TED2007
James Nachtwey: My wish: Let my photographs bear witness
James Nachtweyren gerrako argazki garratzak
Filmed:
Readability: 5.3
1,643,934 views
Bere 2007ko TED Saria onartuz, James Nachtwey gerra-argazkilariak bere bizitzako lana erakutsi eta TEDi eskatzen dio garai digitalean prentsa argazkilaritzaren erabilpen berritzaile eta zirraragarri baten bitartez istorioa kontatzen jarraitzen lagun dakion.
James Nachtwey - Photojournalist
Photojournalist James Nachtwey is considered by many to be the greatest war photographer of recent decades. He has covered conflicts and major social issues in more than 30 countries. Full bio
Photojournalist James Nachtwey is considered by many to be the greatest war photographer of recent decades. He has covered conflicts and major social issues in more than 30 countries. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:26
As someone who has spent his entire career trying to be invisible,
0
1000
4000
Bere bizitza profesional osoan zehar ikustezina izaten ahalegindu den norbaitentzat
00:30
standing in front of an audience is a cross between
1
5000
3000
jendaurrean agertzea gorputzaz kanpoko esperientzia baten
00:33
an out-of-body experience and a deer caught in the headlights,
2
8000
3000
eta faroen argiek itsututako oreinak sentitzen duenaren arteko zerbaiten antzekoa da,
00:36
so please forgive me for violating one of the TED commandments
3
11000
5000
beraz, barkaidazue TEDen aginduetako bat haustea
00:41
by relying on words on paper,
4
16000
2000
paperean idatzitako hitzetaz fidatuz.
00:43
and I only hope I'm not struck by lightning bolts before I'm done.
5
18000
4000
Soilik bukatu baino lehen tximista batek harrapa ez nazan espero dut.
00:47
I'd like to begin by talking about some of the ideas that motivated me
6
22000
5000
Argazkilari dokumentala izatera bultzatu ninduten ideietako batzuei buruz
00:52
to become a documentary photographer.
7
27000
2000
mintzatuz hasi nahiko nuke.
00:55
I was a student in the '60s, a time of social upheaval and questioning,
8
30000
5000
Ikaslea nintzen 60ko hamarkadan, gizarte-asaldura eta eztabaiden garai batean
01:00
and on a personal level, an awakening sense of idealism.
9
35000
4000
eta, pertsonal mailan, idealismo sentimendu baten hasiera.
01:04
The war in Vietnam was raging;
10
39000
3000
Vietnamgo gerra goren mailan zegoen;
01:07
the Civil Rights Movement was under way;
11
42000
2000
eskubide zibilen aldeko mugimendua abian zen;
01:09
and pictures had a powerful influence on me.
12
44000
3000
eta irudiek eragin bizia zeukaten nigan.
01:12
Our political and military leaders were telling us one thing,
13
47000
3000
Gure buruzagi politiko eta militarrek gauza bat esaten ziguten
01:15
and photographers were telling us another.
14
50000
3000
eta argazkilariek beste bat.
01:18
I believed the photographers, and so did millions of other Americans.
15
53000
5000
Nik argazkilariengan sinesten nuen, beste miloika estatubatuarrek bezala.
01:23
Their images fueled resistance to the war and to racism.
16
58000
4000
Euren irudiek gerra eta arrazakeriaren aurkako erresistentzia suspertu zuten.
01:27
They not only recorded history; they helped change the course of history.
17
62000
5000
Ez zuten historia erregistratu soilik; historia aldatzen lagundu zuten.
01:32
Their pictures became part of our collective consciousness
18
67000
3000
Euren argazkiak gure kontzientzia kolektiboaren parte bihurtu ziren,
01:35
and, as consciousness evolved into a shared sense of conscience,
19
70000
4000
eta, kontzientzia hau bateratua izatera pasa zenean,
01:39
change became not only possible, but inevitable.
20
74000
4000
aldaketa ez zen soilik posible bihurtu, ezinbestekoa baizik.
01:43
I saw that the free flow of information represented by journalism,
21
78000
4000
konturatu nintzen kazetaritzak dakarren informazio askearen jarioak,
01:47
specifically visual journalism, can bring into focus
22
82000
4000
bereziki argazki kazetaritzak, erabaki politikoen
01:51
both the benefits and the cost of political policies.
23
86000
4000
onurak zein ondorioak nabarmendu ditzakela.
01:55
It can give credit to sound decision-making, adding momentum to success.
24
90000
5000
Erabaki onuragarriei sinesgarritasuna eman diezaieke, euren arrakasta bultzatuz.
02:00
In the face of poor political judgment or political inaction,
25
95000
5000
Erabaki politiko txar edo geldotasun politikoaren aurrean,
02:05
it becomes a kind of intervention, assessing the damage
26
100000
4000
bitartekotza batean bilakatzen da, kalteen berri emanez
02:09
and asking us to reassess our behavior.
27
104000
3000
eta gure jokaera berrazter dezagun eskatuz.
02:12
It puts a human face on issues
28
107000
2000
Giza aurpegi jartzen die,
02:14
which from afar can appear abstract
29
109000
3000
urrunetik, euren inpaktu globalean,
02:17
or ideological or monumental in their global impact.
30
112000
3000
abstraktuak, ideologikoak edo monumentalak diruditen arazoei.
02:20
What happens at ground level, far from the halls of power,
31
115000
5000
Oinarrian gertatzen dena, boterearen korridoreetatik urrun,
02:25
happens to ordinary citizens one by one.
32
120000
3000
herritar arrunt orori gertatzen zaie.
02:28
And I understood that documentary photography
33
123000
3000
Eta ulertu nuen argazkilaritza dokumentalak
02:31
has the ability to interpret events from their point of view.
34
126000
4000
gertakizunak euren ikuspegitik interpretatzeko gaitasuna duela.
02:35
It gives a voice to those who otherwise would not have a voice.
35
130000
4000
Hitza ematen die bestela hitzik edukiko ez luketen horiei.
02:39
And as a reaction, it stimulates public opinion
36
134000
4000
Eta, ondorioz, iritzi publikoa suspertzen du
02:43
and gives impetus to public debate,
37
138000
2000
eta jendarteko eztabaidari bultzada ematen dio,
02:45
thereby preventing the interested parties
38
140000
2000
horrela, interesdunek agenda guztiz kontrola dezaten eragotziz,
02:47
from totally controlling the agenda, much as they would like to.
