Mission Blue Voyage
Greg Stone: Saving the ocean one island at a time
格雷格 斯通：拯救海洋，一次保护一个岛
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蓝色使命的征途中，科学家格雷格·斯通讲述了他是如何帮助在太平洋的中央的基里巴斯共和国建立一个巨大的保护区的故事--保护鱼类，海洋生命以及岛国自身。
Greg Stone - Oceanographer
Greg Stone was a key driver in the establishment of the Phoenix Island Protected Area in the island nation of Kiribati. The second-largest marine protected area in the world -- and one of the most pristine -- PIPA is a laboratory for exploring and monitoring the recovery of coral reefs from bleaching events. Full bio
Greg Stone was a key driver in the establishment of the Phoenix Island Protected Area in the island nation of Kiribati. The second-largest marine protected area in the world -- and one of the most pristine -- PIPA is a laboratory for exploring and monitoring the recovery of coral reefs from bleaching events. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I guess the story actually has to start
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我想，这个故事
00:18
maybe back in the the 1960s,
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也许应该从1960年开始说起，
00:20
when I was seven or eight years old,
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当我七八岁的时候，
00:23
watching Jacques Cousteau documentaries on the living room floor
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在客厅的地板上看着雅克·库斯托的纪录片,
00:26
with my mask and flippers on.
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当时还带着潜水面镜和脚蹼呢。
00:29
Then after every episode, I had to go up to the bathtub
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每集结束后，我还要走到浴缸前，
00:32
and swim around the bathtub and look at the drain,
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在浴缸里到处游一游，看一看下水道管，
00:34
because that's all there was to look at.
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因为那是所有能看到的东西。
00:37
And by the time I turned 16,
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到我十六岁的时候，
00:39
I pursued a career in marine science,
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我开始了海洋科学的研究
00:42
in exploration and diving,
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考察和潜水，
00:45
and lived in underwater habitats, like this one off the Florida Keys,
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甚至住在水下装置里，比如这个，是离佛罗里达群岛不远的地方，
00:48
for 30 days total.
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生活了总共30天。
00:50
Brian Skerry took this shot. Thanks, Brian.
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布莱恩·斯凯利拍得这张。谢谢你，布莱恩。
00:52
And I've dived in deep-sea submersibles around the world.
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我通过潜水器游遍世界各地。
00:55
And this one is the deepest diving submarine in the world,
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这是个世界上可潜最深的潜水艇，
00:58
operated by the Japanese government.
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由日本政府管理。
01:00
And Sylvia Earle and I
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我和西尔维娅 娥尔丽
01:02
were on an expedition in this submarine
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在的一个考察队的潜水艇里，
01:04
20 years ago in Japan.
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是20年前，在日本。
01:07
And on my dive, I went down 18,000 feet,
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在我这次潜水中，我到达了水下一万八千英尺(五千四百八十六米）的深度，
01:10
to an area that I thought
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到了一个我以为
01:12
would be pristine wilderness area on the sea floor.
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在海底会是完全原始的，野生的区域。
01:15
But when I got there, I found
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但是当我到了那里，我发现了
01:17
lots of plastic garbage and other debris.
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大量的塑料垃圾和其他碎片残骸。
01:19
And it was really a turning point in my life,
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这成为了我人生的一个转折点。
01:21
where I started to realize
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让我意识到
01:23
that I couldn't just go have fun doing science and exploration.
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我不能单纯地开开心心做科学研究和探险，
01:26
I needed to put it into a context.
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我需要把它纳入一个行动中，
01:28
I needed to head towards conservation goals.
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我需要朝着保护环境的目标前行。
01:31
So I began to work
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于是我开始和
01:33
with National Geographic Society and others
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国家地理学会和其他组织合作，
01:36
and led expeditions to Antarctica.
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并带领考察队到南极。
01:39
I led three diving expeditions to Antarctica.
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我带领了三个潜水考察队到南极洲。
01:41
Ten years ago was a seminal trip,
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十年前可以说是一个意义深远的航程，
01:43
where we explored that big iceberg, B-15,
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让我们发现了B-15这个巨大的冰山，
01:46
the largest iceberg in history, that broke off the Ross Ice Shelf.
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历史上最大的，撞毁罗斯冰架的冰山。
01:49
And we developed techniques
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我们还研发了
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to dive inside and under the iceberg,
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在冰山内部和下面潜水的技术。
01:53
such as heating pads on our kidneys
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比如，给我们的肾脏装的
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with a battery that we dragged around,
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带着可拖动电池的热水垫。
01:57
so that, as the blood flowed through our kidneys,
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这样，当血液流过我们的肾脏，
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it would get a little boost of warmth
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会得到一点热量
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before going back into our bodies.
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然后再循环到全身。
02:03
But after three trips to Antarctica,
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不过，到南极洲的三次航行后，
02:05
I decided that it might be nicer to work in warmer water.
