TED2015
Chris Urmson: How a driverless car sees the road
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Statistically, the least reliable part of the car is ... the driver. Chris Urmson heads up Google's driverless car program, one of several efforts to remove humans from the driver's seat. He talks about where his program is right now, and shares fascinating footage that shows how the car sees the road and makes autonomous decisions about what to do next.
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
So in 1885, Karl Benz
invented the automobile.
invented the automobile.
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Pada tahun 1885,
Karl Benz menciptakan mobil.
Karl Benz menciptakan mobil.
00:16
Later that year, he took it out
for the first public test drive,
for the first public test drive,
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Kemudian, ia membawanya keluar
untuk uji coba umum pertama kali,
untuk uji coba umum pertama kali,
00:20
and -- true story --
crashed into a wall.
crashed into a wall.
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dan - ternyata -
ia menabrak dinding.
ia menabrak dinding.
00:24
For the last 130 years,
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Selama 130 tahun terakhir,
00:26
we've been working around that least
reliable part of the car, the driver.
reliable part of the car, the driver.
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kami fokus pada bagian yang paling
tak diandalkan dari mobil, pengemudi.
tak diandalkan dari mobil, pengemudi.
00:30
We've made the car stronger.
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Kami memperkuat mobil.
00:32
We've added seat belts,
we've added air bags,
we've added air bags,
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Kami menambahkan sabuk pengaman
dan kantong udara,
dan kantong udara,
00:34
and in the last decade, we've actually
started trying to make the car smarter
started trying to make the car smarter
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dan dalam dekade terakhir, kami sudah
mulai mencoba membuat mobil lebih pintar
mulai mencoba membuat mobil lebih pintar
00:38
to fix that bug, the driver.
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untuk mengatasi kelemahan itu,
yaitu pengemudinya.
yaitu pengemudinya.
00:41
Now, today I'm going to talk to you
a little bit about the difference
a little bit about the difference
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Sekarang saya akan menjelaskan
sedikit mengenai perbedaan
sedikit mengenai perbedaan
00:44
between patching around the problem
with driver assistance systems
with driver assistance systems
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antara menyelesaikan masalah
dengan sistem asistensi pengemudi
dengan sistem asistensi pengemudi
00:48
and actually having fully
self-driving cars
self-driving cars
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dan mobil yang sepenuhnya
mampu mengemudi sendiri
mampu mengemudi sendiri
00:51
and what they can do for the world.
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dan apa artinya bagi dunia.
00:53
I'm also going to talk to you
a little bit about our car
a little bit about our car
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Saya juga akan menjelaskan
sedikit tentang mobil kami
sedikit tentang mobil kami
00:56
and allow you to see how it sees the world
and how it reacts and what it does,
and how it reacts and what it does,
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dan bagaimana mobil ini melihat dunia dan
bereaksi dan apa yang dilakukannya,
bereaksi dan apa yang dilakukannya,
01:00
but first I'm going to talk
a little bit about the problem.
a little bit about the problem.
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tapi pertama saya akan berbicara sedikit
tentang masalahnya.
tentang masalahnya.
01:03
And it's a big problem:
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Dan ini adalah masalah besar:
01:05
1.2 million people are killed
on the world's roads every year.
on the world's roads every year.
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1,2 juta orang tewas di jalan-jalan
setiap tahun di dunia ini.
setiap tahun di dunia ini.
01:08
In America alone, 33,000 people
are killed each year.
are killed each year.
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Di Amerika saja, 33.000 orang
tewas setiap tahun.
tewas setiap tahun.
01:12
To put that in perspective,
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Jika dipikir,
01:14
that's the same as a 737
falling out of the sky every working day.
falling out of the sky every working day.
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hal ini sama dengan pesawat 737
jatuh dari langit setiap hari kerja.
jatuh dari langit setiap hari kerja.
01:19
It's kind of unbelievable.
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Sulit dipercaya.
01:21
Cars are sold to us like this,
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Mobil dijual kepada kita seperti ini,
01:23
but really, this is what driving's like.
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kenyataannya, seperti inilah rasanya
mengemudikan mobil.
mengemudikan mobil.
01:26
Right? It's not sunny, it's rainy,
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Benar? Cuaca tidak cerah, tetapi hujan,
01:28
and you want to do anything
other than drive.
other than drive.
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kalian ingin melakukan hal lain
selain mengemudi.
selain mengemudi.
01:31
And the reason why is this:
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Dan alasannya:
01:32
Traffic is getting worse.
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Lalu lintas semakin buruk.
01:34
In America, between 1990 and 2010,
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Di Amerika, antara tahun 1990 dan 2010,
01:38
the vehicle miles traveled
increased by 38 percent.
increased by 38 percent.
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jarak yang ditempuh dengan berkendaraan
meningkat 38 persen.
meningkat 38 persen.
01:42
We grew by six percent of roads,
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jalanan bertambah enam persen,
01:44
so it's not in your brains.
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tidak hanya dalam pikiran kalian.
01:46
Traffic really is substantially worse
than it was not very long ago.
than it was not very long ago.