39
142000
4000
haiek horixe lortzea nahiko luketen arren.
02:51
Coming of age in those days made real
40
146000
3000
Garai hoietan heltzeak egiazko egin zuen
02:54
the concept that the free flow of information is absolutely vital
41
149000
3000
gizarte aske eta dinamiko batek behar bezala funtzionatzeko
02:57
for a free and dynamic society to function properly.
42
152000
4000
informazio askearen jarioa guztiz beharrrezkoa duenaren kontzeptua.
03:01
The press is certainly a business, and in order to survive
43
156000
4000
Prentsa, zalantzarik gabe, negozio bat da, eta bizirauteko
03:05
it must be a successful business,
44
160000
3000
negozio arrakastatsua izan beharra dauka,
03:08
but the right balance must be found
45
163000
2000
baina oreka egokia aurkitu behar da
03:10
between marketing considerations and journalistic responsibility.
46
165000
4000
marketin kontuen eta kazetaritza-erantzukizunen artean.
03:14
Society's problems can't be solved until they're identified.
47
169000
5000
Gizartearen arazoak ezin daitezke konpondu identifikatuak izan diren arte.
03:19
On a higher plane, the press is a service industry,
48
174000
4000
Maila gorenago batean, prentsa zerbitzu industria bat da,
03:23
and the service it provides is awareness.
49
178000
3000
eta eskaintzen duen zerbitzua kontzientziazioa da.
03:26
Every story does not have to sell something.
50
181000
3000
Istorio guztiek ez dute zertan zerbait saldu behar.
03:29
There's also a time to give.
51
184000
3000
Emateko garai bat ere badago.
03:33
That was a tradition I wanted to follow.
52
188000
3000
Hau da nik jarraitu nahi nuen tradizioa.
03:36
Seeing the war created such incredibly high stakes for everyone involved
53
191000
4000
Gerrak bertan zeudenei eragiten zizkien arrisku izugarriak ikusita
03:40
and that visual journalism could actually become a factor in conflict resolution --
54
195000
5000
eta argazki kazetaritza gatazkak konpontzeko tresna bat izan zitekeela jakinda,
03:45
I wanted to be a photographer in order to be a war photographer.
55
200000
4000
argazkilari izan nahi nuen gerra-argazkilari izan ahal izateko.
03:49
But I was driven by an inherent sense
56
204000
3000
Baina berezkoa nuen sentimendu batek gidatzen ninduen
03:52
that a picture that revealed the true face of war
57
207000
3000
gerraren benetazko aurpegia ezagutzera ematen zuen argazki bat,
03:55
would almost by definition be an anti-war photograph.
58
210000
4000
ia definizioz, gerraren aurkako argazki bat izango zela, alegia.
04:00
I'd like to take you on a visual journey through some of the events
59
215000
3000
Azken 25 urteetan sartua egon naizen gertakizunen eta gatazken
04:03
and issues I've been involved in over the past 25 years.
60
218000
4000
zeharreko ikus-bidaia batera eraman nahi zintuzketet.
04:08
In 1981, I went to Northern Ireland.
61
223000
3000
1981ean, Ipar Irlandara joan nintzen.
04:11
10 IRA prisoners were in the process of starving themselves to death
62
226000
4000
IRAko hamar preso, kartzela baldintzen aurkako
04:15
in protest against conditions in jail.
63
230000
3000
gose-greba baten ondorioz hiltzear zeuden.
04:18
The reaction on the streets was violent confrontation.
64
233000
3000
Erantzun gisa, kaleetan istilu larriak izan ziren.
04:21
I saw that the front lines of contemporary wars
65
236000
4000
Ikusi nuen gaur egungo gerrak ez direla
04:25
are not on isolated battlefields, but right where people live.
66
240000
4000
urrutiko gudu-zelaietan borrokatzen, jendea bizi den lekuetan baizik.
04:30
During the early '80s, I spent a lot of time in Central America,
67
245000
4000
80ko hamarkadaren hasieran zehar, denbora luzea pasa nuen Erdialdeko Amerikan,
04:34
which was engulfed by civil wars
68
249000
2000
zeina Gerra Hotzaren zatiketa ideologikoa
04:36
that straddled the ideological divide of the Cold War.
69
251000
3000
lausotzen zuen gerra zibiletan murgilduta zegoen.
04:39
In Guatemala, the central government --
70
254000
3000
Guatemalan, gobernu zentralak
04:42
controlled by a oligarchy of European decent --
71
257000
3000
--europarren ondorengo zen oligarkia baten menpe zegoena--
04:45
was waging a scorched Earth campaign against an indigenous rebellion,
72
260000
4000
lur kiskaliaren taktika hasia zuen matxinada indigena baten aurka,
04:49
and I saw an image that reflected the history of Latin America:
73
264000
3000
eta Latinoamerikaren historia islatzen zuen irudi bat ikusi nuen:
04:52
conquest through a combination of the Bible and the sword.
74
267000
4000
Bibliaren eta ezpataren konbinazioaren bitartezko konkista.
04:56
An anti-Sandinista guerrilla was mortally wounded
75
271000
4000
Sandinisten aurkako gerrillari bat larriki zauritua izan zen
05:00
as Commander Zero attacked a town in Southern Nicaragua.
76
275000
4000
Zero Komandantea Nikaragua hegoaldeko herri bat erasotzen ari zela.
05:06
A destroyed tank belonging to Somoza's national guard
77
281000
3000
Somozaren Guardia Nazionalaren tanke suntsitu bat
05:09
was left as a monument in a park in Managua,
78
284000
4000
monumentu gisa utzi zuten Managuako parke batean,
05:13
and was transformed by the energy and spirit of a child.
79
288000
4000
eta ume baten energiak eta izpirituak transformatu egin zuen.
05:17
At the same time, a civil war was taking place in El Salvador,
80
292000
4000
Aldi berean, gerra zibila zegoen El Salvadorren,
05:21
and again, the civilian population was caught up in the conflict.
81
296000
4000
eta, berriro, populazio zibilak gatazkaren erdian aurkitu zuen bere burua.