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我决定，在稍微温和的水中工作应该会更好。
02:09
And that same year, 10 years ago,
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于是同一年，也就是10年前，
02:11
I headed north to the Phoenix Islands.
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我朝北到达菲尼克斯群岛（也叫凤凰群岛）
02:13
And I'm going to tell you that story here in a moment.
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我稍后会在这告诉大家这个故事，
02:16
But before I do, I just want you to ponder this graph for a moment.
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不过在此之前，我只想请大家仔细想想这个图表。
02:19
You may have seen this in other forms,
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你或许已经通过其他形式看过此图，
02:21
but the top line is the amount of protected area
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位于上面的曲线显示纳入保护的
02:24
on land, globally,
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全球陆地面积总量
02:26
and it's about 12 percent.
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大约是百分之十二
02:28
And you can see that it kind of hockey sticks up
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你能看到它像向上的曲棍球棒一样，
02:30
around the 1960s and '70s,
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在二十世纪六十到七十年代迅速爬升
02:32
and it's on kind of a nice trajectory right now.
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它目前已沿着一个良性轨道发展了。
02:35
And that's probably because
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或许是因为
02:37
that's when everybody got aware of the environment
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那时每个人产生环境意识
02:39
and Earth Day
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倡导地球日，
02:41
and all the stuff that happened in the '60s with the Hippies and everything
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以及六十年代，这个嬉皮士时代发生的所有事情。
02:44
really did, I think, have an affect on global awareness.
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的确如此，我想，这对全球环境意识有一定影响。
02:46
But the ocean-protected area
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可是海洋保护区域（的曲线）
02:48
is basically flat line
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基本维持水平
02:50
until right about now -- it appears to be ticking up.
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直到现今,才稍微显现上升。
02:52
And I do believe that we are at the hockey stick point
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而且我深信，我们目前处在海洋保护区域的
02:55
of the protected area in the ocean.
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曲棍球棒效应一样的转折点时刻。
02:57
I think we would have gotten there a lot earlier
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我想，我们本来可以在早以前就到达这个时刻，
03:00
if we could see what happens in the ocean
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如果我们可以像看到在陆地上发生的事一样
03:02
like we can see what happens on land.
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看透海洋。
03:04
But unfortunately, the ocean is opaque,
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可惜不幸的是，海洋是不透明的，
03:07
and we can't see what's going on.
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我们不能轻易看到里面发生什么事。
03:09
And therefore we're way behind on protection.
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因此，我们的海洋保护远远落后于陆地。
03:11
But scuba diving, submersibles
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不过，水肺潜水和潜水艇
03:13
and all the work that we're setting about to do here
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和我们在这准备做的所有工作
03:16
will help rectify that.
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将会帮助我们修正这点。
03:19
So where are the Phoenix Islands?
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那么，菲尼克斯群岛在哪里呢？
03:21
They were the world's largest marine-protected area
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他们曾是世界最大的海洋保护区域，
03:24
up until last week
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直到上个星期，
03:26
when the Chagos Archipelago was declared.
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查戈斯群岛取而代之，宣布成为最大的海洋保护区域。
03:28
It's in the mid-Pacific. It's about five days from anywhere.
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它在中太平洋，到哪里都要差不多五天时间，
03:31
If you want to get to the Phoenix Islands,
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如果你想去菲尼克斯群岛，
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it's five days from Fiji,
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从斐济岛去要五天时间
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it's five days from Hawaii, it's five days from Samoa.
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从夏威夷去要五天，从萨摩亚去也是五天。
03:37
It's out in the middle of the Pacific,
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它在太平洋正中，
03:39
right around the Equator.
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离赤道很近的地方。
03:42
I had never heard of the islands 10 years ago,
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我十年从未听说过该群岛。
03:44
nor the country, Kiribati, that owns them,
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更别提菲尼克斯群岛的主权国，基里巴斯了。
03:46
till two friends of mine who run a liveaboard dive boat in Fiji
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直到我的两个在斐济经营船宿潜水生意的朋友
03:49
said, "Greg, would you lead a scientific expedition up to these islands?
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说：“格雷格，你要带头在这些群岛做科学考察吗？
03:52
They've never been dived."
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还从来没人来这里潜过水呢。”
03:54
And I said, "Yeah.
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接着我说，“好啊。
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But tell me where they are and the country that owns them."
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告诉我它们在哪里，属于哪个国家吧。“
03:58
So that's when I first learned of the Islands
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因此，那就是我初次听说菲尼克斯群岛
04:00
and had no idea what I was getting into.
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而且我完全不知我要去的到底是什么地方。
04:02
But I was in for the adventure.
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我当时去纯粹是探险。
04:06
Let me give you a little peek here of the Phoenix Islands-protected area.
