije zaronio
05:18
and just get to an island and go, "Okay, where are we going to dive?
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i mogao sam samo doći na otok i reći: "Dobro, gdje ćemo zaroniti?
05:20
Let's try there,"
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Pokušajmo ovdje."
05:22
and then falling into the water.
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I zatim zaroniti.
05:24
Both my personal and my professional life changed.
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Promijenio mi se i osobni i profesionalni život.
05:26
Suddenly, I saw a world
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Odjednom, vidio sam svijet
05:28
that I had never seen before in the ocean --
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kakav nikad prije u oceanu nisam vidio –
05:31
schools of fish that were so dense
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jata riba koja su bila toliko gusta
05:33
they dulled the penetration of sunlight from the surface,
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da nisu dopuštala da se sunčeve zrake probiju kroz površinu vode,
05:36
coral reefs that were continuous
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koraljne grebene koji su se nastavljali
05:38
and solid and colorful,
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čvrsti i šareni,
05:40
large fish everywhere,
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velike ribe posvuda,
05:42
manta rays.
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raže...
05:45
It was an ecosystem. Parrotfish spawning --
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To je bio ekosistem. Scaridae kako se mrijeste –
05:47
this is about 5,000 longnose parrotfish spawning
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otprilike 5.000 Scaridae koje se mrijeste
05:50
at the entrance to one of the Phoenix Islands.
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na ulazu u jedan od otoka.
05:52
You can see the fish are balled up
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Možete vidjeti kako je riba okupljena u obliku lopti
05:54
and then there's a little cloudy area there
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a tamo je i malo mutno područje
05:56
where they're exchanging the eggs and sperm for reproduction --
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gdje razmjenjuju jajašca i spermu za reprodukciju –
06:00
events that the ocean is supposed to do,
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nešto što bi ocean trebao obavljati,
06:02
but struggles to do in many places now
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ali na mnogim mjestima ima poteškoća
06:04
because of human activity.
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zbog ljudskih aktivnosti.
06:06
The Phoenix Islands and all the equatorial parts of our planet
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Otočje Phoenix i sva ekvatorijalna područja na planetu
06:08
are very important for tuna fisheries,
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jako su važna za ribolov tune,
06:10
especially this yellowfin tuna that you see here.
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pogotovo ove vrste tune sa žutom perajom koju možete ovdje vidjeti.
06:14
Phoenix Islands is a major tuna location.
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Otočje Phoenix važno je mjesto za tunu.
06:16
And sharks -- we had sharks on our early dives,
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I za morske pse – vidjeli smo morske pse na svojim ranijim zaronima,
06:19
up to 150 sharks at once,
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čak i do 150 morskih pasa odjednom,
06:21
which is an indication
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a to ukazuje
06:23
of a very, very healthy, very strong, system.
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na vrlo, vrlo zdrav i vrlo snažan sustav.
06:26
So I thought the scenes
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Mislio sam kako će se
06:28
of never-ending wilderness
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beskonačni prizori divljine
06:30
would go on forever,
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nizati zauvijek,
06:32
but they did finally come to an end.
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ali ipak im je došao kraj.
06:34
And we explored the surface of the Islands as well --
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Istraživali smo i površinu otoka također –
06:37
very important bird nesting site,
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jako važna mjesta za ptičja gnijezda,
06:39
some of the most important bird-nesting sites in the Pacific, in the world.
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neka od najvažnijih mjesta za gnijezda na Pacifiku, na svijetu.
06:44
And we finished our trip.
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I tako smo završili svoj izlet.
06:46
And that's the area again.
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Ovo je to područje opet.
06:49
You can see the Islands -- there are eight islands --
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Možete vidjeti otoke – postoji osam otoka –
06:51
that pop out of the water.
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koji kao da iskaču iz vode.
06:53
The peaks that don't come out of the water are the seamounts.
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Vrhovi koji ne iskaču iz vode su podvodne planine.
06:56
Remember, a seamount turns into an island when it hits the surface.
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Zapamtite, podvodna planina postaje otok čim dođe do površine vode.
07:02
And what's the context of the Phoenix Islands?