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Lalu lintas benar-benar memburuk
dalam waktu yang singkat.
dalam waktu yang singkat.
01:50
And all of this has a very human cost.
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Dan semua ini merugikan manusia.
01:53
So if you take the average commute time
in America, which is about 50 minutes,
in America, which is about 50 minutes,
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Ambil rata-rata waktu perjalanan
di Amerika, yaitu sekitar 50 menit,
di Amerika, yaitu sekitar 50 menit,
01:57
you multiply that by the 120 million
workers we have,
workers we have,
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kalikan dengan 120 juta
pekerja yang kita miliki,
pekerja yang kita miliki,
02:01
that turns out to be
about six billion minutes
about six billion minutes
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hasilnya adalah
sekitar enam milyar menit
sekitar enam milyar menit
02:03
wasted in commuting every day.
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terbuang di perjalanan setiap hari.
02:05
Now, that's a big number,
so let's put it in perspective.
so let's put it in perspective.
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Jumlah yang besar,
mari kita masukan ke dalam perspektif.
mari kita masukan ke dalam perspektif.
02:08
You take that six billion minutes
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Ambil enam milyar menit itu
02:09
and you divide it by the average
life expectancy of a person,
life expectancy of a person,
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dan bagi dengan rata-rata
harapan hidup manusia,
harapan hidup manusia,
02:13
that turns out to be 162 lifetimes
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hasilnya adalah 162 tahun
02:16
spent every day, wasted,
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dihabiskan setiap hari, terbuang,
02:19
just getting from A to B.
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hanya melakukan perjalanan dari A ke B.
02:21
It's unbelievable.
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Ini sulit dipercaya.
02:23
And then, there are those of us
who don't have the privilege
who don't have the privilege
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Dan, sebagian dari kita
tidak memiliki hak istimewa
tidak memiliki hak istimewa
02:26
of sitting in traffic.
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untuk menikmati lalu lintas.
02:28
So this is Steve.
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Jadi ini adalah Steve.
02:29
He's an incredibly capable guy,
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Dia seorang pria yang sangat mampu,
02:31
but he just happens to be blind,
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namun dia kebetulan buta,
02:33
and that means instead of a 30-minute
drive to work in the morning,
drive to work in the morning,
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dan berarti bukan 30 menit
berkendara untuk bekerja di pagi hari,
berkendara untuk bekerja di pagi hari,
02:37
it's a two-hour ordeal
of piecing together bits of public transit
of piecing together bits of public transit
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tetapi dua jam yang menyiksa
naik turun angkutan umum
naik turun angkutan umum
02:41
or asking friends and family for a ride.
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atau minta tumpangan dari
teman-teman dan keluarga.
teman-teman dan keluarga.
02:43
He doesn't have that same freedom
that you and I have to get around.
that you and I have to get around.
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Dia tidak memiliki kebebasan yang sama
yang kalian dan saya dapatkan.
yang kalian dan saya dapatkan.
02:47
We should do something about that.
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Kita harus berbuat sesuatu.
02:49
Now, conventional wisdom would say
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Kebijaksanaan konvensional berkata
02:51
that we'll just take
these driver assistance systems
these driver assistance systems
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kami akan menggunakan
sistem asistensi pengemudi ini
sistem asistensi pengemudi ini
02:54
and we'll kind of push them
and incrementally improve them,
and incrementally improve them,
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dan kami akan mendorongnya dan secara
bertahap meningkatkan kemampuannya,
bertahap meningkatkan kemampuannya,
02:57
and over time, they'll turn
into self-driving cars.
into self-driving cars.
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dengan waktu, ini akan
menjadi mobil self-driving.
menjadi mobil self-driving.
03:00
Well, I'm here to tell you
that's like me saying
that's like me saying
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Saya ingin memberitahu kalian
apa yang saya maksud
apa yang saya maksud
03:02
that if I work really hard at jumping,
one day I'll be able to fly.
one day I'll be able to fly.
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jika saya berusaha keras untuk melompat,
suatu hari saya akan bisa terbang.
suatu hari saya akan bisa terbang.
03:06
We actually need to do
something a little different.
something a little different.
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Kita perlu melakukan
sesuatu yang sedikit berbeda.
sesuatu yang sedikit berbeda.
03:09
And so I'm going to talk to you
about three different ways
about three different ways
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Saya akan memberitahu kalian
tiga cara yang berbeda
tiga cara yang berbeda
03:12
that self-driving systems are different
than driver assistance systems.
than driver assistance systems.
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bagaimana sistem self-driving berbeda
dari sistem asistensi pengemudi.
dari sistem asistensi pengemudi.
03:15
And I'm going to start
with some of our own experience.
with some of our own experience.
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Saya akan mulai dari
beberapa pengalaman kami sendiri.
beberapa pengalaman kami sendiri.
03:18
So back in 2013,
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Kembali pada tahun 2013,
03:20
we had the first test
of a self-driving car
of a self-driving car
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kami telah melakukan tes pertama
mobil self-driving
mobil self-driving
03:23
where we let regular people use it.
