TED1998
David Gallo: Life in the deep oceans
David Gallo o životu u dubokim oceanima
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S video isječcima punima živosti koje je snimila podmornica, David Gallo nas vodi u neka od Zemljinih najmračnijih, najnasilnijih, otrovnih i prekrasnih staništa, doline i vulkanske grebene oceanskih dubina, gdje je život neobičan, otporan i začuđujuće bogat.
David Gallo - Oceanographer
A pioneer in ocean exploration, David Gallo is an enthusiastic ambassador between the sea and those of us on dry land. Full bio
A pioneer in ocean exploration, David Gallo is an enthusiastic ambassador between the sea and those of us on dry land. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
00:13
David Gallo: This is Bill Lange. I'm Dave Gallo.
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David Gallo: Ovo je Bill Lange, Ja sam Dave Gallo.
00:16
And we're going to tell you some stories from the sea here in video.
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I mi ćemo vam ispričati nekoliko priča iz mora u ovom videu.
00:19
We've got some of the most incredible video of Titanic that's ever been seen,
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Imamo neke od najnevjerojatnijih videa Titanika koji su ikad viđeni,
00:24
and we're not going to show you any of it.
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ali nećemo vam nijedan od njih pokazati.
00:27
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
00:30
The truth of the matter is that the Titanic --
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Istina je da Titanik zapravo --
00:32
even though it's breaking all sorts of box office records --
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iako ruši svakojake rekorde na blagajnama --
00:34
it's not the most exciting story from the sea.
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nije najuzbudljivija priča iz mora.
00:38
And the problem, I think, is that we take the ocean for granted.
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Mislim da je problem u tome što ocean uzimamo zdravo za gotovo.
00:41
When you think about it, the oceans are 75 percent of the planet.
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Kada razmislite, oceani čine 75% planeta.
00:43
Most of the planet is ocean water.
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Većina planeta je oceanska voda.
00:45
The average depth is about two miles.
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Prosječna dubina je oko 3 kilometra.
00:47
Part of the problem, I think, is we stand at the beach,
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Mislim da je dio problema što kad stojimo na plaži,
00:49
or we see images like this of the ocean,
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ili vidimo ovakve slike oceana,
00:52
and you look out at this great big blue expanse, and it's shimmering
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i pogledate ovo veliko plavo prostranstvo, koje se svjetluca
00:56
and it's moving and there's waves and there's surf and there's tides,
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i kreće se, a tu su i valovi, lomovi valova i morske mijene,
00:59
but you have no idea for what lies in there.
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ali nemate pojma što se u njemu krije.
01:01
And in the oceans, there are the longest mountain ranges on the planet.
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A u oceanima se nalaze najdulji planinski lanci na planetu.
01:03
Most of the animals are in the oceans.
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Većina životinja je u oceanu.
01:05
Most of the earthquakes and volcanoes are in the sea,
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Većina potresa i vulkana je u moru,
01:07
at the bottom of the sea.
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na dnu mora.
01:09
The biodiversity and the biodensity in the ocean is higher, in places,
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Bioraznolikost i gustoća naseljenosti u oceanima su veće, mjestimice,
01:12
than it is in the rainforests.
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nego u prašumama.
01:14
It's mostly unexplored, and yet there are beautiful sights like this
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Većinom je neistražen, a opet ima prekrasnih prizora, kao što je ovaj,
01:16
that captivate us and make us become familiar with it.
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koji nas očaravaju i potiču da se upoznamo s njim.
01:19
But when you're standing at the beach, I want you to think
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Ali kada stojite na plaži, želim da budete svjesni
01:21
that you're standing at the edge of a very unfamiliar world.
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da stojite na rubu jednog veoma nepoznatog svijeta.
01:23
We have to have a very special technology
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Moramo imati vrlo posebnu tehnologiju
01:25
to get into that unfamiliar world.
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da bismo ušli u taj nepoznati svijet.
01:27
We use the submarine Alvin and we use cameras,
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Koristimo podmornicu Alvin i ove kamere,
01:30
and the cameras are something that Bill Lange has developed with the help of Sony.
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a kamere je razvio Bill Lange uz pomoć Sony-a.
01:34
Marcel Proust said, "The true voyage of discovery
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Marcel Proust je rekao: "Pravi put otkrića
01:36
is not so much in seeking new landscapes as in having new eyes."
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nije sadržan u traženju novih vidika, već u gledanju iz novih očiju."