05:26
I've been covering the Palestinian-Israeli conflict since 1981.
82
301000
5000
Palestinarren eta israeldarren arteko gatazkari buruz berri eman dut 1981etik.
05:31
This is a moment from the beginning of the second intifada, in 2000,
83
306000
4000
Hau bigarren intifadaren hasierako une bat da, 2000n,
05:35
when it was still stones and Molotovs against an army.
84
310000
3000
noiz harriak eta molotovak zeuden oraindik armada baten kontra.
05:41
In 2001, the uprising escalated into an armed conflict,
85
316000
3000
2001ean, altxamendua borroka armatu bihurtu zen,
05:44
and one of the major incidents was
86
319000
2000
eta gertakari larrienetariko bat
05:46
the destruction of the Palestinian refugee camp
87
321000
3000
errefuxiatu palestinarren kanpalekuaren suntsipena izan zen,
05:49
in the West Bank town of Jenin.
88
324000
3000
Zisjordaniako Jenin herrian.
05:53
Without the political will to find common ground,
89
328000
4000
Oinarrizko adostasun bat lortzeko borondate politikorik gabe,
05:57
the continual friction of tactic and counter-tactic
90
332000
3000
taktikaren eta kontrataktikaren tirabira etengabeak
06:00
only creates suspicion and hatred and vengeance,
91
335000
3000
susmo txarra, gorrotoa eta mendekua dakartza soilik,
06:03
and perpetuates the cycle of violence.
92
338000
3000
eta indarkeriaren zikloa betikotzen du.
06:08
In the '90s, after the breakup of the Soviet Union,
93
343000
3000
90eko hamarkadan, Sobietar Batasuna desegin eta gero,
06:11
Yugoslavia fractured along ethnic fault lines, and civil war broke out
94
346000
5000
Jugoslavia faila-lerro etnikoetan zehar puskatu eta gerra zibila piztu zen
06:16
between Bosnia, Croatia and Serbia.
95
351000
2000
Bosnia, Kroazia eta Serbiaren artean.
06:18
This is a scene of house-to-house fighting in Mostar,
96
353000
4000
Hau etxez etxeko borrokaren une bat da, Mostarren,
06:22
neighbor against neighbor.
97
357000
2000
auzotarrak auzotarren aurka.
06:24
A bedroom, the place where people share intimacy,
98
359000
3000
Logela bat, jendeak une intimoak igarotzen dituen tokia,
06:27
where life itself is conceived, became a battlefield.
99
362000
4000
non bizitza bera sortzen den, gudu-zelai bihurtu zen.
06:31
A mosque in northern Bosnia was destroyed by Serbian artillery
100
366000
7000
Serbiar artilleriak Bosnia iparraldeko mezkita bat suntsitu zuen
06:38
and was used as a makeshift morgue.
101
373000
2000
eta gorputegi inprobisatu bezala erabili zuten.
06:47
Dead Serbian soldiers were collected after a battle
102
382000
3000
Hildako serbiar soldaduak jaso zituzten bataila baten ondoren
06:50
and used as barter for the return of prisoners
103
385000
3000
eta truke gisa erabili zituzten bosniar presoen
06:53
or Bosnian soldiers killed in action.
104
388000
2000
edo gudan hildako bosniar soldaduen truke.
06:57
This was once a park.
105
392000
2000
Hau parke bat izan zen behin.
06:59
The Bosnian soldier who guided me
106
394000
2000
Gidatzen ninduen soldadu bosniarrak
07:01
told me that all of his friends were there now.
107
396000
3000
esan zidan bere lagun guztiak bertan zeudela orain.
07:05
At the same time in South Africa,
108
400000
2000
Aldi berean, Hegoafrikan,
07:07
after Nelson Mandela had been released from prison,
109
402000
3000
Nelson Mandela espetxetik atera eta gero,
07:10
the black population commenced the final phase
110
405000
3000
biztanleria beltzak apartheid-etik askatzeko
07:13
of liberation from apartheid.
111
408000
2000
azken fasea hasi zuen.
07:16
One of the things I had to learn as a journalist
112
411000
3000
Kazetari bezala ikasi behar izan nuen gauzetariko bat
07:19
was what to do with my anger.
113
414000
2000
nire amorruarekin zer egin izan zen.
07:21
I had to use it, channel its energy, turn it into something
114
416000
5000
Erabili beharra nuen, bere energia bideratu,
07:26
that would clarify my vision, instead of clouding it.
115
421000
3000
nire ikusmena itsutu beharrean argituko zuen zerbaitean bihurtu.
07:30
In Transkei, I witnessed a rite of passage into manhood, of the Xhosa tribe.
116
425000
5000
Transkein, Xhosa tribuaren heldutasunerako pasabide-erritu baten lekuko izan nintzen.
07:35
Teenage boys lived in isolation, their bodies covered with white clay.
117
430000
4000
Gazteak isolaturik bizi ziren, gorputzak buztin zuriz estalita zituztela.
07:40
After several weeks, they washed off the white
118
435000
2000
Aste batzuk geroago, zuria garbitu
07:42
and took on the full responsibilities of men.
119
437000
3000
eta gizonen erantzukizun guztiak hartu zituzten euren gain.
07:45
It was a very old ritual that seemed symbolic
120
440000
3000
Hegoafrikako aurpegia aldatzen ari zen borroka politikoaren
07:48
of the political struggle that was changing the face of South Africa.
121
443000
5000
ikur zirudien erritual zaharra zen.
07:55
Children in Soweto playing on a trampoline.
122
450000
4000
Soweton, umeak tranpolin batean jolasean.
08:02
Elsewhere in Africa there was famine.
123
457000
3000
Afrikako beste toki batzuetan gosetea zegoen.
08:05
In Somalia, the central government collapsed and clan warfare broke out.
124
460000
4000
Somalian, gobernu zentrala kolapsatu eta klanen arteko gerra piztu zen.
08:10
Farmers were driven off their land,
125
465000
2000
Nekazariak euren lurretatik bota zituzten
08:12
and crops and livestock were destroyed or stolen.
126
467000
4000
eta uztak eta abereak suntsituak edo lapurtuak izan ziren.