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kami biarkan orang biasa
menggunakannya.
menggunakannya.
03:25
Well, almost regular --
they were 100 Googlers,
they were 100 Googlers,
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Nah, hampir biasa -
mereka adalah 100 Googler,
mereka adalah 100 Googler,
03:27
but they weren't working on the project.
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tapi mereka tidak bekerja pada proyek ini.
03:29
And we gave them the car and we allowed
them to use it in their daily lives.
them to use it in their daily lives.
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Kami beri mereka mobil dan
kami izinkan untuk menggunakannya.
kami izinkan untuk menggunakannya.
03:33
But unlike a real self-driving car,
this one had a big asterisk with it:
this one had a big asterisk with it:
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Berbeda dari mobil self-driving asli,
mobil ini bertanda bintang besar:
mobil ini bertanda bintang besar:
03:36
They had to pay attention,
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Artinya mereka harus waspada,
03:38
because this was an experimental vehicle.
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karena ini adalah kendaraan percobaan.
03:40
We tested it a lot,
but it could still fail.
but it could still fail.
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Kami telah banyak mengujinya,
tetapi masih ada kemungkinan gagal.
tetapi masih ada kemungkinan gagal.
03:44
And so we gave them two hours of training,
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Dan kami memberi mereka dua jam pelatihan,
03:46
we put them in the car,
we let them use it,
we let them use it,
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mereka masuk mobil,
dan menggunakannya,
dan menggunakannya,
03:48
and what we heard back
was something awesome,
was something awesome,
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Responnya adalah
ini hal yang mengagumkan,
ini hal yang mengagumkan,
03:50
as someone trying
to bring a product into the world.
to bring a product into the world.
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seperti seseorang mencoba
membawa produk ke dunia.
membawa produk ke dunia.
03:53
Every one of them told us they loved it.
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Setiap orang berkata mereka menyukainya.
03:55
In fact, we had a Porsche driver
who came in and told us on the first day,
who came in and told us on the first day,
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Bahkan, pada hari pertama, ada pengemudi
Porsche yang datang dan berkata,
Porsche yang datang dan berkata,
03:58
"This is completely stupid.
What are we thinking?"
What are we thinking?"
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"Ini benar-benar bodoh.
Apa yang kalian pikirkan?"
Apa yang kalian pikirkan?"
04:01
But at the end of it, he said,
"Not only should I have it,
"Not only should I have it,
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Akhirnya, dia berkata,
"Bukan saja saya harus memilikinya,
"Bukan saja saya harus memilikinya,
04:04
everyone else should have it,
because people are terrible drivers."
because people are terrible drivers."
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orang lain harus memilikinya,
karena mereka pengemudi yang buruk."
karena mereka pengemudi yang buruk."
04:09
So this was music to our ears,
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Jadi ini adalah musik bagi kami,
04:10
but then we started to look at what
the people inside the car were doing,
the people inside the car were doing,
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tapi kemudian kami mulai melihat apa
yang orang-orang lakukan di dalam mobil,
yang orang-orang lakukan di dalam mobil,
04:14
and this was eye-opening.
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dan hal ini membuka mata kami.
04:16
Now, my favorite story is this gentleman
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Cerita favorit saya adalah pria ini
04:18
who looks down at his phone
and realizes the battery is low,
and realizes the battery is low,
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yang melihat teleponnya
dan menyadari bahwa baterainya lemah,
dan menyadari bahwa baterainya lemah,
04:22
so he turns around like this in the car
and digs around in his backpack,
and digs around in his backpack,
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jadi ia berbalik seperti ini di dalam
mobil dan mencari-cari di dalam ranselnya,
mobil dan mencari-cari di dalam ranselnya,
04:27
pulls out his laptop,
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menarik keluar laptop-nya,
04:29
puts it on the seat,
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meletakkan pada kursi,
04:30
goes in the back again,
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berbalik badan lagi,
04:32
digs around, pulls out
the charging cable for his phone,
the charging cable for his phone,
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mencari-cari lagi, menarik kabel USB
untuk mengisi telepon,
untuk mengisi telepon,
04:35
futzes around, puts it into the laptop,
puts it on the phone.
puts it on the phone.
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meraba-raba, menyambungkan ke laptop,
menyambungkan di telepon.
menyambungkan di telepon.
04:39
Sure enough, the phone is charging.
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Benar saja, teleponnya sedang diisi.
04:41
All the time he's been doing
65 miles per hour down the freeway.
65 miles per hour down the freeway.
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Semuanya dia lakukan 65 mil per jam
di jalan bebas hambatan.
di jalan bebas hambatan.
04:45
Right? Unbelievable.
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Sungguh sulit dipercaya.
04:47
So we thought about this and we said,
it's kind of obvious, right?
it's kind of obvious, right?
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Kami berpikir tentang hal ini dan
kami berkata, cukup jelas, kan?
kami berkata, cukup jelas, kan?
04:50
The better the technology gets,
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Semakin baik teknologi,
04:53
the less reliable
the driver is going to get.
the driver is going to get.