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Kakva je priča otočja Phoenix?
07:04
Where do these exist?
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Gdje se nalaze?
07:06
Well they exist in the Republic of Kiribati,
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Pa, nalaze se u Republici Kiribati,
07:08
and Kiribati is located in the Central Pacific
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a Kiribati su smješteni u središnjem Pacifiku,
07:10
in three island groups.
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u tri grupe otoka.
07:13
In the west we have the Gilbert Islands.
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Na zapadu je otočje Gilbert.
07:15
In the center we have the Phoenix Islands,
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U sredini je otočje Phoenix,
07:17
which is the subject that I'm talking about.
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tema mog govora.
07:19
And then over to the east we have the Line Islands.
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I onda na istoku imamo otočje Line.
07:21
It's the largest atoll nation in the world.
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To je najveća skupina atola na svijetu.
07:24
And they have
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Tamo ima
07:26
about 110,000 people
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oko 110.000 ljudi
07:28
spread out over 33 islands.
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raspršenih na preko 33 otoka.
07:31
They control 3.4 million cubic miles of ocean,
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Oni kontroliraju 3,4 milijuna kubičnih milja oceana,
07:34
and that's between one and two percent
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a to je oko jedan ili dva posto
07:36
of all the ocean water on the planet.
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sve morske vode na svijetu.
07:38
And when I was first going up there,
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Kada sam prvi put tamo išao,
07:40
I barely knew the name of this country 10 years ago,
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prije 10 godina, jedva sam znao ime te zemlje
07:43
and people would ask me,
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i ljudi bi me pitali:
07:45
"Why are you going to this place called Kiribati?"
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"Zašto ideš na to mjesto, Kiribate?"
07:47
And it reminded me of that old joke
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a to me podsjetilo na staru šalu
07:49
where the bank robber comes out of the courthouse handcuffed,
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gdje pljačkaš banke izlazi iz sudnice u lisicama,
07:51
and the reporter yells, "Hey, Willy. Why do you rob banks?"
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a novinar ga pita: "Hej, Willy, zašto pljačkaš banke?"
07:54
And he says, "cause that's where all the money is."
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A on kaže: "Zato što je tamo sav novac."
07:56
And I would tell people, "Why do I go to Kiribati?
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Tako bih i ja rekao ljudima: "Zašto idem na Kiribate?
07:59
Because that's where all the ocean is."
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Zato što je tamo sav ocean."
08:01
They basically are one nation
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Oni su zapravo jedan jedini narod
08:03
that controls most of the equatorial waters
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koji kontrolira najviše ekvatorijalnih voda
08:06
of the Central Pacific Ocean.
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u središnjem Pacifiku.
08:09
They're also a country
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To je zemlja koja je, isto tako,
08:11
that is in dire danger.
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u velikoj opasnosti.
08:13
Sea levels are rising,
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Razina vode se diže,
08:15
and Kiribati, along with 42 other nations in the world,
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a Kiribati će, zajedno s 42 druga naroda u svijetu,
08:18
will be under water within 50 to 100 years
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za 50 do 100 godina biti ispod vode
08:20
due to climate change
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zbog klimatskih promjena,
08:22
and the associated sea-level rise from thermal expansion
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a razina vode se diže zbog rasta temperatura
08:25
and the melting of freshwater into the ocean.
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i topljenja svježe vode u oceane.
08:28
The Islands rise only one to two meters
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Otočje se nalazi na samo jedan do dva metra
08:30
above the surface.
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iznad površine vode.
08:32
Some of the islands have already gone under water.
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Neki od otoka već su potopljeni.
08:35
And these nations are faced with a real problem.
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Ti narodi suočeni su s pravim problemom.
08:37
We as a world are faced with a problem.
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Mi, kao svijet, suočeni smo s pravim problemom.
08:40
What do we do with displaced fellow Earthlings
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Što ćemo s beskućnim suzemljanima
08:43
who no longer have a home on the planet?
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koji više nemaju svoj dom?
