TED2011
Fiorenzo Omenetto: Silk, the ancient material of the future
Fiorenzo Omenetto: Svila, drevni materijal budućnosti
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Fiorenzo Omenetto dijeli s nama 20plus zapanjujućih novih upotreba svile, jednog od najelegantnijih materijala prirode -- u prenošenju svijetla, poboljšanju održivosti, dodavanju nove čvrstoće i pomicanju medicinskih granica. Na pozornici prikazuje nekoliko intrigantnih predmeta koji su napravljeni pomoću te svestrane stvari.
Fiorenzo Omenetto - Biomedical engineer
Fiorenzo G. Omenetto's research spans nonlinear optics, nanostructured materials (such as photonic crystals and photonic crystal fibers), biomaterials and biopolymer-based photonics. Most recently, he's working on high-tech applications for silk. Full bio
Fiorenzo G. Omenetto's research spans nonlinear optics, nanostructured materials (such as photonic crystals and photonic crystal fibers), biomaterials and biopolymer-based photonics. Most recently, he's working on high-tech applications for silk. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
00:17
I'm thrilled to be here.
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Uzbuđen sam što sam ovdje.
00:19
I'm going to talk about a new, old material
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Pričat ću o novom starom materijalu
00:22
that still continues to amaze us,
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koji nas nastavlja očaravati,
00:24
and that might impact the way we think
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i koji bi mogao utjecati na naš način razmišljanja
00:26
about material science, high technology --
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o materijalnoj znanosti, visokoj tehnologiji --
00:29
and maybe, along the way,
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i možda, u isto vrijeme,
00:31
also do some stuff for medicine and for global health and help reforestation.
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mogao bi učiniti neke stvari za medicinu i globalno zdravlje te pomoći oko pošumljivanja.
00:34
So that's kind of a bold statement.
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Dakle, to je odvažna izjava.
00:36
I'll tell you a little bit more.
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Reći ću vam nešto više.
00:38
This material actually has some traits that make it seem almost too good to be true.
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Ovaj materijal ima zapravo neka svojstva koja ga čine gotovo predobrim da bi bio istinit.
00:41
It's sustainable; it's a sustainable material
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Održiv je; to je održiv materijal
00:43
that is processed all in water and at room temperature --
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koji je sav procesuiran u vodi i na sobnoj temperaturi --
00:45
and is biodegradable with a clock,
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i razgradljiv je,
00:47
so you can watch it dissolve instantaneously in a glass of water
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pa zato možete promatrati kako se istovremeno topi u čaši vode
00:50
or have it stable for years.
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ili može biti stabilan godinama.
00:52
It's edible; it's implantable in the human body
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Jestiv je, može se implantirati u ljudsko tijelo
00:54
without causing any immune response.
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bez uzrokovanja ikakvog imunološkog odgovora.
00:56
It actually gets reintegrated in the body.
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Zapravo se reintegrira u tijelu.
00:58
And it's technological,
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Tehnološki je,
01:00
so it can do things like microelectronics,
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stoga može raditi stvari poput mikroelektronike,
01:02
and maybe photonics do.
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i možda može raditi fotoniku.
01:04
And the material
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A materijal
01:06
looks something like this.
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izgleda nešto nalik ovome.
01:09
In fact, this material you see is clear and transparent.
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Zapravo, ovaj materijal koji vidite je jasan i transparentan.
01:12
The components of this material are just water and protein.
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Komponente ovog materijala su samo voda i protein.
01:15
So this material is silk.
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Dakle, ovaj materijal je svila.
01:18
So it's kind of different
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Dakle, malo je drugačiji
01:20
from what we're used to thinking about silk.
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od onoga što smo navikli misliti o svili.
01:22
So the question is, how do you reinvent something
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Dakle, postavlja se pitanje, kako ponovno izumiti nešto
01:24
that has been around for five millennia?
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što je prisutno već pet tisućljeća?
01:27
The process of discovery, generally, is inspired by nature.
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Proces otkrića je, generalno, inspiriran prirodom.
01:30
And so we marvel at silk worms --
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I tako se mi čudimo svilenim bubama --
01:32
the silk worm you see here spinning its fiber.
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svilenoj bubi koju vidite ovdje kako vrti svoja vlakna.
01:35
The silk worm does a remarkable thing:
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Svilena buba čini nevjerojatnu stvar:
01:37
it uses these two ingredients, protein and water,
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koristi ova dva sastojka, protein i vodu,
01:39
that are in its gland,
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koji se nalaze u njezinim žlijezdama,
01:41
to make a material that is exceptionally tough for protection --
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kako bi proizvela materijal koji je naročito čvrst za zaštitu --
01:44
so comparable to technical fibers
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dakle, usporediv s tehničkim vlaknima
01:46
like Kevlar.