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pengemudi semakin kurang bisa diandalkan.
04:55
So by just making the cars
incrementally smarter,
incrementally smarter,
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Hanya dengan membuat mobil
cerdas secara bertahap,
cerdas secara bertahap,
04:57
we're probably not going to see
the wins we really need.
the wins we really need.
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kita mungkin tidak akan melihat
apa yang kita butuhkan.
apa yang kita butuhkan.
05:00
Let me talk about something
a little technical for a moment here.
a little technical for a moment here.
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Ijinkan saya bicara tentang sesuatu
yang sedikit teknis sejenak di sini.
yang sedikit teknis sejenak di sini.
05:04
So we're looking at this graph,
and along the bottom
and along the bottom
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Kita lihat grafik ini,
dan di bagian bawah ini
dan di bagian bawah ini
05:06
is how often does the car
apply the brakes when it shouldn't.
apply the brakes when it shouldn't.
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adalah seberapa sering mobil
menge-rem ketika seharusnya tidak.
menge-rem ketika seharusnya tidak.
05:09
You can ignore most of that axis,
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Sebagian aksis itu bisa diabaikan,
05:11
because if you're driving around town,
and the car starts stopping randomly,
and the car starts stopping randomly,
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karena jika kalian mengemudi di kota,
dan mobil mulai berhenti secara acak,
dan mobil mulai berhenti secara acak,
05:15
you're never going to buy that car.
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Kalian tidak akan
membeli mobil itu.
membeli mobil itu.
05:17
And the vertical axis is how often
the car is going to apply the brakes
the car is going to apply the brakes
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Aksis vertikal menunjukkan seberapa
sering mobil akan menge-rem
sering mobil akan menge-rem
05:20
when it's supposed to
to help you avoid an accident.
to help you avoid an accident.
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ketika memang seharusnya
untuk membantu menghindari kecelakaan.
untuk membantu menghindari kecelakaan.
05:23
Now, if we look at
the bottom left corner here,
the bottom left corner here,
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Sekarang, jika kita melihat
sudut kiri bawah,
sudut kiri bawah,
05:25
this is your classic car.
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ini adalah mobil klasik kalian.
05:27
It doesn't apply the brakes for you,
it doesn't do anything goofy,
it doesn't do anything goofy,
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Mobil ini tidak menge-rem sendiri,
dan tidak melakukan hal konyol,
dan tidak melakukan hal konyol,
05:30
but it also doesn't get you
out of an accident.
out of an accident.
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tetapi juga tidak membantu kalian
mencegah kecelakaan.
mencegah kecelakaan.
05:33
Now, if we want to bring
a driver assistance system into a car,
a driver assistance system into a car,
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Jika kita ingin menambah
sistem asistensi pengemudi,
sistem asistensi pengemudi,
05:36
say with collision mitigation braking,
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contoh, rem untuk
mengurangi tabrakan,
mengurangi tabrakan,
05:38
we're going to put some package
of technology on there,
of technology on there,
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kita akan menaruh sejumlah paket
teknologi di sana,
teknologi di sana,
05:40
and that's this curve, and it's going
to have some operating properties,
to have some operating properties,
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inilah kurvanya, sistem ini akan memiliki
beberapa cara pengoperasian,
beberapa cara pengoperasian,
05:44
but it's never going to avoid
all of the accidents,
all of the accidents,
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tapi hal ini tidak akan mencegah
semua kecelakaan,
semua kecelakaan,
05:46
because it doesn't have that capability.
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sistem ini tidak memiliki kemampuan itu.
05:48
But we'll pick some place
along the curve here,
along the curve here,
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Mari kita pilih tempat
di sepanjang kurva ini,
di sepanjang kurva ini,
05:51
and maybe it avoids half of accidents
that the human driver misses,
that the human driver misses,
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mungkin ia mencegah setengah
dari kecelakaan yang pengemudi lewatkan,
dari kecelakaan yang pengemudi lewatkan,
05:54
and that's amazing, right?
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dan itu luar biasa, bukan?
05:55
We just reduced accidents on our roads
by a factor of two.
by a factor of two.
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Kami telah mengurangi kecelakaan
sebanyak dua faktor.
sebanyak dua faktor.
05:58
There are now 17,000 less people
dying every year in America.
dying every year in America.
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Sekarang ada kurang lebih 17.000 orang
yang meninggal setiap tahun di Amerika.
yang meninggal setiap tahun di Amerika.
06:02
But if we want a self-driving car,
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Jika kita menginginkan mobil self-driving,
06:04
we need a technology curve
that looks like this.
that looks like this.
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kami memerlukan kurva teknologi
seperti ini.
seperti ini.
06:06
We're going to have to put
more sensors in the vehicle,
more sensors in the vehicle,
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Kami harus menempatkan
lebih banyak sensor dalam mobil,
lebih banyak sensor dalam mobil,
06:09
and we'll pick some
operating point up here
operating point up here
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kami pilih sejumlah
titik operasi di sini
titik operasi di sini
06:11
where it basically never
gets into a crash.
gets into a crash.