08:46
The president of the Maldives
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Predsjednik Maldiva
08:48
conducted a mock cabinet meeting
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nedavno je održao lažni sastanak kabineta
08:50
underwater recently
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ispod vode
08:52
to highlight the dire straits of these countries.
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kako bi naglasio veliku opasnost koja prijeti tim zemljama.
08:54
So it's something we need to focus on.
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Dakle, to je nešto na što se moramo usredotočiti.
08:57
But back to the Phoenix Islands,
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Ali vratimo se na otočje Phoenix,
09:00
which is the subject of this Talk.
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temu ovog govora.
09:02
After I got back, I said,
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Kada sam se vratio, rekao sam,
09:04
okay, this is amazing, what we found.
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u redu, ovo što smo otkrili je fenomenalno.
09:06
I'd like to go back and share it with the government of Kiribati,
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Htio bih se vratiti i podijeliti to s vladom Kiribata,
09:09
who are over in Tarawa,
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koja je smještena u Tarawi,
09:11
the westernmost group.
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na najzapadnijem otočju.
09:13
So I started contacting them --
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Zato sam ih počeo kontaktirati –
09:15
because they had actually given me a permit to do this --
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oni su mi zapravo i dali dozvolu za to –
09:17
and I said, "I want to come up and tell you what we found."
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i rekao sam: "Htio bih doći i reći vam što sam našao."
09:20
And for some reason they didn't want me to come,
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Ali iz nekih razloga nisu htjeli da dođem
09:22
or it was hard to find a time and a place, and it took a while,
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ili je bilo teško naći pravo mjesto i pravo vrijeme, pa je to potrajalo,
09:25
but finally they said, "Okay, you can come.
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ali na kraju su rekli: "Dobro, možeš doći.
09:27
But if you come, you have to buy lunch
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Ali ako dođeš, moraš častiti ručkom
09:29
for everybody who comes to the seminar."
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sve koji dođu na seminar."
09:31
So I said, "Okay, I'm happy to buy lunch.
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Tako sam rekao: "Dobro, drage volje ću častiti ručkom.
09:33
Just get whatever anybody wants."
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Samo nabavite ono što ljudi vole."
09:35
So David Obura, a coral reef biologist, and I went to Tarawa,
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Tako smo David Obura, biolog specijaliziran za koraljne grebene, i ja otišli u Tarawu
09:38
and we presented for two hours
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i tamo smo u dva sata predstavljali
09:40
on the amazing findings of the Phoenix Islands.
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ono što smo našli na otočju Phoenix.
09:42
And the country never knew this. They never had any data from this area.
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Vlada nije za to znala. Nikada nisu dobili podatke iz tog područja.
09:45
They'd never had any information from the Phoenix Islands.
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Nikad nisu dobili nikakve informacije s otočja Phoenix.
09:48
After the talk, the Minister of Fisheries walked up to me
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Nakon govora, ministar ribarstva prišao mi je
09:51
and he said, "Greg, do you realize
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i rekao: "Greg, shvaćaš li
09:53
that you are the first scientist
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da si ti prvi znanstvenik
09:55
who has ever come back
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koji se vratio
09:57
and told us what they did?"
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i rekao nam što je napravio?"
09:59
He said, "We often issue these permits
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Rekao je: "Često dajemo dozvole
10:01
to do research in our waters,
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za istraživanja u našim vodama,
10:03
but usually we get a note two or three years later,
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ali obično dobijemo obavijest dvije ili tri godine kasnije
10:05
or a reprint.
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ili samo fotokopiju.
10:07
But you're the first one who's ever come back and told us what you did.
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Ali ti si prvi koji se vratio i rekao nam što je otkrio.
10:10
And we really appreciate that. And we're buying you lunch today.
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A to stvarno cijenimo. Tako da te mi častimo ručkom danas.
10:13
And are you free for dinner?"
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Jesi li slobodan za večeru?"
10:15
And I was free for dinner,
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Bio sam slobodan za večeru,
10:17
and I went out to dinner with the Minister of Fisheries in Kiribati.
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i otišao sam na večeru s ministrom ribarstva Kiribata.