08:16
Starvation was being used as a weapon of mass destruction --
127
471000
4000
Gosetea suntsipen handiko arma gisa erabili zen,
08:20
primitive but extremely effective.
128
475000
2000
primitiboa baina izugarri eraginkorra.
08:22
Hundreds of thousands of people were exterminated,
129
477000
3000
Ehundaka mila pertsona sarraskituak izan ziren,
08:25
slowly and painfully.
130
480000
2000
astiro eta era oso mingarrian.
08:29
The international community responded with massive humanitarian relief,
131
484000
4000
Nazioarteko komunitateak laguntza humanitario zabala eskainiz erantzun zuen,
08:33
and hundreds of thousands of more lives were saved.
132
488000
4000
eta beste ehundaka mila pertsonaren biziak salbatu zituen.
08:37
American troops were sent to protect the relief shipments,
133
492000
3000
Amerikar tropak bidali zituzten kargamenduak babesteko,
08:40
but they were eventually drawn into the conflict,
134
495000
3000
baina liskarrean nahastuak bukatu zuten,
08:43
and after the tragic battle in Mogadishu, they were withdrawn.
135
498000
3000
eta Muqdishoko bataila zoritxarrekoaren ondoren, erretiratu egin zituzten.
08:47
In southern Sudan, another civil war saw similar use of starvation
136
502000
4000
Hego Sudanen, beste gerra zibil batean, gosetea berriro ere erabili zen
08:51
as a means of genocide.
137
506000
2000
genozidio tresna gisa.
08:54
Again, international NGOs, united under the umbrella of the U.N.,
138
509000
4000
Beste behin, nazioarteko GKEak, NBEren babespean elkarturik,
08:58
staged a massive relief operation and thousands of lives were saved.
139
513000
5000
itzelezko laguntza operazio bat burutu zuten eta milaka bizitza salbatu zituzten.
09:04
I'm a witness, and I want my testimony to be honest and uncensored.
140
519000
6000
Lekuko bat naiz, eta nire testigantza zintzoa eta zentsura gabea izatea nahi dut.
09:11
I also want it to be powerful and eloquent,
141
526000
3000
Sendo eta elokuente ere izan nahi dut,
09:14
and to do as much justice as possible
142
529000
2000
eta ahalik eta ongien islatzea
09:16
to the experience of the people I'm photographing.
143
531000
3000
argazkia ateratzen ari natzaien pertsonek jasandakoa.
09:19
This man was in an NGO feeding center,
144
534000
3000
Gizon hau GKE baten elikadura zentroan zegoen,
09:22
being helped as much as he could be helped.
145
537000
2000
eman ahal zioten beste laguntza jasotzen.
09:24
He literally had nothing. He was a virtual skeleton,
146
539000
5000
Ez zeukan ezer, literalki. Eskeleto bat zen kasik,
09:29
yet he could still summon the courage and the will to move.
147
544000
4000
baina oraindik gai zen mugitzeko behar zituen kuraia eta borondatea biltzeko.
09:33
He had not given up, and if he didn't give up,
148
548000
3000
Ez zegoen etsita, eta berak ez bazuen etsi,
09:36
how could anyone in the outside world ever dream of losing hope?
149
551000
5000
nola pentsa zezakeen beste edonork itxaropena galtzea?
09:42
In 1994, after three months of covering the South African election,
150
557000
5000
1994an, Hegoafrikako hauteskundeei buruz hiru hilabetez berri eman eta gero,
09:47
I saw the inauguration of Nelson Mandela,
151
562000
3000
Nelson Mandelaren inbestidura-ekitaldia ikusi nuen,
09:50
and it was the most uplifting thing I've ever seen.
152
565000
3000
eta sekula ikusi nuen gauzarik bizigarriena izan zen.
09:53
It exemplified the best that humanity has to offer.
153
568000
4000
Gizateriak eskaintzeko duen onenaren adibide zen.
09:57
The next day I left for Rwanda,
154
572000
3000
Hurrengo egunean Ruandarantz abiatu nintzen,
10:00
and it was like taking the express elevator to hell.
155
575000
3000
eta infernuranzko igogailu azkarra hartzea bezala izan zen.
10:03
This man had just been liberated from a Hutu death camp.
156
578000
4000
Gizon hau hutuen heriotza kanpaleku batetik askatu berria zen.
10:07
He allowed me to photograph him for quite a long time,
157
582000
4000
denbora luzez utzi zidan berari argaziak ateratzen,
10:11
and he even turned his face toward the light,
158
586000
3000
eta bere aurpegia argirantz bueltatu ere egin zuen,
10:14
as if he wanted me to see him better.
159
589000
2000
nik hobeto ikustea nahiko balu bezala.
10:17
I think he knew what the scars on his face would say to the rest of the world.
160
592000
4000
Uste dut bazekiela bere aurpegiko orbainek zer esango zioten munduari.
10:22
This time, maybe confused or discouraged
161
597000
3000
Honako honetan, agian Somaliako hondamendi militarragatik
10:25
by the military disaster in Somalia,
162
600000
3000
nahasturik edo uzkurturik,
10:28
the international community remained silent,
163
603000
3000
nazioarteko komunitateak ez zuen ezer egin,
10:31
and somewhere around 800,000 people were slaughtered
164
606000
3000
eta 800.000 pertsona inguru sarraskitu egin zituzten
10:34
by their own countrymen -- sometimes their own neighbors --
165
609000
3000
beraien aberkideek eurek --batzuetan euren auzokideak--
10:37
using farm implements as weapons.
166
612000
3000
laborantza tresnak arma bezala erabilita.
10:41
Perhaps because a lesson had been learned
167
616000
3000
agian zerbait ikasi zutelako
10:44
by the weak response to the war in Bosnia
168
619000
2000
Bosniako gerrari emandako erantzun ahulaz
10:46
and the failure in Rwanda,
169
621000
2000
eta Ruandako porrotaz,
10:48
when Serbia attacked Kosovo,
170
623000
2000
Serbiak Kosovo erasotu zuenean,
10:50
international action was taken much more decisively.
171
625000
4000
nazioarteko erantzuna askoz ere tinkoagoa izan zen.
10:54
NATO forces went in, and the Serbian army withdrew.
172
629000
4000
NATOren indarrak erasoan sartu, eta serbiar armada erretiratu egin zen.