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yang tak pernah
mengalami kecelakaan.
mengalami kecelakaan.
06:13
They'll happen, but very low frequency.
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Kecelakaan akan terjadi
namun frekuensi amat rendah.
namun frekuensi amat rendah.
06:15
Now you and I could look at this
and we could argue
and we could argue
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Kalian dan saya bisa melihatnya
dan berdebat
dan berdebat
06:18
about whether it's incremental, and
I could say something like "80-20 rule,"
I could say something like "80-20 rule,"
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tentang apakah ini bertahap sifatnya,
dan saya bilang kira-kira "80-20,"
dan saya bilang kira-kira "80-20,"
06:21
and it's really hard to move up
to that new curve.
to that new curve.
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dan benar-benar sulit untuk
menuju ke kurva baru itu.
menuju ke kurva baru itu.
06:24
But let's look at it
from a different direction for a moment.
from a different direction for a moment.
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Tapi mari kita lihat sejenak
dari arah yang berbeda.
dari arah yang berbeda.
06:27
So let's look at how often
the technology has to do the right thing.
the technology has to do the right thing.
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Mari kita lihat seberapa sering
teknologi harus melakukan hal yang benar.
teknologi harus melakukan hal yang benar.
06:30
And so this green dot up here
is a driver assistance system.
is a driver assistance system.
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Dan titik hijau di sini ini adalah
sistem asistensi pengemudi.
sistem asistensi pengemudi.
06:34
It turns out that human drivers
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Ternyata para pengemudi
06:36
make mistakes that lead
to traffic accidents
to traffic accidents
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membuat kesalahan, menyebabkan
kecelakaan lalu lintas
kecelakaan lalu lintas
06:39
about once every 100,000 miles in America.
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sekitar sekali setiap 100.000 mil
di Amerika.
di Amerika.
06:42
In contrast, a self-driving system
is probably making decisions
is probably making decisions
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Sebaliknya, sistem self-driving
mungkin membuat keputusan
mungkin membuat keputusan
06:45
about 10 times per second,
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sekitar 10 kali per detik,
06:49
so order of magnitude,
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jadi dalam kelipatan,
06:50
that's about 1,000 times per mile.
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sekitar 1.000 kali per mil.
06:53
So if you compare the distance
between these two,
between these two,
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Jika kalian membandingkan jarak
antara keduanya,
antara keduanya,
06:56
it's about 10 to the eighth, right?
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itu sekitar 8 sampai 10, kan?
06:58
Eight orders of magnitude.
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Delapan kali lipat.
07:00
That's like comparing how fast I run
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Itu seperti membandingkan seberapa cepat
07:03
to the speed of light.
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saya berlari dan kecepatan cahaya.
07:05
It doesn't matter how hard I train,
I'm never actually going to get there.
I'm never actually going to get there.
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Tak peduli seberapa keras saya berlatih,
saya tidak akan menyamainya.
saya tidak akan menyamainya.
07:09
So there's a pretty big gap there.
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Jadi ada kesenjangan yang besar di sana.
07:11
And then finally, there's how
the system can handle uncertainty.
the system can handle uncertainty.
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Dan akhirnya, bagaimana sistem itu
dapat menangani ketidakpastian.
dapat menangani ketidakpastian.
07:15
So this pedestrian here might be
stepping into the road, might not be.
stepping into the road, might not be.
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Pejalan kaki ini di sini mungkin
melangkah ke jalan, mungkin tidak.
melangkah ke jalan, mungkin tidak.
07:18
I can't tell,
nor can any of our algorithms,
nor can any of our algorithms,
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Baik saya maupun algoritme kami
tidak dapat memperkirakannya,
tidak dapat memperkirakannya,
07:22
but in the case of
a driver assistance system,
a driver assistance system,
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tetapi dalam kasus
sistem asistensi pengemudi,
sistem asistensi pengemudi,
07:24
that means it can't take action,
because again,
because again,
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artinya tidak dapat mengambil tindakan,
karena lagi-lagi,
karena lagi-lagi,
07:27
if it presses the brakes unexpectedly,
that's completely unacceptable.
that's completely unacceptable.
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jika menekan rem tiba-tiba,
hal ini benar-benar tidak dapat diterima.
hal ini benar-benar tidak dapat diterima.
07:30
Whereas a self-driving system
can look at that pedestrian and say,
can look at that pedestrian and say,
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Sistem self-driving dapat
melihat pejalan kaki itu dan berkata,
melihat pejalan kaki itu dan berkata,
07:33
I don't know what they're about to do,
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Saya tak tahu mereka akan berbuat apa,
07:35
slow down, take a better look,
and then react appropriately after that.
and then react appropriately after that.
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memperlambat, melihat lagi, dan
memberikan reaksi yang tepat.
memberikan reaksi yang tepat.
07:39
So it can be much safer than
a driver assistance system can ever be.
a driver assistance system can ever be.
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Jadi jauh lebih aman
daripada sistem asistensi pengemudi.
daripada sistem asistensi pengemudi.