10:19
And over the course of dinner,
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Za večerom sam saznao
10:21
I learned that Kiribati gains most of its revenue --
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da Kiribati dobivaju većinu svojih prihoda –
10:24
it's a very poor country --
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a vrlo su siromašna zemlja –
10:26
but it gains what revenue is has
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da dobivaju svoje prihode
10:28
by selling access to foreign nations
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tako da prodaju pravo ribarenja
10:30
to take fish out of its waters,
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u svojim vodama stranim zemljama,
10:32
because Kiribati does not have the capacity
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zato što Kiribati nemaju
10:34
to take the fish itself.
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mogućnosti to sami raditi.
10:36
And the deal that they strike
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Dogovor je da zemlja
10:38
is the extracting country
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koja vadi ribu
10:40
gives Kiribati five percent
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daje Kiribatima pet posto
10:42
of the landed value.
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finalne vrijednosti.
10:44
So if the United States
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Dakle, ako SAD
10:46
removes a million dollars'
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izvadi jastoga u vrijednosti od milijun
10:48
worth of lobsters from a reef,
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dolara s grebena,
10:50
Kiribati gets 50,000 dollars.
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Kiribati dobiju 50.000 dolara.
10:53
And, you know, it didn't seem like a very good deal to me.
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Znate, meni se to nije činilo kao dobar dogovor.
10:56
So I asked the Minister over dinner,
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Zato sam pitao ministra za večerom,
10:58
I said, "Would you consider a situation
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rekao sam: "Biste li razmotrili situaciju
11:01
where you would still get paid --
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u kojoj biste svejedno dobivali novce –
11:04
we do the math and figure out what the value of the resource is --
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napravit ćemo račun i izračunati vrijednost izvora –
11:07
but you leave fish and the sharks
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ali biste ostavili ribu, morske pse
11:09
and the shrimp in the water?"
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i račiće u moru?"
11:11
He stopped, and he said, "Yes, we would like to do that
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On je zastao i rekao: "Da, voljeli bismo to napraviti
11:14
to deal with our overfishing problem,
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i tako srediti naše probleme s prekomjernim izlovom
11:16
and I think we would call it a reverse fishing license."
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i mislim da bismo to mogli nazvati obrnuta dozvola za ribarenje."
11:19
He coined the term "reverse fishing license."
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On je smislio izraz 'obrnuta dozvola za ribarenje'.
11:21
So I said, "Yes, a 'reverse fishing license.'"
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Pa sam rekao: "Da, obrnuta dozvola za ribarenje."
11:24
So we walked away from this dinner
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Otišli smo s te večere
11:26
really not knowing where to go at that point.
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ne znajući kamo točno krenuti.
11:28
I went back to the States and started looking around
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Ja sam se vratio u SAD i počeo tražiti
11:30
to see if I could find examples
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primjere situacija
11:33
where reverse fishing licenses
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u kojima su se koristile
11:35
had been issued,
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obrnute dozvole,
11:37
and it turned out there were none.
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i ispalo je da takve situacije ne postoje.
11:39
There were no oceanic deals
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Nisu postojali oceanski ugovori
11:41
where countries were compensated for not fishing.
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gdje su državama novci refundirani zato što se ne bave ribolovom.
11:44
It had occurred on land,
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Događalo se na kopnu,
11:46
in rainforests of South America and Africa,
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u prašumama Južne Amerike i Afrike,
11:49
where landowners had been paid
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gdje je vlasnicima zemlje plaćeno
11:51
not to cut the trees down.
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zato što nisu sjekli drva.
11:53
And Conservation International had struck some of those deals.
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Conservation International je dogovorio neke od tih ugovora.
11:55
So I went to Conservation International
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Pa sam otišao u Conservation International
11:57
and brought them in as a partner
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i doveo njih kao partnere
12:00
and went through the process
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i počeo proces
12:02
of valuing the fishery resource,
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evaluacije ribarskih izvora,
12:05
deciding how much Kiribati should be compensated,
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da bismo odlučili koliko se Kiribatima treba refundirati,
12:08
what the range of the fishes were,
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koje vrste riba postoje tamo,
12:10
brought in a whole bunch of other partners --
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doveo sam i hrpu drugih partnera –
12:12
the government of Australia,
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australsku vladu,
12:14
the government of New Zealand, the World Bank.