01:41
People that have partnered with us have given us new eyes,
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Ljudi koji surađuju s nama dali su nam nove oči,
01:43
not only on what exists --
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ne samo za ono što postoji --
01:45
the new landscapes at the bottom of the sea --
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nove vidike na dnu mora --
01:47
but also how we think about life on the planet itself.
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nego i za način na koji razmišljamo o životu na samom planetu.
01:49
Here's a jelly.
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Evo meduze.
01:51
It's one of my favorites, because it's got all sorts of working parts.
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Među mojim omiljenima je zato što ima svakakve radne dijelove tijela.
01:53
This turns out to be the longest creature in the oceans.
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Ispada da je to najdulje biće u oceanima.
01:55
It gets up to about 150 feet long.
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Doseže i do 45 metara duljine.
01:58
But see all those different working things?
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Ali vidite li sve te različite radne dijelove?
02:00
I love that kind of stuff.
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Volim takve stvari.
02:02
It's got these fishing lures on the bottom. They're going up and down.
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Ima ove mamce za pecanje na dnu. Kreću se gore i dolje.
02:04
It's got tentacles dangling, swirling around like that.
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Ima krakove koji mlataraju, vitlaju se ovako.
02:05
It's a colonial animal.
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To je kolonijalna životinja.
02:07
These are all individual animals
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To su pojedinačne životinje
02:09
banding together to make this one creature.
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povezane zajedno u ovo jedno biće.
02:11
And it's got these jet thrusters up in front
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I ima ove mlaznice naprijed
02:13
that it'll use in a moment, and a little light.
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koje će za tren koristiti, i malo svjetlo.
02:17
If you take all the big fish and schooling fish and all that,
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Ako uzmete sve velike ribe i ribe jatarice i sve to,
02:20
put them on one side of the scale, put all the jelly-type of animals
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stavite ih na jedan kraj vage, stavite sve životinje poput meduze
02:22
on the other side, those guys win hands down.
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na drugi kraj, ovi će ih lako pobijediti.
02:26
Most of the biomass in the ocean is made out of creatures like this.
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Većina biomase u oceanu sastoji se od ovakvih bića.
02:28
Here's the X-wing death jelly.
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Ovo je smrtonosna meduza s X-krilima.
02:30
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:34
The bioluminescence -- they use the lights for attracting mates
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Bioluminiscencija -- koriste svjetla da bi privukle partnere za parenje
02:37
and attracting prey and communicating.
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i lovinu te za komunikaciju.
02:39
We couldn't begin to show you our archival stuff from the jellies.
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Bolje da vam ni ne počnemo pokazivati naše arhivske snimke meduza.
02:43
They come in all different sizes and shapes.
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Ima ih svih mogućih veličina i oblika.
02:45
Bill Lange: We tend to forget about the fact that the ocean is miles deep
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Bill Lange: Obično zaboravimo da su oceani u prosjeku
02:49
on average, and that we're real familiar with the animals
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duboki više kilometara i da smo dobro upoznati sa životinjama
02:52
that are in the first 200 or 300 feet, but we're not familiar
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u prvih 300 ili 400 metara dubine, ali nismo upoznati
02:56
with what exists from there all the way down to the bottom.
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s onim što postoji odande pa sve do dna.
02:59
And these are the types of animals
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A to su vrste životinja
03:01
that live in that three-dimensional space,
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koje žive u tom trodimenzionalnom prostoru,
03:03
that micro-gravity environment that we really haven't explored.
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tom okolišu s mikro-gravitcijom koji zapravo nismo istražili.
03:06
You hear about giant squid and things like that,
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Čujete za divovske lignje i takve stvari,
03:09
but some of these animals get up to be approximately 140, 160 feet long.
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ali neke od tih životinja narastu i do 40, 50 metara duljine.
03:13
They're very little understood.
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Jako se malo o njima zna.
03:15
DG: This is one of them, another one of our favorites, because it's a little octopod.
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DG: Ovo je jedna od njih, jedna od naših omiljenih, zato što je to mali glavonožac.
03:18
You can actually see through his head.
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Možete mu čak vidjeti kroz glavu.
03:20
And here he is, flapping with his ears and very gracefully going up.
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I evo ga, maše svojim ušima i elegantno uzlazi.
03:22
We see those at all depths and even at the greatest depths.
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Viđamo ih na svim dubinama pa čak i na najvećim dubinama.
03:25
They go from a couple of inches to a couple of feet.
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Dosežu od nekoliko centimetara do nekoliko metara.