07:43
So that's enough about
the differences between the two.
the differences between the two.
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Cukuplah penjelasa mengenai
perbedaan antara keduanya.
perbedaan antara keduanya.
07:45
Let's spend some time talking about
how the car sees the world.
how the car sees the world.
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Mari kita berbicara sejenak
tentang bagaimana mobil melihat dunia.
tentang bagaimana mobil melihat dunia.
07:49
So this is our vehicle.
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Jadi, ini kendaraan kami.
07:50
It starts by understanding
where it is in the world,
where it is in the world,
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Dimulai dengan memahami
di mana posisinya di dunia,
di mana posisinya di dunia,
07:53
by taking a map and its sensor data
and aligning the two,
and aligning the two,
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dengan peta dan data sensor
dan menyelaraskan keduanya,
dan menyelaraskan keduanya,
07:55
and then we layer on top of that
what it sees in the moment.
what it sees in the moment.
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kemudian kita tambah dengan
apa yang dilihatnya pada saat itu.
apa yang dilihatnya pada saat itu.
07:58
So here, all the purple boxes you can see
are other vehicles on the road,
are other vehicles on the road,
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Jadi di sini, semua kotak ungu ini
adalah kendaraan lain di jalan,
adalah kendaraan lain di jalan,
08:02
and the red thing on the side
over there is a cyclist,
over there is a cyclist,
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yang merah di sisi atas
adalah pengendara sepeda,
adalah pengendara sepeda,
08:05
and up in the distance,
if you look really closely,
if you look really closely,
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dan di atas sana,
jika kalian lihat dengan teliti,
jika kalian lihat dengan teliti,
08:07
you can see some cones.
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kalian lihat beberapa kerucut.
08:09
Then we know where the car
is in the moment,
is in the moment,
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Jadi kita tahu di mana mobil
berada pada saat ini,
berada pada saat ini,
08:12
but we have to do better than that:
we have to predict what's going to happen.
we have to predict what's going to happen.
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tapi kita harus bisa lebih baik: kita
harus memprediksi apa yang akan terjadi.
harus memprediksi apa yang akan terjadi.
08:15
So here the pickup truck in top right
is about to make a left lane change
is about to make a left lane change
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Truk pickup di kanan atas ini akan
berpindah ke jalur kiri
berpindah ke jalur kiri
08:19
because the road in front of it is closed,
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karena jalan di depannya ditutup,
08:21
so it needs to get out of the way.
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sehingga truk harus berpindah.
08:23
Knowing that one pickup truck is great,
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Mengetahui ini adalah hal yang bagus,
08:25
but we really need to know
what everybody's thinking,
what everybody's thinking,
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tapi kita perlu tahu
apa yang semua orang pikirkan,
apa yang semua orang pikirkan,
08:27
so it becomes quite a complicated problem.
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sehingga menjadi masalah yang cukup rumit.
08:30
And then given that, we can figure out
how the car should respond in the moment,
how the car should respond in the moment,
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Dengan demikian, kita bisa mengetahui
bagaimana mobil harus merespon,
bagaimana mobil harus merespon,
08:34
so what trajectory it should follow, how
quickly it should slow down or speed up.
quickly it should slow down or speed up.
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jalur apa yang harus diikuti, secepat apa
kita memperlambat atau mempercepat.
kita memperlambat atau mempercepat.
08:38
And then that all turns into
just following a path:
just following a path:
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Dan kemudian semua berubah
mengikuti satu jalur:
mengikuti satu jalur:
08:41
turning the steering wheel left or right,
pressing the brake or gas.
pressing the brake or gas.
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memutar roda kemudi ke kiri atau kanan,
menekan rem atau gas.
menekan rem atau gas.
08:45
It's really just two numbers
at the end of the day.
at the end of the day.
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Pada akhirnya hanya dua hal itu
yang dilakukan.
yang dilakukan.
08:47
So how hard can it really be?
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Jadi seberapa sulitkah?
08:50
Back when we started in 2009,
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Kembali ketika kami mulai di tahun 2009,
08:52
this is what our system looked like.
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sistem kami tampak seperti ini.
08:54
So you can see our car in the middle
and the other boxes on the road,
and the other boxes on the road,
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Kalian lihat mobil kami di tengah-tengah
dan kotak-kotak lain di jalan,
dan kotak-kotak lain di jalan,
08:57
driving down the highway.
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berjalan di jalan raya.
08:58
The car needs to understand where it is
and roughly where the other vehicles are.
and roughly where the other vehicles are.
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Mobil perlu memahami di mana dirinya
dan kira-kira di mana kendaraan lain.
dan kira-kira di mana kendaraan lain.
09:02
It's really a geometric
understanding of the world.
understanding of the world.
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Ini hanyalah pemahaman
geometris mengenai dunia.
geometris mengenai dunia.
09:05
Once we started driving
on neighborhood and city streets,
on neighborhood and city streets,
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Setelah kami mulai mengemudi
di lingkungan dan jalanan kota,
di lingkungan dan jalanan kota,
09:08
the problem becomes a whole
new level of difficulty.
new level of difficulty.