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vladu Novog Zelanda, Svjetsku banku...
12:16
The Oak Foundation and National Geographic
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Oak Foundation i National Geographic
12:18
have been big funders of this as well.
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su također dali veliku potporu.
12:20
And we basically founded the park
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Ukratko, osnovali smo park
12:22
on the idea of an endowment
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zasnovan na ideji doprinosa
12:24
that would pay the equivalent lost fishing license fees
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ovoj jako siromašnoj zemlji
12:27
to this very poor country
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koji bi pokrivao financijski gubitak od izgubljenih dozvola za ribarenje,
12:29
to keep the area intact.
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a ostavljao područje netaknutim.
12:31
Halfway through this process, I met the president of Kiribati,
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Kad smo bili na pola puta, sreo sam predsjednika Kiribata,
12:33
President Anote Tong.
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predsjednika Anotea Tonga.
12:35
He's a really important leader,
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On je jako važan vođa,
12:37
a real visionary, forward-thinking man,
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pravi vizionar, usmjeren na napredak,
12:39
and he told me two things when I approached him.
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i on mi je rekao dvije svari kada sam mu prišao.
12:41
He said, "Greg, there's two things I'd like you to do.
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Rekao je: "Greg, postoje dvije stvari koje bih volio da napraviš.
12:44
One is, remember I'm a politician,
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Prva, zapamti da sam političar
12:46
so you've got to go out and work with my ministers
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pa moraš izaći van, raditi s mojim ministrima
12:48
and convince the people of Kiribati that this is a good idea.
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i uvjeriti narod Kiribata da je ovo dobra ideja.
12:51
Secondly, I'd like you to create principles
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Drugo, htio bih da stvoriš načela
12:53
that will transcend my own presidency.
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koja će nadživjeti moju vlast.
12:55
I don't want to do something like this
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Ne želim raditi nešto kao ovo,
12:57
if it's going to go away after I'm voted out of office."
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ako će to nestati čim izglasaju neku drugu vlast.
13:00
So we had very strong leadership, very good vision
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Tako smo imali vrlo jako vodstvo, snažnu viziju,
13:03
and a lot of science, a lot of lawyers involved.
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mnogo znanosti i mnogo upletenih odvjetnika.
13:06
Many, many steps were taken to pull this off.
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Bilo je potrebno puno, puno koraka kako bismo to postigli.
13:09
And it was primarily because Kiribati realized
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Većinom zato što su Kiribati shvatili
13:12
that this was in their own self-interest to do this.
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da je to u njihovom vlastitom interesu.
13:14
They realized that this was a common cause
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Shvatili su da su našli zajednički cilj
13:16
that they had found
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sa zajednicom
13:18
with the conservation community.
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koja želi zaštititi okoliš.
13:21
Then in 2002,
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Ali onda 2002. godine,
13:23
when this was all going full-swing,
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kada smo bili u punom zamahu,
13:26
a coral-bleaching event happened in the Phoenix Islands.
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na otočju Phoenix dogodilo se izbjeljivanje koralja.
13:29
Here's this resource that we're looking to save,
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Mi pokušavamo spasiti ovo bogatstvo,
13:32
and it turns out it's the hottest heating event
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a ispadne da smo suočeni s najvećim zatopljenjem
13:34
that we can find on record.
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ikad zabilježenim.
13:36
The ocean heated up as it does sometimes,
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Ocean se zagrijao, kao što se nekad zna,
13:39
and the hot spot formed and stalled
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a najtoplija točka se formirala
13:42
right over the Phoenix Islands for six months.
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na otočju Phoenix šest mjeseci.
13:45
It was over 32 degrees Celsius for six months
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Bilo je preko 32 Celzijeva stupnja šest mjeseci
13:48
and it basically killed
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i zapravo je to ubilo
13:50
60 percent of the coral.
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60 posto koralja.