10:58
Ethnic Albanians had been murdered,
173
633000
3000
Etnia albaniarreko pertsonak erail egin zituzten,
11:01
their farms destroyed and a huge number of people forcibly deported.
174
636000
4000
euren landetxeak suntsitu eta pertsona kopuru ikaragarri bat erbesteratua izan zen.
11:06
They were received in refugee camps
175
641000
3000
GKEek Albanian eta Mazedonian egokitutako
11:09
set up by NGOs in Albania and Macedonia.
176
644000
3000
errefuxiatu kanpalekuetan hartu zituzten.
11:14
The imprint of a man who had been burned inside his own home.
177
649000
3000
Bere etxe barruan bertan erre zuten gizon baten aztarna.
11:18
The image reminded me of a cave painting,
178
653000
3000
Irudiak haitzuloetako margo bat gogorarazi zidan,
11:21
and echoed how primitive we still are in so many ways.
179
656000
4000
eta oraindik jokabide askotan zein primitiboak garen islatu zuen.
11:27
Between 1995 and '96, I covered the first two wars
180
662000
4000
1995 eta 1996 artean, Txetxeniako lehen bi gerrei buruz
11:31
in Chechnya from inside Grozny.
181
666000
2000
berri eman nuen Grozny barnetik.
11:33
This is a Chechen rebel on the front line against the Russian army.
182
668000
4000
Hau txetxeniar errebelde bat da, errusiar armadaren kontrako fronte lerroan.
11:39
The Russians bombarded Grozny constantly for weeks,
183
674000
4000
Errusiarrek asteetan zehar etengabe bonbardatu zuten Grozny,
11:43
killing mainly the civilians who were still trapped inside.
184
678000
3000
batez ere, oraindik bertan harrapatuta zeuden zibilak erailez.
11:48
I found a boy from the local orphanage
185
683000
2000
Bertako umezurztegi bateko haur bat aurkitu nuen
11:50
wandering around the front line.
186
685000
2000
fronte lerroan noraezean zebilela.
11:54
My work has evolved from being concerned mainly with war
187
689000
3000
Nire lana ia guztiz gerrei buruzkoa izatetik
11:57
to a focus on critical social issues as well.
188
692000
4000
gizarte arazo larrietan ere arreta jartzera pasa da.
12:02
After the fall of Ceausescu, I went to Romania
189
697000
2000
Ceaucescuren erorialdiaren ondoren, Errumaniara joan nintzen
12:04
and discovered a kind of gulag of children,
190
699000
4000
eta umeentzako gulag baten antzeko bat aurkitu nuen,
12:08
where thousands of orphans were being kept in medieval conditions.
191
703000
3000
non milaka umezurtz Erdi Aroko baldintzetan mantentzen zituzten.
12:12
Ceausescu had imposed a quota
192
707000
2000
Ceausescuk kuota bat inposatu zuen
12:14
on the number of children to be produced by each family,
193
709000
3000
familia bakoitzak produzitu beharreko ume kopuruari buruzkoa,
12:17
thereby making women's bodies an instrument of state economic policy.
194
712000
4000
horrela, emakumeen gorputzak estatuaren politika ekonomikoaren tresna bihurtuz.
12:22
Children who couldn't be supported by their families
195
717000
3000
Familiek mantendu ezin zituzten umeak
12:25
were raised in government orphanages.
196
720000
3000
gobernuaren umezurztegietan hazten ziren.
12:28
Children with birth defects were labeled incurables,
197
723000
3000
Sortzetiko malformazioak zituzten umeak sendaezintzat jotzen zituzten,
12:31
and confined for life to inhuman conditions.
198
726000
4000
eta biziarteko konfinamendua jasaten zuten baldintza krudeletan.
12:35
As reports began to surface, again international aid went in.
199
730000
4000
Salaketak agertu ahala, berriro, nazioarteko laguntza heldu zen.
12:41
Going deeper into the legacy of the Eastern European regimes,
200
736000
4000
Ekialdeko Europako erregimenen ondarean sakonago barneratuz,
12:45
I worked for several months on a story about the effects of industrial pollution,
201
740000
4000
zenbait hilabeteetan zehar, kutsadura industrialaren ondorioei buruzko istorio batean egin nuen lan,
12:49
where there had been no regard for the environment
202
744000
3000
ingurugiroarekiko, langileekiko edo biztanleria orokorraren osasunarekiko
12:52
or the health of either workers or the general population.
203
747000
4000
begirunerik eduki ez zuten lekuetan.
12:56
An aluminum factory in Czechoslovakia
204
751000
3000
Czechoslovakiako aluminio fabrika bat
12:59
was filled with carcinogenic smoke and dust,
205
754000
3000
ke eta hauts kartzinogenoz beterik zegoen,
13:02
and four out of five workers came down with cancer.
206
757000
4000
eta bostetik lau langile minbiziak jota zeuden.
13:08
After the fall of Suharto in Indonesia,
207
763000
2000
Indonesian, Suhartoren erorialdiaren ondoren,
13:10
I began to explore conditions of poverty
208
765000
3000
pobrezia baldintzak aztertzen hasi nintzen
13:13
in a country that was on its way towards modernization.
209
768000
3000
modernizazio bidean zegoen herrialde batean.
13:16
I spent a good deal of time with a man
210
771000
3000
Denbora dezente eman nuen gizon batekin
13:19
who lived with his family on a railway embankment
211
774000
2000
zein bere familiarekin bizi zen trenbidearen lubeta batean
13:21
and had lost an arm and a leg in a train accident.
212
776000
4000
eta zeinak beso bat eta zango bat galdu zituen tren istripu batean.
13:25
When the story was published, unsolicited donations poured in.
213
780000
5000
Istorioa argitaratu zenean, eskatu gabeko donazioak heldu ziren barra-barra.
13:30
A trust fund was established,
214
785000
2000
Fundazio bat sortu zen,
13:32
and the family now lives in a house in the countryside
215
787000
3000
eta orain familia landetxe batean bizi da
13:35
and all their basic necessities are taken care of.
216
790000
3000
eta euren oinarrizko beharrak asetuak daude.
13:38
It was a story that wasn't trying to sell anything.