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tingkat kesulitan masalahnya bertambah.
09:10
You see pedestrians crossing in front
of us, cars crossing in front of us,
of us, cars crossing in front of us,
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Kalian lihat pejalan kaki menyeberang,
mobil melintas di depan kami,
mobil melintas di depan kami,
09:13
going every which way,
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ke segala arah,
09:15
the traffic lights, crosswalks.
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lampu lalu lintas, zebra cross.
09:17
It's an incredibly complicated
problem by comparison.
problem by comparison.
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Ini adalah masalah yang sangat rumit.
09:20
And then once you have
that problem solved,
that problem solved,
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Dan setelah masalah terpecahkan,
09:22
the vehicle has to be able
to deal with construction.
to deal with construction.
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mobil harus mampu menangani konstruksi.
09:24
So here are the cones on the left
forcing it to drive to the right,
forcing it to drive to the right,
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Kerucut di sebelah kiri ini memaksa mobil
untuk ke arah kanan,
untuk ke arah kanan,
09:27
but not just construction
in isolation, of course.
in isolation, of course.
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tapi tidak hanya
konstruksi saja.
konstruksi saja.
09:30
It has to deal with other people moving
through that construction zone as well.
through that construction zone as well.
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mobil harus berurusan dengan orang lain
yang bergerak melalui zona konstruksi.
yang bergerak melalui zona konstruksi.
09:34
And of course, if anyone's
breaking the rules, the police are there
breaking the rules, the police are there
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Dan tentu saja, apakah ada orang yang
melanggar, ada polisi disana
melanggar, ada polisi disana
09:37
and the car has to understand that
that flashing light on the top of the car
that flashing light on the top of the car
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dan mobil harus memahami bahwa
lampu berkedip di atas mobil
lampu berkedip di atas mobil
09:40
means that it's not just a car,
it's actually a police officer.
it's actually a police officer.
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berarti bahwa itu bukan mobil biasa,
tetapi mobil polisi.
tetapi mobil polisi.
09:43
Similarly, the orange box
on the side here,
on the side here,
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Sama halnya dengan
kotak oranye di sini,
kotak oranye di sini,
09:46
it's a school bus,
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itu adalah bis sekolah,
09:47
and we have to treat that
differently as well.
differently as well.
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dan kita harus memperlakukannya
dengan berbeda juga.
dengan berbeda juga.
09:50
When we're out on the road,
other people have expectations:
other people have expectations:
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Ketika kita berada di jalan,
orang lain berharap:
orang lain berharap:
09:53
So, when a cyclist puts up their arm,
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Pengendara sepeda
mengangkat tangan,
mengangkat tangan,
09:55
it means they're expecting the car
to yield to them and make room for them
to yield to them and make room for them
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mereka mengharapkan mobil melihatnya
dan memberikan ruang bagi mereka
dan memberikan ruang bagi mereka
09:58
to make a lane change.
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untuk membuat perubahan jalur.
10:01
And when a police officer
stood in the road,
stood in the road,
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Dan ketika seorang polisi
berdiri di jalan,
berdiri di jalan,
10:03
our vehicle should understand
that this means stop,
that this means stop,
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kendaraan harus memahami
bahwa ini berarti berhenti,
bahwa ini berarti berhenti,
10:05
and when they signal to go,
we should continue.
we should continue.
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dan ketika mereka memberi aba-aba
untuk jalan, kita harus terus.
untuk jalan, kita harus terus.
10:09
Now, the way we accomplish this
is by sharing data between the vehicles.
is by sharing data between the vehicles.
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Sekarang, cara kami melakukannya adalah
dengan membagi data antara kendaraan.
dengan membagi data antara kendaraan.
10:13
The first, most crude model of this
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Pertama, model paling dasar
10:14
is when one vehicle
sees a construction zone,
sees a construction zone,
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saat kendaraan
melihat zona konstruksi,
melihat zona konstruksi,
10:17
having another know about it
so it can be in the correct lane
so it can be in the correct lane
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mobil mengetahuinya dan
dapat memilih jalur yang benar
dapat memilih jalur yang benar
10:20
to avoid some of the difficulty.
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untuk menghindari kesulitan.
10:21
But we actually have a much
deeper understanding of this.
deeper understanding of this.
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Tapi kita memiliki pemahaman
yang lebih dalam.
yang lebih dalam.
10:24
We could take all of the data
that the cars have seen over time,
that the cars have seen over time,
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Kita bisa mengambil semua data
dari mobil dari waktu ke waktu,
dari mobil dari waktu ke waktu,
10:27
the hundreds of thousands
of pedestrians, cyclists,
of pedestrians, cyclists,
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ratusan ribu pejalan kaki,
pengendara sepeda,
pengendara sepeda,
10:29
and vehicles that have been out there
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dan kendaraan yang ada di luar sana
10:31
and understand what they look like
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1695
dan memahami wujud mereka
10:33
and use that to infer
what other vehicles should look like
what other vehicles should look like
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dan menyimpulkan seperti apa
bentuk kendaraan seharusnya
bentuk kendaraan seharusnya
10:36
and other pedestrians should look like.