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poput Kevlara.
01:48
And so in the reverse engineering process
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I dakle, u tom procesu obrnutog inžinjeringa
01:50
that we know about,
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o kojem znamo,
01:52
and that we're familiar with,
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i s kojim smo upoznati,
01:54
for the textile industry,
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za tekstilnu industriju,
01:56
the textile industry goes and unwinds the cocoon
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tekstilna industrija ide i odmota čahuru
01:59
and then weaves glamorous things.
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i zatim tka glamurozne stvari.
02:01
We want to know how you go from water and protein
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Mi želimo znati kako idemo od vode i proteina
02:03
to this liquid Kevlar, to this natural Kevlar.
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ka tom tekućem Kevlaru, ka tom prirodnom Kevlaru.
02:06
So the insight
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Dakle, uvid
02:08
is how do you actually reverse engineer this
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je kako zapravo postići obrnuti inžinjering toga
02:11
and go from cocoon to gland
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i ići od čahure prema žlijezdi
02:13
and get water and protein that is your starting material.
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i dobiti vodu i protein koji su naši početni materijali.
02:16
And this is an insight
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A to je uvid
02:18
that came, about two decades ago,
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koji je došao prije dva desetljeća
02:20
from a person that I'm very fortunate to work with,
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od osobe s kojom imam veliku sreću što radim,
02:24
David Kaplan.
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Davida Kaplana.
02:27
And so we get this starting material.
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I tako smo dobili taj početni materijal.
02:29
And so this starting material is back to the basic building block.
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I tako je taj početni materijal osnovni građevni blok.
02:32
And then we use this to do a variety of things --
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I zatim to koristimo kako bi napravili mnoštvo stvari --
02:34
like, for example, this film.
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kao na primjer, film.
02:36
And we take advantage of something that is very simple.
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I uzimamo prednost nečega što je vrlo jednostavno.
02:38
The recipe to make those films
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Recept izrade tih filmova
02:40
is to take advantage of the fact
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je uzeti prednost činjenice
02:42
that proteins are extremely smart at what they do.
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kako su proteini užasno pametni oko toga što rade.
02:44
They find their way to self-assemble.
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Oni pronađu svoj način da se sami sastave.
02:46
So the recipe is simple: you take the silk solution, you pour it,
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Dakle, recept je jednostavan: uzmete otopinu svile, izlijete je,
02:49
and you wait for the protein to self-assemble.
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i čekate da se proteini sami sastave.
02:51
And then you detach the protein and you get this film,
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I zatim odvojite protein i dobijete ovaj film,
02:54
as the proteins find each other as the water evaporates.
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kako proteini pronađu jedan drugoga kako [voda ispari.]
02:57
But I mentioned that the film is also technological.
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Ali spomenuo sam kako je i film tehnološki.
02:59
And so what does that mean?
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I što zapravo to znači?
03:01
It means that you can interface it
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To znači kako ga možete spojiti
03:04
with some of the things that are typical of technology,
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s nekim stvarima koje su tipične za tehnologiju,
03:06
like microelectronics and nanoscale technology.
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poput mikroelektronike i nanotehnologije.
03:09
And the image of the DVD here
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A prikaz DVD-a ovdje
03:11
is just to illustrate a point
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je samo kako bi se ilustrirala poanta
03:13
that silk follows very subtle topographies of the surface,
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kako svila vrlo suptilno slijedi topografije na površini,
03:17
which means that it can replicate features on the nanoscale.
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što znači kako one mogu replicirati osobine na nano razini.
03:20
So it would be able to replicate the information
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Dakle, mogla bi replicirati informaciju
03:22
that is on the DVD.
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koja se nalazi na DVD-u.
03:25
And we can store information that's film with water and protein.
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I možemo pohraniti informaciju koja je film s vodom i proteinom.
03:28
So we tried something out, and we wrote a message in a piece of silk,
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Stoga smo nešto pokušali, i napisali smo poruku na komadu svile,
03:31
which is right here, and the message is over there.
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koji se nalazi upravo ovdje, a poruka je ovdje.
03:33
And much like in the DVD, you can read it out optically.
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I nalik na DVD, i ovdje je možete pročitati optičkim putem.
03:36
And this requires a stable hand,
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A to zahtjeva stabilnu ruku,
03:38
so this is why I decided to do it onstage in front of a thousand people.