217
793000
3000
Istorioak ez zuen ezer saldu nahi.
13:41
Journalism had provided a channel
218
796000
3000
Kazetaritzak bide bat eman zion
13:44
for people's natural sense of generosity, and the readers responded.
219
799000
4000
jendearen berezko eskuzabaltasun senari, eta irakurleek erantzun egin zuten.
13:50
I met a band of homeless children who'd come to Jakarta from the countryside,
220
805000
3000
Landatik Jakartara etorri eta tren geltoki batean bizitzen bukatu zuten
13:53
and ended up living in a train station.
221
808000
3000
etxerik gabeko ume talde batekin topo egin nuen.
13:56
By the age of 12 or 14, they'd become beggars and drug addicts.
222
811000
5000
12 edo 14 urte zituztenerako, eskaleak ziren eta drogen menpe zeuden.
14:01
The rural poor had become the urban poor,
223
816000
2000
Landetako behartsuak hirietako behartsu bilakatu ziren,
14:03
and in the process, they'd become invisible.
224
818000
4000
eta prozesu horretan, ikustezin bilakatu ziren.
14:09
These heroin addicts in detox in Pakistan
225
824000
3000
Pakistanen, desintoxikatzen zeuden heroinomano hauek
14:12
reminded me of figures in a play by Beckett:
226
827000
3000
Becketten antzezlan bateko pertsonaiak gogorarazi zizkidaten:
14:15
isolated, waiting in the dark, but drawn to the light.
227
830000
3000
isolaturik, iluntasunean itxaroten, baina argiak erakarrita.
14:22
Agent Orange was a defoliant used during the Vietnam War
228
837000
4000
Agente laranja Vietnameko gerran Vietcong eta Hego Vietnamgo armadei
14:26
to deny cover to the Vietcong and the North Vietnamese army.
229
841000
4000
babesa eragozteko erabili zen defoliante bat izan zen.
14:30
The active ingredient was dioxin, an extremely toxic chemical
230
845000
4000
Osagai aktiboa dioxina zen, erabat toxikoa den gai kimikoa,
14:34
that was sprayed in vast quantities,
231
849000
2000
zeina kopuru handitan isuria izan zen,
14:36
and whose effects passed through the genes to the next generation.
232
851000
4000
eta zeinaren ondorioak geneen bitartez hurrengo belaunaldietara igaro diren.
14:42
In 2000, I began documenting global health issues,
233
857000
3000
2000an, mundu mailako osasun arazoak dokumentatzen hasi nintzen,
14:45
concentrating first on AIDS in Africa.
234
860000
3000
Afrikako HIESetik hasita.
14:48
I tried to tell the story through the work of caregivers.
235
863000
3000
Istorioa laguntza-emaileek egiten duten lanaren bitartez kontatzen saiatu nintzen.
14:51
I thought it was important to emphasize that people were being helped,
236
866000
4000
Pentsatu nuen garrantzitsua zela nabarmentzea jendea laguntza jasotzen ari zela,
14:55
whether by international NGOs or by local grassroots organizations.
237
870000
5000
nazioarteko GKEen ala bertako gizarte erakundeen bitartez.
15:00
So many children have been orphaned by the epidemic
238
875000
2000
Izurriteak hainbeste ume utzi zituen umezurtz,
15:02
that grandmothers have taken the place of parents,
239
877000
3000
amonek hartua zutela gurasoen tokia,
15:05
and a lot of children had been born with HIV.
240
880000
3000
eta ume asko GIBarekin jaiotakoak ziren.
15:09
A hospital in Zambia.
241
884000
2000
Eritetxe bat Zambian.
15:14
I began documenting the close connection
242
889000
3000
GIB/HIESAren eta tuberkulosiaren arteko
15:17
between HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis.
243
892000
3000
lotura estua hasi nintzen dokumentatzen.
15:20
This is an MSF hospital in Cambodia.
244
895000
3000
Hau MSFren erietetxe bat da, Kanbodian.
15:28
My pictures can play a supporting role to the work of NGOs
245
903000
3000
Nire argazkiek GKEen lana lagundu dezakete
15:31
by shedding light on the critical social problems they're trying to deal with.
246
906000
4000
eskuartean dituzten gizarte arazo larriak argitara emanez.
15:35
I went to Congo with MSF,
247
910000
3000
Kongora joan nintzen MSFrekin,
15:38
and contributed to a book and an exhibition
248
913000
2000
eta liburu eta erakusketa batean parte hartu nuen
15:40
that focused attention on a forgotten war
249
915000
3000
zeintzuk ahastutako gerra batean jartzen zuten arreta
15:43
in which millions of people have died,
250
918000
2000
non miloika pertsona hil diren,
15:45
and exposure to disease without treatment is used as a weapon.
251
920000
4000
eta tratamendurik gabeko gaixotasuna arma bezela erabitzen den.
15:50
A malnourished child being measured
252
925000
2000
Malnutrizioak jota dagoen haur bat pisatzen dute
15:52
as part of the supplemental feeding program.
253
927000
2000
elikatze programa osagarri baten parte bezala.
15:56
In the fall of 2004 I went to Darfur.
254
931000
3000
2004ko udazkenean, Darfurera joan nintzen.
16:00
This time I was on assignment for a magazine,
255
935000
2000
Oraingoan, aldizkari batentzako ari nintzen lanean,
16:02
but again worked closely with MSF.
256
937000
2000
baina berriro gertutik lan egin nuen MSFrekin.
16:04
The international community still hasn't found a way
257
939000
3000
Nazioarteko komunitateak ez du oraindik modurik aurkitu,
16:07
to create the pressure necessary to stop this genocide.
258
942000
4000
beharrezko presioa sortuz, genozidio honi bukaera emateko.
16:13
An MSF hospital in a camp for displaced people.
259
948000
3000
MSFren erietetxe bat pertsona desplazatuen kanpaleku batean.
16:18
I've been working on a long project on crime and punishment in America.
260
953000
4000
Krimena eta zigorra Estatu Batuetan gaitzat duen proiektu zabal batean aritu naiz lanean.
16:23
This is a scene from New Orleans.
261
958000
2000
Hau New Orleanseko irudi bat da.