03:27
They come right up to the submarine --
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Dođu skroz do podmornice --
03:29
they'll put their eyes right up to the window and peek inside the sub.
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prislonit će svoje oči na prozor i poviriti u podmornicu.
03:31
This is really a world within a world,
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To je zbilja svijet unutar svijeta,
03:33
and we're going to show you two.
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a mi ćemo vam pokazati dva.
03:35
In this case, we're passing down through the mid-ocean and we see creatures like this.
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U ovom slučaju, prolazimo dolje kroz srednjeoceansko područje i vidimo ovakva bića.
03:38
This is kind of like an undersea rooster.
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Ovo je nešto poput podmorskog pijetla.
03:40
This guy, that looks incredibly formal, in a way.
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Ovaj malac, koji na neki način izgleda nevjerojatno službeno.
03:43
And then one of my favorites. What a face!
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Pa jedan od mojih najdražih. Koja faca!
03:47
This is basically scientific data that you're looking at.
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Ovo što gledate su u osnovi znanstveni podaci.
03:50
It's footage that we've collected for scientific purposes.
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To su snimke koje smo prikupili u znanstvene svrhe.
03:52
And that's one of the things that Bill's been doing,
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A to je jedna od stvari koje je Bill radio,
03:54
is providing scientists with this first view of animals like this,
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omogućavao je znanstvenicima prvi pogled na ovakve životinje,
03:56
in the world where they belong.
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u svijetu u koji pripadaju.
03:58
They don't catch them in a net.
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Ne hvataju ih u mrežu.
04:00
They're actually looking at them down in that world.
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Oni ih zapravo gledaju u tom svijetu dolje.
04:02
We're going to take a joystick,
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Uzet ćemo joystick,
04:04
sit in front of our computer, on the Earth,
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sjesti ispred naših računala, na Zemlji
04:06
and press the joystick forward, and fly around the planet.
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i stisnuti gumb "naprijed" na joysticku i letjeti oko planeta.
04:08
We're going to look at the mid-ocean ridge,
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Pogledat ćemo srednjeoceanski hrbat,
04:10
a 40,000-mile long mountain range.
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64.300 kilometara dug planinski lanac.
04:12
The average depth at the top of it is about a mile and a half.
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Prosječna dubina na njegovom vrhu iznosi 2.5 km.
04:14
And we're over the Atlantic -- that's the ridge right there --
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Iznad Atlantika smo -- ondje je hrbat --
04:16
but we're going to go across the Caribbean, Central America,
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ali otići ćemo preko Kariba, Srednje Amerike,
04:19
and end up against the Pacific, nine degrees north.
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i završiti na Tihom oceanu, devet stupnjeva sjeverno.
04:22
We make maps of these mountain ranges with sound, with sonar,
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Izrađujemo karte tih planinskih lanaca koristeći zvuk, sonarom,
04:25
and this is one of those mountain ranges.
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a ovo je jedan od tih planinskih lanaca.
04:27
We're coming around a cliff here on the right.
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Ovdje idemo oko grebena na desno.
04:29
The height of these mountains on either side of this valley
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Visina ovih planina sa svih strana doline
04:31
is greater than the Alps in most cases.
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je veća od Alpa u većini slučajeva.
04:33
And there's tens of thousands of those mountains out there that haven't been mapped yet.
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A tamo ima još na desetke tisuća takvih planina koje još nisu ucrtane na kartu.
04:36
This is a volcanic ridge.
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Ovo je vulkanski greben.
04:38
We're getting down further and further in scale.
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Spuštamo se sve dublje i dublje.
04:40
And eventually, we can come up with something like this.
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I na kraju, možemo smisliti nešto ovakvo.
04:42
This is an icon of our robot, Jason, it's called.
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Ovo je ikona našeg robota, zove se Jason.
04:45
And you can sit in a room like this,
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I možete ovako sjediti u sobi,
04:47
with a joystick and a headset, and drive a robot like that
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sa joystickom, slušalicama i mikrofonom i tako voziti robot
04:50
around the bottom of the ocean in real time.
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uokolo po dnu oceana u određenom trenu.
04:52
One of the things we're trying to do at Woods Hole with our partners
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Nešto što pokušavamo učiniti u Woods Holeu s našim suradnicima
04:55
is to bring this virtual world --
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jest donijeti ovaj virtualni svijet --
04:57
this world, this unexplored region -- back to the laboratory.