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i zato sam odlučio kako ću to napraviti na pozornici ispred tisuću ljudi.
03:42
So let me see.
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Dakle, da vidim.
03:44
So as you see the film go in transparently through there,
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Dakle, kao što vidite, film postaje transparentan ovdje,
03:46
and then ...
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i zatim...
03:53
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
04:00
And the most remarkable feat
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A najzadivljujuća osobina
04:02
is that my hand actually stayed still long enough to do that.
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je da je moja ruka zapravo ostala mirna dovoljno dugo da to napravim.
04:05
So once you have these attributes
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Dakle, jednom kada imate ta svojstva
04:08
of this material,
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tog materijala,
04:10
then you can do a lot of things.
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tada možete raditi mnogo stvari.
04:12
It's actually not limited to films.
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Nije zapravo ograničeno na filmove.
04:14
And so the material can assume a lot of formats.
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I stoga materijal može poprimiti mnogo formata.
04:17
And then you go a little crazy, and so you do various optical components
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I zatim malo poludite, i napravite mnoštvo optičkih komponenti
04:20
or you do microprism arrays,
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ili napravite mikroprizmične zrake,
04:22
like the reflective tape that you have on your running shoes.
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poput reflektivne trake koju imate na svojim tenisicama za trčanje.
04:24
Or you can do beautiful things
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Ili možete učiniti prekrasne stvari
04:26
that, if the camera can capture, you can make.
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koje, ako ih kamera može uhvatiti, možete izraditi.
04:28
You can add a third dimensionality to the film.
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Možete dodati treću dimenziju filmu.
04:31
And if the angle is right,
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A ako je kut dobar,
04:33
you can actually see a hologram appear in this film of silk.
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možete zapravo vidjeti hologram kako se pojavljuje u obliku svile.
04:38
But you can do other things.
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Ali možete učiniti druge stvari.
04:40
You can imagine that then maybe you can use a pure protein to guide light,
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Možete zamisliti da tada možda koristite čisti protein kako bi vodili svijetlo,
04:42
and so we've made optical fibers.
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i tako smo napravili optička vlakna.
04:44
But silk is versatile and it goes beyond optics.
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Ali svila je svestrana i to ide i iznad optike.
04:47
And you can think of different formats.
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I možete razmisliti o različitim formatima.
04:49
So for instance, if you're afraid of going to the doctor and getting stuck with a needle,
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Dakle, ukoliko se bojite otići do doktora koji će vas ubosti iglom,
04:52
we do microneedle arrays.
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mi proizvodimo zrake mikro igle.
04:54
What you see there on the screen is a human hair
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Ono što vidite na ekranu je ljudska vlas
04:56
superimposed on the needle that's made of silk --
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suprotstavljena igli koja je načinjena od svile --
04:58
just to give you a sense of size.
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samo da vam dam osjećaj veličine.
05:00
You can do bigger things.
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Možete izraditi veće stvari.
05:02
You can do gears and nuts and bolts --
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Možete izraživati zupčanike i navrtnje i vijke --
05:04
that you can buy at Whole Foods.
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koje možete kupiti u Whole Foods-u.
05:07
And the gears work in water as well.
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A zupčanici rade i pod vodom.
05:10
So you think of alternative mechanical parts.
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Dakle, možete razmišljati o opcijskim mehaničkim dijelovima.
05:12
And maybe you can use that liquid Kevlar if you need something strong
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A možda možete iskoristiti taj tekući Kevlar ukoliko trebate nešto čvrsto
05:15
to replace peripheral veins, for example,
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kako bi nadomjestili periferne vene, na primjer,
05:18
or maybe an entire bone.
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ili možda čak cijelu kost.
05:20
And so you have here a little example
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I tako ovdje imate mali primjer
05:22
of a small skull --
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malene lubanje --
05:24
what we call mini Yorick.
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ono što mi zovemo mini Yorick.
05:26
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:29
But you can do things like cups, for example,
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Ali možete izraditi i stvari poput šalica, na primjer,
05:32
and so, if you add a little bit of gold, if you add a little bit of semiconductors
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i tako, ako dodate malo zlata, ako dodate malo poluvodiča
05:35
you could do sensors that stick on the surfaces of foods.
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mogli biste proizvesti senzore koji se nalaze na površini hrane.
05:38
You can do electronic pieces
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Možete izraditi elektroničke dijelove
05:40
that fold and wrap.
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koji se preklapaju i umataju.
05:42
Or if you're fashion forward, some silk LED tattoos.
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Ili ukoliko ste napredni u modi, tetovažu pomoću svilenih LED-ica.