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让我在此给大家略微透漏一下菲尼克斯群岛保护区域。
04:09
It's a very deep-water part of our planet.
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它是地球上一个非常深的水域。
04:13
The average depths are about 12,000 ft.
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平均深度大约一万两千英尺
04:15
There's lots of seamounts in the Phoenix Islands,
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在菲尼克斯群岛，有大量的海底山脉，
04:17
which are specifically part of the protected area.
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这些山脉，也是保护区域特别的一部分。
04:20
Seamounts are important for biodiversity.
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海底山脉对于生物多样化至关重要。
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There's actually more mountains in the ocean than there are on land.
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事实上，海底的山脉比陆地的还要多。
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It's an interesting fact.
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这点是一个有趣的事实。
04:27
And the Phoenix Islands is very rich in those seamounts.
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而且，菲尼克斯群岛充满海底山脉。
04:31
So it's a deep -- think about it in a big three-dimensional space,
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因此，它是深邃的-试想一下一个大的三维立体空间，
04:34
very deep three-dimensional space
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非常深邃的三维立体空间
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with herds of tuna, whales,
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有着成群结对的吞拿鱼，鲸鱼，
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all kinds of deep sea marine life
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以及各种各样的深海海洋生命，
04:41
like we've seen here before.
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就像我们在前面的演讲中见到的一般。
04:43
That's the vessel that we took up there
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这就是我们早期
04:45
for these studies, early on,
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考察时开的船。
04:47
and that's what the Islands look like -- you can see in the background.
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这是群岛的样子；大家可以从背景中看到。
04:50
They're very low to the water,
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他们出水很低，
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and they're all uninhabited, except one island
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除了一个岛之外都是无人居住的。
04:54
has about 35 caretakers on it.
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这个岛也只有大约三十五位护岛者
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And they've been uninhabited for most of time
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他们基本上一直以来都鲜为人知。
04:59
because even in the ancient days,
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因为即使在古代，
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these islands were too far away
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这些岛太远了
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from the bright lights of Fiji and Hawaii and Tahiti
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从发着亮光的的斐济，夏威夷和塔希提岛过
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for those ancient Polynesian mariners
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对于那些古老的波利尼西亚航海者
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that were traversing the Pacific so widely.
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那些远距离横跨太平洋的人来说都太远。
05:11
But we got up there,
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我们抵达那里，
05:13
and I had the unique and wonderful scientific opportunity and personal opportunity
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拥有这个对于我个人和科学研究都是唯一而且绝佳的机会
05:16
to get to a place that had never been dived
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那就是到一个人类潜水记录空白的地方
05:18
and just get to an island and go, "Okay, where are we going to dive?
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我到了目的地后说，”好啦，从哪里跳下去呢？
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Let's try there,"
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让我们试试那儿吧。“
05:22
and then falling into the water.
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接着就跳水里了。
05:24
Both my personal and my professional life changed.
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就这样我的私人生活和职业生涯都发生了改变。
05:26
Suddenly, I saw a world
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突然间，我看到这样一个世界
05:28
that I had never seen before in the ocean --
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我在海洋中未曾见过的--
05:31
schools of fish that were so dense
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鱼群密密麻麻
05:33
they dulled the penetration of sunlight from the surface,
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它们使从海洋表面照射进来的光变得昏暗，
05:36
coral reefs that were continuous
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绵延不断的珊瑚礁
05:38
and solid and colorful,
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结实又色彩斑斓，
05:40
large fish everywhere,
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巨大的鱼到处都是
05:42
manta rays.
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魔鬼鱼之类的
05:45
It was an ecosystem. Parrotfish spawning --
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它是一个生态系统 - 比如说鹦嘴鱼产卵
05:47
this is about 5,000 longnose parrotfish spawning
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大约五千只长鼻鹦嘴鱼在
05:50
at the entrance to one of the Phoenix Islands.
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菲尼克斯群岛的一个入口处产卵。
05:52
You can see the fish are balled up
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你能看到这些鱼群乱作一团
05:54
and then there's a little cloudy area there
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然后有个地方模糊不清
05:56
where they're exchanging the eggs and sperm for reproduction --
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它们在那里交换卵子和精子完成交配。
06:00
events that the ocean is supposed to do,
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这本是在大海中稀松平常的事，
06:02
but struggles to do in many places now
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现今在很多地方却变得艰难，
06:04
because of human activity.
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主要是人类的活动造成的。
06:06
The Phoenix Islands and all the equatorial parts of our planet
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菲尼克斯群岛和地球上其他赤道部分
06:08
are very important for tuna fisheries,
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对于吞拿鱼渔业至关重要，
06:10
especially this yellowfin tuna that you see here.
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尤其是你看到的这种黄鳍吞拿鱼。
06:14
Phoenix Islands is a major tuna location.