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ovaj svijet, ovo neistraženo područje -- natrag u laboratorij.
05:00
Because we see it in bits and pieces right now.
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Zato što ga sada vidimo u djelićima.
05:02
We see it either as sound, or we see it as video,
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Vidimo ga ili kao zvuk, ili ga vidimo kao snimku,
05:05
or we see it as photographs, or we see it as chemical sensors,
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ili ga vidimo kao fotografije, ili kao kemijske senzore,
05:07
but we never have yet put it all together into one interesting picture.
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ali nikada ga nemamo posloženog skupa u jednu zanimljivu sliku.
05:11
Here's where Bill's cameras really do shine.
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Ovo je gdje Billove kamere pokazuju svoj puni sjaj.
05:13
This is what's called a hydrothermal vent.
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Ovo zovemo hidrotermalnim izvorom.
05:15
And what you're seeing here is a cloud of densely packed,
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A ono što vidite je oblak zgusnute
05:18
hydrogen-sulfide-rich water
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vode bogate sumporovodikom
05:20
coming out of a volcanic axis on the sea floor.
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koja izlazi iz vulkanske osi na morskom dnu.
05:24
Gets up to 600, 700 degrees F, somewhere in that range.
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Temperatura se penje do 315, 370 stupnjeva celzijevih, negdje u tom rasponu.
05:27
So that's all water under the sea --
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I to je sva voda pod morem --
05:29
a mile and a half, two miles, three miles down.
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2.5, 3 km, 5 km dolje.
05:31
And we knew it was volcanic back in the '60s, '70s.
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I znali smo da je vulkanska još u 60-ima, 70-ima.
05:34
And then we had some hint that these things existed
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I onda smo naslutili da te stvari postoje
05:37
all along the axis of it, because if you've got volcanism,
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uzduž cijele osi, jer ako imate vulkanizam,
05:39
water's going to get down from the sea into cracks in the sea floor,
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voda će se spustiti iz mora u pukotine u morskom dnu,
05:43
come in contact with magma, and come shooting out hot.
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doći u doticaj s magmom, i šikljati van vruća.
05:46
We weren't really aware that it would be so rich with sulfides, hydrogen sulfides.
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Nismo uopće bili svjesni da će biti tako bogata sulfidima, sumporovodikom.
05:51
We didn't have any idea about these things, which we call chimneys.
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Nismo imali pojma o onome što nazivam dimnjacima.
05:54
This is one of these hydrothermal vents.
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Ovo je jedan od tih hidrotermalnih izvora.
05:56
Six hundred degree F water coming out of the Earth.
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Voda od 315 stupnjeva celzijevih izlazi iz Zemlje.
05:59
On either side of us are mountain ranges that are higher than the Alps,
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Sa svih strana nas okružuju planinski lanci viši od Alpa,
06:03
so the setting here is very dramatic.
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tako da je okolina ovdje veoma dramatična.
06:05
BL: The white material is a type of bacteria
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BL: Bijeli materijal je vrsta bakterije
06:07
that thrives at 180 degrees C.
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koja uspijeva na 180 celzijevih stupnjeva.
06:10
DG: I think that's one of the greatest stories right now
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DG: Mislm da je jedna od trenutno najvećih priča
06:12
that we're seeing from the bottom of the sea,
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koju vidimo s dna mora,
06:14
is that the first thing we see coming out of the sea floor
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ona da prvo što vidimo da izlazi iz morskog dna
06:16
after a volcanic eruption is bacteria.
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nakon vulkanske erupcije su bakterije.
06:18
And we started to wonder for a long time,
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I dugo smo se pitali
06:20
how did it all get down there?
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kako je sve to dospjelo tamo dolje?
06:22
What we find out now is that it's probably coming from inside the Earth.
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Ono što smo sad saznali jest da vjerojatno dolazi iz unutrašnjosti Zemlje.
06:25
Not only is it coming out of the Earth --
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Ne samo da dolazi iz Zemlje --
06:27
so, biogenesis made from volcanic activity --
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dakle, biogeneza iz vulkanske aktivnosti --
06:29
but that bacteria supports these colonies of life.
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već bakterije održavaju ove kolonije života.
06:32
The pressure here is 4,000 pounds per square inch.
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Tlak ovdje iznosi 280 kilograma po kvadratnom centimetru.
06:36
A mile and a half from the surface to two miles to three miles --
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2,4 km od površine do 3 do 5 km --
06:38
no sun has ever gotten down here.