05:45
So there's versatility, as you see,
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Tu je ta svestranost, kao što vidite,
05:48
in the material formats,
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u materijalnim formatima,
05:50
that you can do with silk.
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koju možete raditi sa svilom.
05:53
But there are still some unique traits.
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Ali ima još nekoliko jedinstvenih osobina.
05:55
I mean, why would you want to do all these things for real?
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Mislim, zašto biste željeli napraviti sve te stvari?
05:58
I mentioned it briefly at the beginning;
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Spomenuo sam nakratko na početku;
06:00
the protein is biodegradable and biocompatible.
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protein je razgradljiv i biokompatibilan.
06:02
And you see here a picture of a tissue section.
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A ovdje vidite sliku dijela tkiva.
06:05
And so what does that mean, that it's biodegradable and biocompatible?
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I dakle, što to znači da je razgradljiv i biokompatibilan?
06:08
You can implant it in the body without needing to retrieve what is implanted.
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Možete ga implantirati u tijelo bez potrebe vađenja toga što je bilo implantirano.
06:11
Which means that all the devices that you've seen before and all the formats,
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Što znači da sve naprave koje ste prije vidjeli i svi formati,
06:15
in principle, can be implanted and disappear.
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u osnovi, mogu biti implantirani i mogu nestati.
06:18
And what you see there in that tissue section,
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A ono što vidite u tom dijelu tkiva,
06:20
in fact, is you see that reflector tape.
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je, zapravo, vidite reflektirajuću traku.
06:23
So, much like you're seen at night by a car,
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Dakle, prilično kao što ste vidljivi noću autu,
06:26
then the idea is that you can see, if you illuminate tissue,
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dolazimo do ideje da možete vidjeti, ukoliko osvjetlite tkivo,
06:29
you can see deeper parts of tissue
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možete vidjeti dublje dijelove tkiva
06:31
because there is that reflective tape there that is made out of silk.
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jer postoji ta reflektirajuća traka koja je napravljena od svile.
06:33
And you see there, it gets reintegrated in tissue.
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I vidite ovdje, reintegrira se u tkivo.
06:35
And reintegration in the human body
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A reintegracija u ljudsko tijelo
06:37
is not the only thing,
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nije jedina stvar.
06:39
but reintegration in the environment is important.
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Ali reintegracija u okoliš je važna.
06:42
So you have a clock, you have protein,
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Dakle, imate sat, imate protein,
06:44
and now a silk cup like this
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i sada svilena šalica poput ove
06:46
can be thrown away without guilt --
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može biti bačena bez osjećaja krivice.
06:49
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
06:56
unlike the polystyrene cups
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Za razliku od šalica od polistirena
06:59
that unfortunately fill our landfills everyday.
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koje, nažalost, svakodnevno pune naša odlagališta.
07:02
It's edible,
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Jestiva je,
07:04
so you can do smart packaging around food
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stoga je možete pametno upakirati oko hrane
07:06
that you can cook with the food.
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tako da je možete kuhati zajedno s hranom.
07:08
It doesn't taste good,
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Nema dobar okus,
07:10
so I'm going to need some help with that.
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stoga će mi oko toga biti potrebna pomoć.
07:12
But probably the most remarkable thing is that it comes full circle.
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Ali vjerojatno najupečatljivija stvar je da zatvara puni krug.
07:15
Silk, during its self-assembly process,
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Svila, tijekom svog procesa samo-sastavljanja,
07:17
acts like a cocoon for biological matter.
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djeluje poput čahure za biološku tvar.
07:19
And so if you change the recipe,
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I ako promijenite recept,
07:21
and you add things when you pour --
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i dodate stvari kada je izlijete --
07:23
so you add things to your liquid silk solution --
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dakle, dodate stvari vašoj tekućoj svilenoj otopini --
07:25
where these things are enzymes
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a te stvari su enzimi
07:27
or antibodies or vaccines,
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ili antitijela ili cjepiva,
07:30
the self-assembly process
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proces samo-sastavljanja
07:32
preserves the biological function of these dopants.
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očuva biološku funkciju tih primjesa.
07:35
So it makes the materials environmentally active
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Dakle, čini materijale ekološki aktivnima
07:38
and interactive.
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i stvara interakciju.
07:40
So that screw that you thought about beforehand
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Dakle, onaj izvijač o kojem ste razmišljali prije
07:42
can actually be used
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može se zapravo iskoristiti
07:44
to screw a bone together -- a fractured bone together --
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da se zašarafi kost zajedno -- polomljena kost da se spoji --
07:47
and deliver drugs at the same,
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i da dostavi lijekove u isto vrijeme,
07:49
while your bone is healing, for example.