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菲尼克斯是一个主要的吞拿鱼聚集地。
06:16
And sharks -- we had sharks on our early dives,
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还有鲨鱼--我们在早期的潜水中见过鲨鱼，
06:19
up to 150 sharks at once,
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一次多达150条
06:21
which is an indication
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这说明
06:23
of a very, very healthy, very strong, system.
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它是一个非常非常健康，强大的体系。
06:26
So I thought the scenes
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我几乎以为
06:28
of never-ending wilderness
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这样生生不息的野生生命的画面
06:30
would go on forever,
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会不断出现，
06:32
but they did finally come to an end.
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但我们最后还是都游遍了。
06:34
And we explored the surface of the Islands as well --
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之后我们还考察了岛屿的表面--
06:37
very important bird nesting site,
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这是一个很重要的鸟类栖息地，
06:39
some of the most important bird-nesting sites in the Pacific, in the world.
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在太平洋乃至世界上来说最重要的鸟类栖息地。
06:44
And we finished our trip.
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接着我们的考察结束了。
06:46
And that's the area again.
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这是菲尼克斯保护区域
06:49
You can see the Islands -- there are eight islands --
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你能看到--有八个岛屿
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that pop out of the water.
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突出水面。
06:53
The peaks that don't come out of the water are the seamounts.
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顶峰没有浮出水面的是海底山脉。
06:56
Remember, a seamount turns into an island when it hits the surface.
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记得，当一个海底山的顶峰高出水面时它就变成一个岛屿。
07:02
And what's the context of the Phoenix Islands?
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那么，菲尼克斯是什么背景呢？
07:04
Where do these exist?
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它们在哪里呢？
07:06
Well they exist in the Republic of Kiribati,
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他们在基里巴斯共和国
07:08
and Kiribati is located in the Central Pacific
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基里巴斯坐落在太平洋中央
07:10
in three island groups.
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三个群岛体系中。
07:13
In the west we have the Gilbert Islands.
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西边是吉尔伯特群岛，
07:15
In the center we have the Phoenix Islands,
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中间是菲尼克斯群岛，
07:17
which is the subject that I'm talking about.
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也是我今天谈论的主题。
07:19
And then over to the east we have the Line Islands.
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东边是莱恩群岛。
07:21
It's the largest atoll nation in the world.
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是世界上最大的环状珊瑚岛。
07:24
And they have
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基里巴斯有
07:26
about 110,000 people
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十一万人口
07:28
spread out over 33 islands.
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散落分布在三十三个多岛上。
07:31
They control 3.4 million cubic miles of ocean,
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他们拥有三百四十万立方英里的海洋
07:34
and that's between one and two percent
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占百分之一到百分之二
07:36
of all the ocean water on the planet.
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的地球海水总量。
07:38
And when I was first going up there,
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当我第一次到那里时，
07:40
I barely knew the name of this country 10 years ago,
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也就是十年前，我几乎不晓得这个国家的名字--
07:43
and people would ask me,
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人们问我，
07:45
"Why are you going to this place called Kiribati?"
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”你为什么要去一个叫做基里巴斯的地方呢？“
07:47
And it reminded me of that old joke
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让我想起一个老掉牙的笑话
07:49
where the bank robber comes out of the courthouse handcuffed,
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带着手铐的银行抢劫犯从法院出来，
07:51
and the reporter yells, "Hey, Willy. Why do you rob banks?"
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记者们大声问，”嗨，威利，你为啥抢银行呢？“
07:54
And he says, "cause that's where all the money is."
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接着他说，”因为钱都在那儿。“
07:56
And I would tell people, "Why do I go to Kiribati?
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于是，我会告诉他们，”为什么我去基里巴斯？
07:59
Because that's where all the ocean is."
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因为海都在那儿。“
08:01
They basically are one nation
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他们基本是一个
08:03
that controls most of the equatorial waters
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控制着最多赤道水域的
08:06
of the Central Pacific Ocean.
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太平洋中央的国家。
08:09
They're also a country
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他们也是一个
08:11
that is in dire danger.
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处在极其危险中的国家。
08:13
Sea levels are rising,
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海平面在不断上升，
08:15
and Kiribati, along with 42 other nations in the world,
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基里巴斯，和世界上其他四十二个国家一样，
08:18
will be under water within 50 to 100 years
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将会在未来五十年到一百年内被海水淹没。
08:20
due to climate change
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由于气候变化，
08:22
and the associated sea-level rise from thermal expansion
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全球海平面由于全球变暖而上升，
08:25
and the melting of freshwater into the ocean.
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融化的淡水进入海洋
08:28
The Islands rise only one to two meters
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而这些岛屿只
08:30
above the surface.
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高出海平面一两米高。
08:32
Some of the islands have already gone under water.