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sunce nikad nije doprlo do ondje dolje.
06:41
All the energy to support these life forms
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Sva energija koja podržava ove oblike života
06:43
is coming from inside the Earth -- so, chemosynthesis.
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dolazi iz unutrašnjosti Zemlje -- dakle, kemosinteza.
06:46
And you can see how dense the population is.
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I možete vidjeti kako je gusta naseljenost.
06:48
These are called tube worms.
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Ovo zovemo crvima cjevašima.
06:50
BL: These worms have no digestive system. They have no mouth.
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BL: Ovi crvi nemaju probavni sustav. Nemaju usta.
06:53
But they have two types of gill structures.
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Ali imaju dvije vrste struktura škrga.
06:55
One for extracting oxygen out of the deep-sea water,
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Jednu za izvlačenje kisika iz dubokomorske vode,
06:58
another one which houses this chemosynthetic bacteria,
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drugu u kojoj žive ove kemosintetske bakterije,
07:02
which takes the hydrothermal fluid --
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koje uzimaju hidrotermalnu vodu --
07:05
that hot water that you saw coming out of the bottom --
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onu vruću vodu koju smo vidjeli da izlazi iz dna --
07:08
and converts that into simple sugars that the tube worm can digest.
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i pretvaraju je u jednostavne šećere koje crvi cjevaši mogu probaviti.
07:13
DG: You can see, here's a crab that lives down there.
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DG: Možete vidjeti, ovo je rak koji živi ondje dolje.
07:15
He's managed to grab a tip of these worms.
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Uspio je uhvatiti jedan vrh ovih crva.
07:17
Now, they normally retract as soon as a crab touches them.
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Obično se povuku čim ih rak dotakne.
07:19
Oh! Good going.
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Oh! Dobro se izvukao.
07:21
So, as soon as a crab touches them,
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Dakle, čim ih rak dotakne,
07:23
they retract down into their shells, just like your fingernails.
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povuku se u svoje oklope, poput vaših noktiju.
07:25
There's a whole story being played out here
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Ovdje se odigrava cijela priča
07:27
that we're just now beginning to have some idea of
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koje smo tek sada počeli biti svjesni
07:29
because of this new camera technology.
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zbog nove tehnologije s kamerama.
07:31
BL: These worms live in a real temperature extreme.
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BL: Ovi crvi žive u pravim temperaturnim ekstremima.
07:34
Their foot is at about 200 degrees C
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Njihovo podnožje je na oko 200 stupnjeva,
07:38
and their head is out at three degrees C,
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a njihova glava na 3 stupnja celzijeva,
07:41
so it's like having your hand in boiling water and your foot in freezing water.
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pa je to kao da imate ruku u kipućoj vodi, a nogu u ledenoj vodi.
07:45
That's how they like to live.
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Tako oni vole živjeti.
07:47
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
07:49
DG: This is a female of this kind of worm.
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DG: Ovo je ženka te vrste crva.
07:51
And here's a male.
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A ovo je mužjak.
07:53
You watch. It doesn't take long before two guys here --
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Gledajte. Neće dugo trebati prije nego se ova dva ovdje --
07:56
this one and one that will show up over here -- start to fight.
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ovaj i onaj koji će se pojaviti ovdje -- počnu boriti.
07:59
Everything you see is played out in the pitch black of the deep sea.
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Sve što vidite se odigrava u mrklom mraku dubokog mora.
08:02
There are never any lights there, except the lights that we bring.
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Ondje nikad nema svjetlosti, osim svjetala koja mi donosimo.
08:05
Here they go.
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Evo ih.
08:07
On one of the last dive series,
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U jednom od zadnjih nizova zarona,
08:09
we counted 200 species in these areas --
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izbrojali smo 200 vrsta u ovim područjima --
08:11
198 were new, new species.
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198 su nove, novcate vrste.
08:14
BL: One of the big problems is that for the biologists
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BL: Jedan od velikih problema jest što je biolozima
08:16
working at these sites, it's rather difficult to collect these animals.
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koji rade na ovim nalazištima dosta teško skupiti ove životinje.
08:19
And they disintegrate on the way up,
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I raspadnu se na putu prema gore,
08:21
so the imagery is critical for the science.
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tako da su slike ključne za znanost.
08:24
DG: Two octopods at about two miles depth.
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DG: Dva glavonošca na oko 3 km dubine.