13:52
So suddenly we had this area that we were protecting,
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Odjednom se dogodilo da je područje koje smo štitili,
13:54
but now it appeared to be dead, at least in the coral areas.
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zapravo umrlo, barem u području koralja.
13:57
Of course the deep-sea areas and the open ocean areas were fine,
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Naravno da su područja dubokog mora i otvorenog oceana bila u redu,
14:00
but the coral, which everybody likes to look at, was in trouble.
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ali je koralj, kojeg svi vole gledati, bio u opasnosti.
14:03
Well, the good news is it's recovered
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Dobra vijest je da se oporavlja
14:05
and recovering fast,
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i to vrlo brzo,
14:07
faster than any reef we've seen.
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brže nego ijedan greben koji smo vidjeli.
14:09
This picture was just taken by Brian Skerry a few months ago
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Ovo je slikao Brian Skerry prije nekoliko mjeseci
14:12
when we returned to the Phoenix Islands
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kada smo se vratili na otočje Phoenix
14:14
and discovered that, because it is a protected area
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i otkrili da, zato što je to zaštićeno područje
14:17
and has healthy fish populations
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i ima zdravu populaciju riba
14:20
that keep the algae grazed down
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koja održava rast algi
14:23
and keep the rest of the reef healthy,
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i drži ostatak grebena zdravim,
14:25
the coral is booming, is just booming back.
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koralj raste, oporavlja se.
14:28
It's almost like if a person
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To je kao da osoba
14:30
has multiple diseases,
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ima nekoliko bolesti,
14:32
it's hard to get well, you might die,
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teško će se oporaviti, možda će umrijeti,
14:34
but if you only have one disease to deal with, you can get better.
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ali ako ima samo jednu bolest, može ozdraviti.
14:37
And that's the story with climate-change heating.
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I to vam je priča o klimatskom zatopljenju.
14:39
It's the only threat,
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To je bila jedina prijetnja,
14:41
the only influence that the reef had to deal with.
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jedini utjecaj s kojim se greben morao boriti.
14:44
There was no fishing, there was no pollution, there was no coastal development,
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Nije bilo ribarenja, nije bilo zagađenja, nije bilo obalnog razvoja,
14:47
and the reef is on a full-bore recovery.
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i koralj je u punokrvnom oporavku.
14:51
Now I remember that dinner I had with the Minister of Fisheries 10 years ago
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Sjećam se one večere s ministrom ribarstva prije 10 godina
14:54
when we first brought this up and I got quite animated during the dinner
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kada smo prvi put ovo spomenuli i ja sam se jako zainteresirao
14:57
and said, "Well, I think that the conservation community
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i rekao: "Mislim da bi zajednica
14:59
might embrace this idea, Minister."
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mogla prihvatiti ovu ideju, ministre."
15:01
He paused and put his hands together and said,
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On je zastao i sklopio svoje ruke i rekao:
15:03
"Yes, Greg,
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"Da, Greg,
15:05
but the devil will be in the details," he said.
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ali stvar je u detaljima." To je rekao.
15:07
And it certainly was.
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I tako je svakako i bilo.
15:09
The last 10 years have been detail after detail
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Zadnjih 10 godina bilo je detalj za detaljem,
15:12
ranging from creating legislation
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u rasponu od kreiranja zakonodavstva
15:15
to multiple research expeditions
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do nekoliko istraživačkih ekspedicija,
15:18
to communication plans,
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do komunikacijskih planova,
15:20
as I said, teams of lawyers,
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i kao što sam rekao, timovi odvjetnika,
15:22
MOUs,
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MOU,
15:24
creating the Phoenix Islands Trust Board.
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koji su stvarali Odbor za povjerenje otočja.
15:27
And we are now in the process of raising the full endowment.
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Sada smo u procesu skupljanja punog doprinosa.
15:29
Kiribati has frozen extracting activities
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Kiribati su sada zamrznuli ekstrakcije
15:32
at its current state while we raise the endowment.
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dok mi skupljamo doprinos.
15:35
We just had our first PIPA Trust Board meeting three weeks ago.
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Upravo smo imali prvi sastanak PIPA Trust Boarda prije tri tjedna.