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一些岛屿已经被海水淹没了。
08:35
And these nations are faced with a real problem.
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这些国家正面临着这个严峻的问题。
08:37
We as a world are faced with a problem.
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全世界都不得不面临着这个问题。
08:40
What do we do with displaced fellow Earthlings
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当这些人们颠沛流离，
08:43
who no longer have a home on the planet?
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无家可归时，我们该做什么？
08:46
The president of the Maldives
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马尔代夫的总统
08:48
conducted a mock cabinet meeting
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最近召开了一次有嘲讽意味的
08:50
underwater recently
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水下内阁会议，
08:52
to highlight the dire straits of these countries.
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主要为了强调这些国家所面临的巍巍可及的境地。
08:54
So it's something we need to focus on.
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这是我们需要的关注的。
08:57
But back to the Phoenix Islands,
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回到菲尼克斯群岛，
09:00
which is the subject of this Talk.
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也是我们今天的主题。
09:02
After I got back, I said,
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我回去之后，说，
09:04
okay, this is amazing, what we found.
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我们发现的东西实在是太棒了。
09:06
I'd like to go back and share it with the government of Kiribati,
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我想回去和基里巴斯的政府分享我的探索成果。
09:09
who are over in Tarawa,
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政府在西边岛系的
09:11
the westernmost group.
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塔拉瓦岛。
09:13
So I started contacting them --
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于是我开始和他们联络--
09:15
because they had actually given me a permit to do this --
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因为他们给我许可让我做研究-
09:17
and I said, "I want to come up and tell you what we found."
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我便说，”我想回去告诉你们我们的成果。“
09:20
And for some reason they didn't want me to come,
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由于某种原因，他们似乎不想让我来，
09:22
or it was hard to find a time and a place, and it took a while,
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或者是因为确定一个见面的时间和地点比较困难，也花了不少时间，
09:25
but finally they said, "Okay, you can come.
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最终他们说，”好吧，你可以来。
09:27
But if you come, you have to buy lunch
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不过如果你来的话，要给每一个
09:29
for everybody who comes to the seminar."
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参与的人都带一份午餐。”
09:31
So I said, "Okay, I'm happy to buy lunch.
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于是我说，“没问题，我乐意效劳。
09:33
Just get whatever anybody wants."
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只要告诉我大家吃什么。”
09:35
So David Obura, a coral reef biologist, and I went to Tarawa,
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这样，大卫 奥布拉，一位珊瑚礁生物学家，和我去了塔拉瓦岛，
09:38
and we presented for two hours
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我们花了两个小时
09:40
on the amazing findings of the Phoenix Islands.
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介绍我们的菲尼克斯的惊奇发现。
09:42
And the country never knew this. They never had any data from this area.
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这个国家的人们从来都不知道这些。他们没有关于这个区域的任何数据。
09:45
They'd never had any information from the Phoenix Islands.
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没有这些岛屿的任何资料。
09:48
After the talk, the Minister of Fisheries walked up to me
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谈话结束后，渔业部长朝我走来，
09:51
and he said, "Greg, do you realize
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说，“格雷格，你知道吗，
09:53
that you are the first scientist
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你是第一位（考察结束后）
09:55
who has ever come back
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亲自回来，告知我们研究成果的
09:57
and told us what they did?"
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科学家。”
09:59
He said, "We often issue these permits
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他说，“我们常常批准他们
10:01
to do research in our waters,
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到我们的水域做调查研究，
10:03
but usually we get a note two or three years later,
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可惜我们通常只在两三年后得到一个通知，
10:05
or a reprint.
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或者一个再版文件。
10:07
But you're the first one who's ever come back and told us what you did.
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你是第一个专程回来讲解我们你们研究的人。
10:10
And we really appreciate that. And we're buying you lunch today.
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我们真的感谢你，今天的午餐由我们来请客。
10:13
And are you free for dinner?"
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那个，你有空一起吃个晚餐吗？”
10:15
And I was free for dinner,
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我当然有时间，
10:17
and I went out to dinner with the Minister of Fisheries in Kiribati.
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接着我和基里巴斯的渔业部长出去吃了个晚餐。
10:19
And over the course of dinner,
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晚餐期间，
10:21
I learned that Kiribati gains most of its revenue --
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我了解到基里巴斯的国家收入来源-
10:24
it's a very poor country --
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它是一个非常贫困的国家--
10:26
but it gains what revenue is has
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是通过向
10:28
by selling access to foreign nations
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其他国家出售
10:30
to take fish out of its waters,
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在他们海域的捕鱼权，
10:32
because Kiribati does not have the capacity
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因为基里巴斯自己并没有
10:34
to take the fish itself.
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捕鱼的能力。
10:36
And the deal that they strike
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他们通过向
10:38
is the extracting country
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前来捕鱼国收取
10:40
gives Kiribati five percent
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捕获价值百分之五的
10:42
of the landed value.