08:26
This pressure thing really amazes me --
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Ovo s tlakom me zbilja zadivljuje --
08:28
that these animals can exist there at a depth
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da te životinje mogu živjeti na dubini
08:31
with pressure enough to crush the Titanic like an empty Pepsi can.
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gdje je tlak dovoljno visok da zdrobi Titanik kao praznu limenku Pepsija.
08:34
What we saw up till now was from the Pacific.
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Dosad smo gledali snimke iz Tihog oceana.
08:36
This is from the Atlantic. Even greater depth.
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Ovo je iz Atlantskog oceana. S još veće dubine.
08:38
You can see this shrimp is harassing this poor little guy here,
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Vidite ovog škampa kako gnjavi ovog jadnog mališana ovdje,
08:40
and he'll bat it away with his claw. Whack!
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i odalamit će ga svojim kliještima. Tras!
08:43
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
08:44
And the same thing's going on over here.
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I ista stvar se ovdje događa.
08:46
What they're getting at is that -- on the back of this crab --
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Na što ciljaju je -- na leđima ovog raka --
08:49
the foodstuff here is this very strange bacteria
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ovdje je hrana ova veoma neobična bakterija
08:51
that lives on the backs of all these animals.
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koja živi na leđima svih ovih životinja.
08:53
And what these shrimp are trying to do
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A ono što ovi škampi pokušavaju učiniti
08:55
is actually harvest the bacteria from the backs of these animals.
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jest zapravo ubrati bakterije s leđa tih životinja.
08:58
And the crabs don't like it at all.
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A rakovima se to nimalo ne sviđa.
09:00
These long filaments that you see on the back of the crab
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Ove duge niti koje vidite na rakovim leđima
09:02
are actually created by the product of that bacteria.
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su zapravo stvorile te bakterije.
09:06
So, the bacteria grows hair on the crab.
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Dakle, bakterije stvaraju dlake na rakovima.
09:08
On the back, you see this again.
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Na leđima, opet to vidite.
09:10
The red dot is the laser light of the submarine Alvin
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Crvena točka je lasersko svjetlo podmornice Alvin
09:12
to give us an idea about how far away we are from the vents.
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koje nam daje predodžbu koliko smo udaljeni od izvora.
09:15
Those are all shrimp.
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To su sve škampi.
09:17
You see the hot water over here, here and here, coming out.
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Vidite vruću vodu ovdje, ovdje i ovdje, kako izlazi.
09:19
They're clinging to a rock face
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Priljepljeni su za površinu kamena
09:22
and actually scraping bacteria off that rock face.
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i zapravo stružu bakterije s njega.
09:25
Here's a tiny, little vent that's come out of the side of that pillar.
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Ovdje je mali, sićušan izvor koji je izašao kroz bočnu stranu onog stupa.
09:30
Those pillars get up to several stories.
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Ti stupovi mogu doseći visinu do nekoliko katova.
09:32
So here, you've got this valley with this incredible alien landscape
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Ovdje, imamo ovu dolinu s ovim nevjerojatnim stranim krajobrazom
09:35
of pillars and hot springs and volcanic eruptions and earthquakes,
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stupova i vrućih izvora i vulkanskih erupcija i potresa,
09:39
inhabited by these very strange animals
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koji nastanjuju veoma neobične životinje
09:41
that live only on chemical energy coming out of the ground.
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koje žive samo na kemijskoj energiji koja dolazi iz zemlje.
09:43
They don't need the sun at all.
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Uopće ne trebaju sunce.
09:45
BL: You see this white V-shaped mark on the back of the shrimp?
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BL: Vidite li ovu bijelu mrlju u obliku slova V na leđima škampa?
09:48
It's actually a light-sensing organ.
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To je u biti organ osjetljiv na svjetlost.
09:50
It's how they find the hydrothermal vents.
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Tako nalaze hidrotermalne izvore.
09:52
The vents are emitting a black body radiation -- an IR signature --
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Izvori emitiraju zračenje crnog tijela -- infracrvenu oznaku --
09:56
and so they're able to find these vents at considerable distances.
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i tako mogu naći ove izvore s popriličnih udaljenosti.
10:00
DG: All this stuff is happening along that 40,000-mile long mountain range
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DG: Sve se to događa uzduž onog planinskog lanca dugog 64.300 km
10:03
that we're calling the ribbon of life, because just even today,
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koji zovemo vrpcom života, zato što baš i danas,
10:06
as we speak, there's life being generated there from volcanic activity.
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u ovom trenu, ondje se stvara život iz vulkanske aktivnosti.