15:38
So it's a fully functional
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Dakle, to je jedinica koja
15:40
up-and-running entity
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u potpunosti funkcionira
15:42
that negotiates the reverse fishing license with the country.
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i pregovara o obrnutoj dozvoli za ribarenje sa zemljom.
15:45
And the PIPA Trust Board holds that license
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PIPA Trust Board posjeduje tu dozvolu
15:48
and pays the country for this.
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i plaća državi za to.
15:50
So it's a very solid, very well thought-out,
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To je čvrst, promišljen
15:52
very well grounded system,
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i dobro utemeljen sustav,
15:55
and it was a bottom-up system,
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i to je bio sustav koji ide odozdo prema gore,
15:57
and that was very important with this work,
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a to je vrlo važno za ovaj posao,
15:59
from the bottom up to secure this.
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odozdo prema gore kako bismo to osigurali.
16:01
So the conditions for success here are listed.
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Uvjeti za uspjeh su ovdje nabrojani.
16:03
You can read them yourselves.
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Možete ih sami pročitati.
16:05
But I would say the most important one in my mind
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Ali ja bih rekao da je najvažnije bilo to
16:07
was working within the market forces
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što smo radili s tržišnim silama
16:09
of the situation.
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u situaciji.
16:11
And that insured that we could move this forward
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To je osiguralo napredak,
16:14
and it would have both the self-interest of Kiribati
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u vlastitom interesu za Kiribate,
16:17
as well as the self-interest of the world.
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ali i za svijet.
16:20
And I'll leave you with one final slide,
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Ostavljam vas sa zadnjim slajdom,
16:22
that is: how do we scale this up?
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to jest: Kako ovo povećati?
16:24
How do we realize Sylvia's dream?
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Kako ostvariti Sylvijin san?
16:26
Where eventually do we take this?
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Kamo ovo odvesti?
16:28
Here's the Pacific
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Ovo je Pacifik
16:30
with large MPAs
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s velikim MPA
16:33
and large conservation zones on it.
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i velikim zaštićenim područjima.
16:37
And as you can see,
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Kao što možete vidjeti,
16:39
we have a patchwork across this ocean.
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imamo zakrpe po oceanu.
16:42
I've just described to you the one story
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Ja sam vam upravo opisao priču
16:44
behind that rectangular area in the middle, the Phoenix Islands,
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iza jednog tog područja u sredini, otočja Phoenix,
16:47
but every other green patch on that
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ali svaka zakrpa
16:49
has its own story.
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ima svoju priču.
16:51
And what we need to do now
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Sada trebamo
16:53
is look at the whole Pacific Ocean
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pogledati cijeli Pacifik
16:55
in its entirety
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kao cjelinu
16:57
and make a network of MPAs
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i napraviti mrežu MPA
16:59
across the Pacific
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po cijelom Pacifiku
17:01
so that we have our world's largest ocean
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kako bismo zaštitili naš najveći ocean
17:03
protected and self-sustaining
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i učinili ga samoodrživim
17:05
over time.
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s vremenom.
17:07
Thank you very much. (Applause)
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Puno vam hvala. (Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Greg Stone - OceanographerGreg Stone was a key driver in the establishment of the Phoenix Island Protected Area in the island nation of Kiribati. The second-largest marine protected area in the world -- and one of the most pristine -- PIPA is a laboratory for exploring and monitoring the recovery of coral reefs from bleaching events.
Why you should listen
Greg Stone began his career as an ocean scientist, pioneering research in Antarctica on marine mammals and ice ecology where he mastered the art of diving into icebergs. Today he is well-known for his leadership in the effort to create the world’s second-largest marine protected area (MPA), around the Phoenix Islands in Kiribati.
Working with the government of Kiribati, Stone helped establish the MPA using market-based tools to conserve ocean biodiversity, in order to encourage continued local economic development rather than destruction of local communities livelihoods. Stone is the Chief Scientist for Oceans at Conservation International and a prolific author and speaker on the state of the marine environment and how policy can make change.
Greg Stone | Speaker | TED.com