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手续费来获利。
10:44
So if the United States
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这样，如果美国
10:46
removes a million dollars'
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从珊瑚礁捕获价值一百万美元
10:48
worth of lobsters from a reef,
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的龙虾的话，
10:50
Kiribati gets 50,000 dollars.
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基里巴斯只获得五万美元。
10:53
And, you know, it didn't seem like a very good deal to me.
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在我看来，这可不是一桩好买卖。
10:56
So I asked the Minister over dinner,
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于是我在吃饭的时候问这位部长，
10:58
I said, "Would you consider a situation
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说，“你会不会考虑一下
11:01
where you would still get paid --
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通过另外一种方式来得到同样的收入--
11:04
we do the math and figure out what the value of the resource is --
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由我们来计算和分析被捕获的资源的价值--
11:07
but you leave fish and the sharks
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你只要把鱼类，鲨鱼
11:09
and the shrimp in the water?"
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和虾子留在水中不要捕杀就好？”
11:11
He stopped, and he said, "Yes, we would like to do that
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他停下来，想一想，说，“当然，我们愿意这样做
11:14
to deal with our overfishing problem,
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来解决我们的过度捕捞的问题，
11:16
and I think we would call it a reverse fishing license."
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恩，我想，让我们叫它逆向捕鱼证吧。”
11:19
He coined the term "reverse fishing license."
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他发明了逆向捕鱼证这个词汇。
11:21
So I said, "Yes, a 'reverse fishing license.'"
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于是我也符合，“对，逆向捕鱼证。”
11:24
So we walked away from this dinner
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我们吃过饭离开以后，
11:26
really not knowing where to go at that point.
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对于怎么做个计划毫无头绪。
11:28
I went back to the States and started looking around
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我回到美国，开始研究
11:30
to see if I could find examples
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看能否找到一些例子，
11:33
where reverse fishing licenses
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逆向捕鱼证
11:35
had been issued,
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已经被授予的先例。
11:37
and it turned out there were none.
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可是我一无所获。
11:39
There were no oceanic deals
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没有任何一个海洋方面的案例
11:41
where countries were compensated for not fishing.
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是关于哪个国家停止捕鱼受到津贴的。
11:44
It had occurred on land,
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在陆地上曾有发生，
11:46
in rainforests of South America and Africa,
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在南美洲和非洲的热带雨林，
11:49
where landowners had been paid
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土地拥有者因为不砍树
11:51
not to cut the trees down.
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而收到补偿。
11:53
And Conservation International had struck some of those deals.
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国际保护基金会已经处理过这样的案例。
11:55
So I went to Conservation International
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于是我找到国际保护基金会
11:57
and brought them in as a partner
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邀请他们参与进来，
12:00
and went through the process
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一起浏览整个过程：
12:02
of valuing the fishery resource,
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评估渔业资源，
12:05
deciding how much Kiribati should be compensated,
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决定基里巴斯应该收到多少补贴，
12:08
what the range of the fishes were,
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以及鱼类的种类，
12:10
brought in a whole bunch of other partners --
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还吸引很多其他单位的参与--
12:12
the government of Australia,
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像澳大利亚政府，
12:14
the government of New Zealand, the World Bank.
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新西兰政府，世界银行。
12:16
The Oak Foundation and National Geographic
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橡树基金会以及国家地理
12:18
have been big funders of this as well.
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他们也是巨大的出资人。
12:20
And we basically founded the park
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我们出于捐助的理念，
12:22
on the idea of an endowment
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基本上成立了这个保护区，
12:24
that would pay the equivalent lost fishing license fees
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补贴这个穷困的国家
12:27
to this very poor country
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在捕鱼权方面失去的费用。
12:29
to keep the area intact.
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以保持这个海域完好无缺。
12:31
Halfway through this process, I met the president of Kiribati,
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在这个过程中，我见过基里巴斯的总统，
12:33
President Anote Tong.
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汤安诺总统--
12:35
He's a really important leader,
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他是一位重要领袖，
12:37
a real visionary, forward-thinking man,
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真正有远见，前瞻远瞩的人--
12:39
and he told me two things when I approached him.
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当我接触他时，他告诉我两件事。
12:41
He said, "Greg, there's two things I'd like you to do.
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他说，“格雷格，我想拜托你两件事。
12:44
One is, remember I'm a politician,
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第一，记得我是一个政治家，
12:46
so you've got to go out and work with my ministers
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因此你要和我的部长们合作，
12:48
and convince the people of Kiribati that this is a good idea.
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让基里巴斯人民信服。
12:51
Secondly, I'd like you to create principles
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第二，我想请你建立相关法规，
12:53
that will transcend my own presidency.
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不受总统任期限制的法规。
12:55
I don't want to do something like this
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我可不想
12:57
if it's going to go away after I'm voted out of office."