10:10
This is the first time we've ever tried this any place.
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Ovo je prvi put da smo ovo bilo gdje probali.
10:12
We're going to try to show you high definition from the Pacific.
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Pokušat ćemo vam pokazati snimku visoke rezolucije iz Tihog oceana.
10:15
We're moving up one of these pillars.
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Penjemo se uz jedan od ovih stupova.
10:17
This one's several stories tall.
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Ovaj je visok više katova.
10:19
In it, you'll see that it's a habitat for a lot of different animals.
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U njemu, vidjet ćete da je on stanište mnogo različitih životinja.
10:23
There's a funny kind of hot plate here, with vent water coming out of it.
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Ovdje postoji smiješna vrsta vruće ploče, iz koje izlazi izvorska voda.
10:26
So all of these are individual homes for worms.
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Sve ovo su pojedinačni domovi za crve.
10:29
Now here's a closer view of that community.
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Evo bližeg pogleda na tu zajednicu.
10:31
Here's crabs here, worms here.
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Evo raka ovdje, crvi su tu.
10:33
There are smaller animals crawling around.
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Manje životinje gmižu okolo.
10:35
Here's pagoda structures.
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Ovo je tvorevina u obliku pagode.
10:37
I think this is the neatest-looking thing.
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Mislim da jako zgodno izgleda.
10:39
I just can't get over this --
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Jednostavno ne mogu to probaviti --
10:41
that you've got these little chimneys sitting here smoking away.
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da ovdje postoje ti mali dimnjaci iz kojih se dimi.
10:43
This stuff is toxic as hell, by the way.
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Usput, ovo je otrovno kao vrag.
10:45
You could never get a permit to dump this in the ocean,
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Nikad ne biste uspjeli dobiti dozvolu da to bacite u ocean,
10:47
and it's coming out all from it.
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a sve izlazi odavde.
10:49
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
10:54
It's unbelievable. It's basically sulfuric acid,
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Nevjerojatno. To je u osnovi sumporna kiselina,
10:56
and it's being just dumped out, at incredible rates.
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i izbacuje se van, nevjerojatnom brzinom.
10:59
And animals are thriving -- and we probably came from here.
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A životinje napreduju -- i mi smo vjerojatno potekli odatle.
11:01
That's probably where we evolved from.
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Otuda smo se vjerojatno razvijali.
11:03
BL: This bacteria that we've been talking about
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BL: Ispada da je ova bakterija o kojoj smo govorili
11:05
turns out to be the most simplest form of life found.
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najjednostavniji oblik života ikad nađen.
11:10
There are a number of groups that are proposing
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Postoji mnogo grupa koje pretpostavljaju
11:12
that life evolved at these vent sites.
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da se život razvio iz ovih izvorskih nastambi.
11:14
Although the vent sites are short-lived --
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Iako su izvorske nastambe kratkog vijeka --
11:16
an individual site may last only 10 years or so --
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pojedine nastambe mogu trajati do samo 10-ak godina --
11:20
as an ecosystem they've been stable for millions -- well, billions -- of years.
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kao ekosistem su stabilne milijunima -- pa i milijardama -- godina.
11:25
DG: It works too well. You see there're some fish inside here as well.
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DG: Predobro to funkcionira. Vidite da ovdje unutra ima i riba.
11:28
There's a fish sitting here.
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Ovdje se nalazi riba.
11:30
Here's a crab with his claw right at the end of that tube worm,
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Evo raka sa svojom kliještom točno na kraju ovog crva cjevaša,
11:33
waiting for that worm to stick his head out.
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čeka da crv gurne glavu van.
11:35
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
11:37
BL: The biologists right now cannot explain
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BL: Biolozi trenutno ne mogu objasniti
11:39
why these animals are so active.
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zašto su te životinje tako aktivne.
11:41
The worms are growing inches per week!
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Crvi rastu po nekoliko centimetara na tjedan.
11:43
DG: I already said that this site,
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DG: Već sam rekao da je ovo mjesto,
11:45
from a human perspective, is toxic as hell.
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s ljudskog gledišta, otrovno kao vrag.
11:47
Not only that, but on top -- the lifeblood --
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Ne samo to, nego -- izvor života --
11:50
that plumbing system turns off every year or so.
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vodovodni sustav se gasi svake godine.
11:53
Their plumbing system turns off, so the sites have to move.
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Njihov vodovodni sustav se gasi pa se nastambe moraju pomaknuti.