16:27
A prisoner on a chain gang in Alabama
262
962000
3000
Alabaman, preso-kate bateko kide bat zigortzen dute
16:30
was punished by being handcuffed to a post in the midday sun.
263
965000
3000
zutoin batera lotuz eguerdiko eguzkipean.
16:36
This experience raised a lot of questions,
264
971000
2000
Esperientzia honek galdera asko ekarri zituen,
16:38
among them questions about race and equality
265
973000
3000
hauen artean, arrazari eta berdintasunari buruzkoak
16:41
and for whom in our country opportunities and options are available.
266
976000
5000
eta norentzako dauden gure herrian abaguneak eta aukerak eskuragai.
16:46
In the yard of a chain gang in Alabama.
267
981000
3000
Alabamako preso-kate bateko patioan.
16:52
I didn't see either of the planes hit,
268
987000
2000
Ez nuen hegazkinen talka ikusi,
16:54
and when I glanced out my window, I saw the first tower burning,
269
989000
3000
eta nire leihotik begiratzean, lehenengo dorrea ikusi nuen sutan,
16:57
and I thought it might have been an accident.
270
992000
3000
eta pentsatu nuen agian istripu bat izan zela.
17:00
A few minutes later when I looked again
271
995000
2000
Minutu batzuk geroago, berriro begiratu
17:02
and saw the second tower burning, I knew we were at war.
272
997000
4000
eta bigarren dorrea sutan ikustean, gerran geundela jakin nuen.
17:07
In the midst of the wreckage at Ground Zero, I had a realization.
273
1002000
3000
Zero Eremuko hondakinen artean, gauza batez jabetu nintzen.
17:11
I'd been photographing in the Islamic world since 1981 --
274
1006000
4000
1981etik argazkiak ateratzen egona nintzen mundu islamiarrean
17:15
not only in the Middle East, but also in Africa, Asia and Europe.
275
1010000
5000
--ez bakarrik Ekialde Hurbilean, baita Afrikan, Asian eta Europan ere--.
17:20
At the time I was photographing in these different places,
276
1015000
3000
Toki desberdin hauetan argazkiak ateratzen nenbilela,
17:23
I thought I was covering separate stories,
277
1018000
2000
istorio ezberdinak zirela uste nuen,
17:25
but on 9/11 history crystallized, and I understood
278
1020000
3000
baina 9/11ean historia kristalizatu egin zen, eta ulertu nuen,
17:28
I'd actually been covering a single story for more than 20 years,
279
1023000
5000
egiatan, istoria bakar bati buruz berri ematen ibili nintzela 20 urte baino gehiagotan,
17:33
and the attack on New York was its latest manifestation.
280
1028000
3000
New Yorkeko erasoa honen azken adierazpena zelarik.
17:37
The central commercial district of Kabul, Afghanistan
281
1032000
3000
Kabul erdiko barruti komertziala, Afganistanen,
17:40
at the end of the civil war,
282
1035000
2000
gerra zibilaren bukaeran,
17:42
shortly before the city fell to the Taliban.
283
1037000
3000
hiria Talibanen eskuetan erori baino pixka bat lehenago.
17:48
Land mine victims being helped
284
1043000
2000
Lurreko minen biktimek laguntza jasotzen dute
17:50
at the Red Cross rehab center being run by Alberto Cairo.
285
1045000
3000
Alberto Cairok zuzendutako Gurutze Gorriaren errehabilitazio zentro batean.
17:55
A boy who lost a leg to a leftover mine.
286
1050000
3000
Mina bategatik zangoa galdu zuen haur bat.
17:58
I'd witnessed immense suffering in the Islamic world
287
1053000
3000
Sekulako sufrimenduaren lekuko izan nintzen islamiar munduan
18:01
from political oppression, civil war, foreign invasions, poverty, famine.
288
1056000
5000
zapalkuntza politiko, gerra zibil, atzerriko inbasio, txirotasun eta goseteen ondorioz.
18:06
I understood that in its suffering,
289
1061000
2000
Ulertu nuen bere sufrimenduan
18:08
the Islamic world had been crying out. Why weren't we listening?
290
1063000
5000
mundu islamiarra garrasika egona zela. Zergatik ez genuen jaramonik egin?
18:16
A Taliban fighter shot during a battle
291
1071000
2000
Taliban gudulari bat batailan tirokatua
18:18
as the Northern Alliance entered the city of Kunduz.
292
1073000
4000
Iparreko Aliantza Kunduz hirira sartzen zegoela.
18:28
When war with Iraq was imminent,
293
1083000
2000
Irakeko gerra hastear zegoela,
18:30
I realized the American troops would be very well covered,
294
1085000
3000
konturatu nintzen tropa estatubatuarrei buruz nahikoa berri egongo zela,
18:33
so I decided to cover the invasion from inside Baghdad.
295
1088000
3000
horregatik, inbasioa Bagdad barnetik jarraitzaea erabaki nuen.
18:42
A marketplace was hit by a mortar shell
296
1097000
2000
Mortero obus batek azoka bat jo
18:44
that killed several members of a single family.
297
1099000
3000
eta familia bereko hainbat kide hil zituen.
18:49
A day after American forces entered Baghdad,
298
1104000
3000
Tropa estatubatuarrak Bagdaden sartu eta egun bat geroago,
18:52
a company of Marines began rounding up bank robbers
299
1107000
2000
marine konpainia bat banku-lapurrak atxilotzen hasi zen
18:54
and were cheered on by the crowds --
300
1109000
2000
eta jendetzaren txaloak jaso zituen
18:57
a hopeful moment that was short lived.
301
1112000
2000
--itxaropentsua izan zen momentu laburra--.
19:01
For the first time in years,
302
1116000
2000
Urteetan lehenengo lehenengoz,
19:03
Shi'ites were allowed to make the pilgrimage
303
1118000
2000
xiiek baimena izan zuten Ashura ospatzeko
19:05
to Karbala to observe Ashura,
304
1120000
2000
Karbalara erromesaldia egiteko,
19:07
and I was amazed by the sheer number of people
305
1122000
3000
eta txundituta utzi ninduen bildutako jendetzak
19:10
and how fervently they practiced their religion.
306
1125000
2000
eta beren erlijioaren jarraipen sutsuak.
19:15
A group of men march through the streets cutting themselves with knives.