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我一离开就半途而废。
13:00
So we had very strong leadership, very good vision
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这样，我们拥有了强有力的领导团队，远见卓识，
13:03
and a lot of science, a lot of lawyers involved.
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很多科学研究，还有众多律师的参与。
13:06
Many, many steps were taken to pull this off.
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花了很多努力才得以实现。
13:09
And it was primarily because Kiribati realized
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这主要是因为基里巴斯认识到
13:12
that this was in their own self-interest to do this.
327
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这和他们的切身利益息息相关。
13:14
They realized that this was a common cause
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他们意识到
13:16
that they had found
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他们和国际保护基金会
13:18
with the conservation community.
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不谋而合。
13:21
Then in 2002,
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2002年，
13:23
when this was all going full-swing,
332
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当我们全力推行到高潮的时候，
13:26
a coral-bleaching event happened in the Phoenix Islands.
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在菲尼克斯群岛发生了珊瑚礁漂白事件。
13:29
Here's this resource that we're looking to save,
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这正是我们试图拯救的资源，
13:32
and it turns out it's the hottest heating event
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这个漂白事件是有记载起来
13:34
that we can find on record.
336
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海水温度最高的一次。
13:36
The ocean heated up as it does sometimes,
337
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海水有时会升温，
13:39
and the hot spot formed and stalled
338
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高温点形成并正好出现在
13:42
right over the Phoenix Islands for six months.
339
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菲尼克斯群岛长达六个月。
13:45
It was over 32 degrees Celsius for six months
340
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海水温度高于32摄氏度持续六个月呀。
13:48
and it basically killed
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高温杀死了大约
13:50
60 percent of the coral.
342
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2000
百分之六十的珊瑚。
13:52
So suddenly we had this area that we were protecting,
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于是，本来我们是计划保护这个区域的，
13:54
but now it appeared to be dead, at least in the coral areas.
344
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突然间它却奄奄一息，至少珊瑚成了这样。
13:57
Of course the deep-sea areas and the open ocean areas were fine,
345
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当然深海区域和开放水域是问题不大的。
14:00
but the coral, which everybody likes to look at, was in trouble.
346
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但是，人人都喜欢欣赏的珊瑚，却巍巍可及。
14:03
Well, the good news is it's recovered
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不过，好消息就是，珊瑚后来恢复了。
14:05
and recovering fast,
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而且恢复得很迅速，
14:07
faster than any reef we've seen.
349
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比我们见到的任何珊瑚都快。
14:09
This picture was just taken by Brian Skerry a few months ago
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这张照片是几个月前由布莱恩·斯科利拍得，
14:12
when we returned to the Phoenix Islands
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当时我们返回菲尼克斯群岛，
14:14
and discovered that, because it is a protected area
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我们发现，因为它已经成为一个保护区域，
14:17
and has healthy fish populations
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它拥有了健康的鱼群
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that keep the algae grazed down
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使海藻落地生长
14:23
and keep the rest of the reef healthy,
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并维持其余的珊瑚礁健康生长，
14:25
the coral is booming, is just booming back.
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珊瑚生长得繁茂，很快就恢复原状。
14:28
It's almost like if a person
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这就像一个生病的人
14:30
has multiple diseases,
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被多种疾病缠身，
14:32
it's hard to get well, you might die,
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很不容易恢复健康，还有可能会死去，
14:34
but if you only have one disease to deal with, you can get better.
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但是如果你只需要和一种疾病抗争，就可能恢复得快。
14:37
And that's the story with climate-change heating.
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这就是气候变化导致水温过热告诉我们的。
14:39
It's the only threat,
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温度是唯一的威胁，
14:41
the only influence that the reef had to deal with.
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珊瑚礁唯一要面对的。
14:44
There was no fishing, there was no pollution, there was no coastal development,
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没有过度捕捞，没有污染，没有填海工程，
14:47
and the reef is on a full-bore recovery.
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珊瑚礁可以全力复原。
14:51
Now I remember that dinner I had with the Minister of Fisheries 10 years ago
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现在我记得十年前和渔业部长的晚餐，
14:54
when we first brought this up and I got quite animated during the dinner
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当我们在晚餐中第一次提出这个想法时，我特别兴奋
14:57
and said, "Well, I think that the conservation community
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和他们说：“部长，我想环境保护组织
14:59
might embrace this idea, Minister."
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应该会喜欢这个理念。”
15:01
He paused and put his hands together and said,
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他停下来，双手合十，回答说：
15:03
"Yes, Greg,
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“对的，格雷格，
15:05
but the devil will be in the details," he said.
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但是魔鬼藏在细节中，”他说道。
15:07
And it certainly was.