11:55
And then there's earthquakes,
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A tu su i potresi,
11:57
and then volcanic eruptions, on the order of one every five years,
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pa vulkanske erupcije, otprilike jedna svakih pet godna,
12:00
that completely wipes the area out.
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što u potpunosti izbriše sve s tog područja.
12:02
Despite that, these animals grow back in about a year's time.
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Unatoč tome, ove životinje opet se pojave u roku od otprilike godinu dana.
12:05
You're talking about biodensities and biodiversity, again,
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Govorimo o gustoći naseljenosti i bioraznolikosti koje su, ponavljam,
12:09
higher than the rainforest that just springs back to life.
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više nego u prašumi koja se upravo obnavlja.
12:12
Is it sensitive? Yes.
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Je li taj svijet osjetljiv? Jest.
12:14
Is it fragile? No, it's not really very fragile.
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Je li krhak? Ne, zapravo nije toliko krhak.
12:16
I'll end up with saying one thing.
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Za kraj ću vam reći jednu stvar.
12:18
There's a story in the sea, in the waters of the sea,
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Postoji priča u moru, u morskoj vodi,
12:20
in the sediments and the rocks of the sea floor.
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u naslagama i stijenama na morskom dnu.
12:22
It's an incredible story.
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To je jedna nevjerojatna priča.
12:24
What we see when we look back in time,
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Ono što vidmo kada pogledamo u prošlost,
12:26
in those sediments and rocks, is a record of Earth history.
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u tim naslagama i stijenama, jest zapis Zemljine povijesti.
12:29
Everything on this planet -- everything -- works by cycles and rhythms.
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Sve na ovom planetu -- sve -- radi u slijedovima i ima ritam.
12:33
The continents move apart. They come back together.
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Kontinenti se razdvajaju. Vraćaju se natrag zajedno.
12:35
Oceans come and go. Mountains come and go. Glaciers come and go.
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Oceani dolaze i odlaze. Planine dolaze i odlaze. Ledenjaci dolaze i odlaze.
12:38
El Nino comes and goes. It's not a disaster, it's rhythmic.
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El Nino dođe i otiđe. Nije to katastrofa, određeno je ritmički.
12:40
What we're learning now, it's almost like a symphony.
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Ono što sad učimo, gotovo je poput simfonije.
12:43
It's just like music -- it really is just like music.
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Poput glazbe je -- zbilja je poput glazbe.
12:45
And what we're learning now is that
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Ono što sad učimo jest da
12:47
you can't listen to a five-billion-year long symphony, get to today and say,
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ne možete slušati simfoniju o pet miijardi godina, doći do danas i reći:
12:51
"Stop! We want tomorrow's note to be the same as it was today."
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"Stani! Želimo da sutrašnja nota bude jednaka današnjoj."
12:54
It's absurd. It's just absurd.
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To je apsurdno. To je stvarno apsurdno.
12:56
So, what we've got to learn now is to find out where this planet's going
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Dakle, ono što sad moramo naučiti jest gdje ovaj planet ide
12:59
at all these different scales and work with it.
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svim tim različitim brzinama i raditi s time.
13:01
Learn to manage it.
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Naučiti baratati time.
13:03
The concept of preservation is futile.
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Koncept zaštite je beskoristan.
13:05
Conservation's tougher, but we can probably get there.
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Očuvanje je mnogo teže, ali vjerojatno možemo doći do toga.
13:07
Thank you very much.
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Puno vam hvala.
13:09
Thank you.
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Hvala.
13:11
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Gallo - OceanographerA pioneer in ocean exploration, David Gallo is an enthusiastic ambassador between the sea and those of us on dry land.
Why you should listen
David Gallo works to push the bounds of oceanic discovery. Active in undersea exploration (sometimes in partnership with legendary Titanic-hunter Robert Ballard), he was one of the first oceanographers to use a combination of manned submersibles and robots to map the ocean world with unprecedented clarity and detail. He was a co-expedition leader during an exploration of the RMS Titanic and the German battleship Bismarck, using Russian Mir subs.
On behalf of the Woods Hole labs, he appears around the country speaking on ocean and water issues. Most recently he co-led an expedition to create the first detailed and comprehensive map of the RMS Titanic and he co-led the successful international effort to locate the wreck site of Air France flight 447. He is involved in planning an international Antarctic expedition to locate and document the wreckage of Ernest Shackleton’s ship, HMS Endurance.
David Gallo | Speaker | TED.com