307
1130000
3000
Gizon talde bat kaleetan zehar doa beren buruei aiztoekin ebakiak eginez.
19:18
It was obvious that the Shi'ites were a force to be reckoned with,
308
1133000
4000
Nabaria zen Xiiak kontuan hartu beharreko indar bat zirela,
19:22
and we would do well to understand them and learn how to deal with them.
309
1137000
5000
eta onuragarri izango zitzaigula haiek ulertzea eta beraiekin zelan tratatu ikastea.
19:29
Last year I spent several months documenting our wounded troops,
310
1144000
4000
Joan den urtean hilabete batzuk igaro nituen gure zauritutako tropak jarraitzen,
19:33
from the battlefield in Iraq all the way home.
311
1148000
2000
Irakeko gudu-zelaitik etxeraino.
19:37
This is a helicopter medic giving CPR
312
1152000
2000
Helikoptero bateko sendagilea erreanimazio teknikak egiten
19:39
to a soldier who had been shot in the head.
313
1154000
2000
buruan tiro bat jasotako soldadu bati.
19:44
Military medicine has become so efficient
314
1159000
2000
Medikuntza militarra hain eraginkorra bihurtu da,
19:46
that the percentage of troops who survive after being wounded
315
1161000
4000
non zaurituak izan eta gero bizirik ateratzen diren tropen ehunekoa
19:50
is much higher in this war than in any other war in our history.
316
1165000
3000
askoz handiagoa den gerra honetan gure historiako beste edozein gerratan baino.
19:55
The signature weapon of the war is the IED,
317
1170000
3000
Gerrako sinadura arma “inprobisatutako gailu lehergarria” da,
19:58
and the signature wound is severe leg damage.
318
1173000
3000
eta bere zauria zangoetako kalte larriak.
20:03
After enduring extreme pain and trauma,
319
1178000
3000
Sekulako mina eta trauma pairatu eta gero,
20:06
the wounded face a grueling physical
320
1181000
2000
zaurituek borroka fisiko eta psikologiko neketsu bati
20:08
and psychological struggle in rehab.
321
1183000
2000
egin behar diote aurre errehabilitazioan.
20:13
The spirit they displayed was absolutely remarkable.
322
1188000
3000
Erakutsi zuten adorea guztiz apartekoa zen.
20:17
I tried to imagine myself in their place,
323
1192000
2000
Nire burua euren tokian jartzen saiatu nintzen,
20:19
and I was totally humbled by their courage and determination
324
1194000
4000
eta erabat apalduta utzi ninduten zeukaten kuraiak eta tinkotasunak
20:23
in the face of such catastrophic loss.
325
1198000
3000
horrelako galera katastrofikoa jasan eta gero.
20:27
Good people had been put in a very bad situation for questionable results.
326
1202000
5000
Jende zintzoa oso egoera txarrean jarria izan zen emaitza zalantzagarri batzuk lortzearren.
20:35
One day in rehab someone, started talking about surfing
327
1210000
3000
Behin, errehabilitazioan, norbait surf egiteari buruz mintzatu zen
20:38
and all these guys who'd never surfed before said, "Hey, let's go."
328
1213000
4000
eta sekula surfeatu ez zuten mutil hauek guzteik esan zuten, "Aizak, goazemak".
20:42
And they went surfing.
329
1217000
2000
Eta surfeatzera joan ziren.
20:48
Photographers go to the extreme edges of human experience
330
1223000
3000
Argazkilariak giza bizipenen azken muturreraino joaten dira
20:51
to show people what's going on.
331
1226000
2000
jendeari gertatzen ari dena erakusteko.
20:53
Sometimes they put their lives on the line,
332
1228000
3000
Batzuetan euren biziak arriskuan jartzen dituzte,
20:56
because they believe your opinions and your influence matter.
333
1231000
4000
zuen iritziek eta indarrak merezi dutela uste dutelako.
21:00
They aim their pictures at your best instincts,
334
1235000
4000
Argazkiak zuen sen onenetara bideratzen dituzte:
21:04
generosity, a sense of right and wrong,
335
1239000
3000
eskuzabaltasuna, onaren eta txarraren arteko sentimendua,
21:07
the ability and the willingness to identify with others,
336
1242000
4000
besteekin identifikatzeko gaitasuna eta desioa,
21:11
the refusal to accept the unacceptable.
337
1246000
3000
onartezina dena onartzearen ukapena.
21:16
My TED wish:
338
1251000
2000
Nire TED nahia:
21:18
there's a vital story that needs to be told,
339
1253000
3000
kontatu beharreko bizi-istorio bat dago,
21:21
and I wish for TED to help me gain access to it
340
1256000
4000
eta TEDek bertan barneratzen lagun nazan nahiko nuke,
21:25
and then to help me come up with innovative and exciting ways
341
1260000
4000
eta baita modu berritzaileak eta zirraragarriak sortzen laguntzea
21:29
to use news photography in the digital era.
342
1264000
3000
prentsa argazkilaritza garai digitalean erabiltzeko.
21:32
Thank you very much.
343
1267000
2000
Mila esker.
21:35
(Applause)
344
1270000
15000
(Txaloak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
James Nachtwey - PhotojournalistPhotojournalist James Nachtwey is considered by many to be the greatest war photographer of recent decades. He has covered conflicts and major social issues in more than 30 countries.
Why you should listen
For the past three decades, James Nachtwey has devoted himself to documenting wars, conflicts and critical social issues, working in El Salvador, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Lebanon, the West Bank and Gaza, Israel, Indonesia, Thailand, India, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, the Philippines, South Korea, Somalia, Sudan, Rwanda, South Africa, Russia, Bosnia, Chechnya, Kosovo, Romania, Brazil and the United States.
Nachtwey has been a contract photographer with Time since 1984. However, when certain stories he wanted to cover -- such as Romanian orphanages and famine in Somalia -- garnered no interest from magazines, he self-financed trips there. He is known for getting up close to his subjects, or as he says, "in the same intimate space that the subjects inhabit," and he passes that sense of closeness on to the viewer.
In putting himself in the middle of conflict, his intention is to record the truth, to document the struggles of humanity, and with this, to wake people up and stir them to action.
James Nachtwey | Speaker | TED.com