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kada se vaša kost oporavlja, na primjer.
07:52
Or you could put drugs in your wallet and not in your fridge.
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Ili biste mogli staviti svoje lijekove u svoj novčanik a ne u svoj frižider.
07:55
So we've made a silk card
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Dakle, proizveli smo svilenu karticu
07:58
with penicillin in it.
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koja u sebi sadrži penicilin.
08:00
And we stored penicillin at 60 degrees C,
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I pohranili smo penicilin na 60 stupnjeva C,
08:02
so 140 degrees Fahrenheit,
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dakle 140 stupnjeva Fahrenheit-a,
08:04
for two months without loss of efficacy of the penicillin.
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na dva mjeseca bez gubitka učinkovitosti penicilina.
08:07
And so that could be ---
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I tako bi to mogla biti --
08:09
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
08:13
that could be potentially a good alternative
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to bi potencijalno mogla biti dobra alternativa
08:15
to solar powered refrigerated camels. (Laughter)
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ohlađenim devama na solarnu energiju.
08:18
And of course, there's no use in storage if you can't use [it].
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I naravno, nema smisla u pohrani ukoliko je ne možete koristiti.
08:21
And so there is this other unique material trait
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I tako postoji još jedno jedinstveno svojstvo materijala
08:25
that these materials have, that they're programmably degradable.
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koje ti materijali imaju, a to je da se oni programski razgrađuju.
08:28
And so what you see there is the difference.
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I ono što vidite je razlika.
08:30
In the top, you have a film that has been programmed not to degrade,
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Na vrhu, imate film koji je programiran da se ne razgradi,
08:33
and in the bottom, a film that has been programmed to degrade in water.
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na na dnu imate film koji je programiran da se razgradi u vodi.
08:36
And what you see is that the film on the bottom
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I kao što možete vidjeti da film na dnu
08:38
releases what is inside it.
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ispušta ono što se nalazi unutar njega.
08:40
So it allows for the recovery of what we've stored before.
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Dakle, dopušta dobivanje natrag onoga što smo prije pohranili.
08:43
And so this allows for a controlled delivery of drugs
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I stoga to dozvoljava kontrolirano doziranje lijekova
08:46
and for reintegration in the environment
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i reintegraciju u okoliš
08:49
in all of these formats that you've seen.
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svih tih materijala koje ste vidjeli.
08:51
So the thread of discovery that we have really is a thread.
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Dakle, nit otkrića koju imamo doista je nit.
08:54
We're impassioned with this idea that whatever you want to do,
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Očarani smo tom idejom da štogod željeli učiniti,
08:57
whether you want to replace a vein or a bone,
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želite li zamijeniti venu ili kost,
08:59
or maybe be more sustainable in microelectronics,
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ili možda biti održiviji u mikroelektronici,
09:02
perhaps drink a coffee in a cup
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možda popiti kavu u šalici
09:04
and throw it away without guilt,
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i baciti je bez osjećaja krivice,
09:06
maybe carry your drugs in your pocket,
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možda nositi svoje lijekove u svom džepu,
09:08
deliver them inside your body
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dozirati ih unutar svog tijela
09:10
or deliver them across the desert,
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ili ih dostaviti preko cijele pustinje,
09:12
the answer may be in a thread of silk.
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odgovor može biti u niti svile.
09:14
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
09:16
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Fiorenzo Omenetto - Biomedical engineerFiorenzo G. Omenetto's research spans nonlinear optics, nanostructured materials (such as photonic crystals and photonic crystal fibers), biomaterials and biopolymer-based photonics. Most recently, he's working on high-tech applications for silk.
Why you should listen
Fiorenzo Omenetto is a Professor of Biomedical Engineering and leads the laboratory for Ultrafast Nonlinear Optics and Biophotonics at Tufts University and also holds an appointment in the Department of Physics. Formerly a J. Robert Oppenheimer Fellow at Los Alamos National Laboratory before joining Tufts, his research is focused on interdisciplinary themes that span nonlinear optics, nanostructured materials (such as photonic crystals and photonic crystal fibers), optofluidics and biopolymer based photonics. He has published over 100 papers and peer-review contributions across these various disciplines.
Since moving to Tufts at the end of 2005, he has proposed and pioneered (with David Kaplan) the use of silk as a material platform for photonics, optoelectronics and high-technology applications. This new research platform has recently been featured in MIT's Technology Review as one of the 2010 "top ten technologies likely to change the world."
Fiorenzo Omenetto | Speaker | TED.com