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的确如此。
15:09
The last 10 years have been detail after detail
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过去十年一直在处理不计其数的细节
15:12
ranging from creating legislation
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从建立相关法律
15:15
to multiple research expeditions
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到多种研究和勘探
15:18
to communication plans,
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沟通计划，
15:20
as I said, teams of lawyers,
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以及我说过的，律师团队，
15:22
MOUs,
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谅解备忘录啦，
15:24
creating the Phoenix Islands Trust Board.
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创建菲尼克斯信托委员会，
15:27
And we are now in the process of raising the full endowment.
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目前我们所处的募集全额捐助的流程，
15:29
Kiribati has frozen extracting activities
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基里巴斯已经停止所有外来捕捞活动
15:32
at its current state while we raise the endowment.
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当我们正在为其募集款项
15:35
We just had our first PIPA Trust Board meeting three weeks ago.
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三周前，我们才召开了第一个菲尼克斯群岛保护区域会议。
15:38
So it's a fully functional
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信托基金已经开始运作
15:40
up-and-running entity
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全速运转
15:42
that negotiates the reverse fishing license with the country.
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致力于和基里巴斯商榷逆向捕鱼证书的事宜
15:45
And the PIPA Trust Board holds that license
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由菲尼克斯群岛保护区域信托基金来持有该证书
15:48
and pays the country for this.
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向基里巴斯补偿因禁止捕鱼造成的损失。
15:50
So it's a very solid, very well thought-out,
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目前已发展成为一套相当可靠，缜密
15:52
very well grounded system,
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以及十分稳定的体系。
15:55
and it was a bottom-up system,
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这也是一个至下而上的系统，
15:57
and that was very important with this work,
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这对于这项工作非常关键。
15:59
from the bottom up to secure this.
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至下而上来确保体系的完善。
16:01
So the conditions for success here are listed.
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这里列出了几项成功的条件。
16:03
You can read them yourselves.
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大家可以看一下。
16:05
But I would say the most important one in my mind
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不过我不得不说我脑海中最重要的一点
16:07
was working within the market forces
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是在这种情形下，
16:09
of the situation.
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在市场力量范畴内开展工作。
16:11
And that insured that we could move this forward
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才能保证我们得以继续向前，
16:14
and it would have both the self-interest of Kiribati
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既保证了基里巴斯的自身利益
16:17
as well as the self-interest of the world.
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也保全了世界利益。
16:20
And I'll leave you with one final slide,
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我将播放最后一张投影片，
16:22
that is: how do we scale this up?
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即-我们如何推广保护区？
16:24
How do we realize Sylvia's dream?
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如何实现西尔维娅的梦想？
16:26
Where eventually do we take this?
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我们最终会收获什么？
16:28
Here's the Pacific
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这是现在的太平洋
16:30
with large MPAs
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有着巨大的海洋保护区，
16:33
and large conservation zones on it.
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大片保护区域的太平洋。
16:37
And as you can see,
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大家能看到，
16:39
we have a patchwork across this ocean.
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这样的星星点点的“补丁”遍布太平洋。
16:42
I've just described to you the one story
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我刚才只讲述了其中一个故事，
16:44
behind that rectangular area in the middle, the Phoenix Islands,
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就是中间那个矩形区域，菲尼克斯群岛。
16:47
but every other green patch on that
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每个其他的绿色区域
16:49
has its own story.
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都有它自己的故事。
16:51
And what we need to do now
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现在我们要做的就是
16:53
is look at the whole Pacific Ocean
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纵观整个太平洋
16:55
in its entirety
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作为一个整体，
16:57
and make a network of MPAs
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使其海洋保护区在
16:59
across the Pacific
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真个太平洋行程一个网络。
17:01
so that we have our world's largest ocean
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这样我们世界上最大的海洋
17:03
protected and self-sustaining
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才能得到应有的保护并自我维护
17:05
over time.
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长久可持续发展。
17:07
Thank you very much. (Applause)
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非常感谢大家。
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Greg Stone - OceanographerGreg Stone was a key driver in the establishment of the Phoenix Island Protected Area in the island nation of Kiribati. The second-largest marine protected area in the world -- and one of the most pristine -- PIPA is a laboratory for exploring and monitoring the recovery of coral reefs from bleaching events.
Why you should listen
Greg Stone began his career as an ocean scientist, pioneering research in Antarctica on marine mammals and ice ecology where he mastered the art of diving into icebergs. Today he is well-known for his leadership in the effort to create the world’s second-largest marine protected area (MPA), around the Phoenix Islands in Kiribati.
Working with the government of Kiribati, Stone helped establish the MPA using market-based tools to conserve ocean biodiversity, in order to encourage continued local economic development rather than destruction of local communities livelihoods. Stone is the Chief Scientist for Oceans at Conservation International and a prolific author and speaker on the state of the marine environment and how policy can make change.
Greg Stone | Speaker | TED.com