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dan seperti apa sebenarnya pejalan kaki.
10:37
And then, even more importantly,
we could take from that a model
we could take from that a model
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3021
Yang terpenting, kita bisa
menciptakan model dari data tersebut
menciptakan model dari data tersebut
10:40
of how we expect them
to move through the world.
to move through the world.
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bagaimana kita harapkan
mereka untuk bergerak.
mereka untuk bergerak.
10:43
So here the yellow box is a pedestrian
crossing in front of us.
crossing in front of us.
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Kotak kuning ini adalah pejalan kaki
menyeberang di depan kami.
menyeberang di depan kami.
10:46
Here the blue box is a cyclist
and we anticipate
and we anticipate
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Kotak biru, pengendara sepeda,
kami antisipasi
kami antisipasi
10:48
that they're going to nudge out
and around the car to the right.
and around the car to the right.
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3312
bahwa ia akan keluar dan
menyelip mengitari mobil ke kanan.
menyelip mengitari mobil ke kanan.
10:52
Here there's a cyclist
coming down the road
coming down the road
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Ada pengendara sepeda
dari arah berlawanan
dari arah berlawanan
10:54
and we know they're going to continue
to drive down the shape of the road.
to drive down the shape of the road.
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dan kami tahu mereka akan terus
berkendara mengikuti jalan.
berkendara mengikuti jalan.
10:57
Here somebody makes a right turn,
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Orang ini akan belok ke kanan,
10:59
and in a moment here, somebody's
going to make a U-turn in front of us,
going to make a U-turn in front of us,
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dan suatu saat, seseorang akan
berputar balik di depan kami,
berputar balik di depan kami,
11:02
and we can anticipate that behavior
and respond safely.
and respond safely.
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kami bisa mengantisipasinya
dan bereaksi dengan baik.
dan bereaksi dengan baik.
11:05
Now, that's all well and good
for things that we've seen,
for things that we've seen,
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2728
Sekarang, kedengarannya semua
baik-baik saja,
baik-baik saja,
11:08
but of course, you encounter
lots of things that you haven't
lots of things that you haven't
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namun tentu saja, ada banyak hal
yang belum pernah kalian
yang belum pernah kalian
11:11
seen in the world before.
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lihat sebelumnya.
11:12
And so just a couple of months ago,
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Dan hanya beberapa bulan yang lalu,
11:14
our vehicles were driving
through Mountain View,
through Mountain View,
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2235
kendaraan kami berjalan melalui
Mountain View,
Mountain View,
11:16
and this is what we encountered.
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dan ini yang kami temui.
11:17
This is a woman in an electric wheelchair
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Ini adalah wanita di kursi roda listrik
11:20
chasing a duck in circles on the road.
(Laughter)
(Laughter)
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beputar-putar mengejar bebek di jalan.
(Tertawa)
(Tertawa)
11:22
Now it turns out, there is nowhere
in the DMV handbook
in the DMV handbook
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Sekarang ternyata, dalam buku
pegangan DMV tidak ada
pegangan DMV tidak ada
11:25
that tells you how to deal with that,
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informasi bagaimana kalian harus bereaksi,
11:28
but our vehicles were able
to encounter that,
to encounter that,
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tapi kendaraan kami mampu menghadapinya,
11:30
slow down, and drive safely.
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memperlambat laju, dan berjalan
dengan aman.
dengan aman.
11:32
Now, we don't have to deal
with just ducks.
with just ducks.
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Kita tidak hanya berurusan dengan bebek.
11:34
Watch this bird fly across in front of us.
The car reacts to that.
The car reacts to that.
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Lihatlah burung ini terbang melintas
di depan kami. Mobil kami bereaksi.
di depan kami. Mobil kami bereaksi.
11:38
Here we're dealing with a cyclist
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Ini ada pengendara sepeda yang
11:39
that you would never expect to see
anywhere other than Mountain View.
anywhere other than Mountain View.
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tidak pernah kita harapkan
ditemukan di manapun selain Mountain View.
ditemukan di manapun selain Mountain View.
11:43
And of course, we have
to deal with drivers,
to deal with drivers,
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Kita juga berhadapan
dengan para pengemudi,
dengan para pengemudi,
11:45
even the very small ones.
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bahkan dengan yang sangat kecil.
11:48
Watch to the right as someone
jumps out of this truck at us.
jumps out of this truck at us.
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Di sebelah kanan ada orang melompat
keluar dari truk ini ke arah kami.
keluar dari truk ini ke arah kami.
11:54
And now, watch the left as the car
with the green box decides
with the green box decides
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Di sebelah kiri,
mobil dengan kotak hijau ini memutuskan
mobil dengan kotak hijau ini memutuskan
11:57
he needs to make a right turn
at the last possible moment.
at the last possible moment.
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untuk berbelok ke kanan
pada saat-saat terakhir.
pada saat-saat terakhir.
12:00
Here, as we make a lane change,
the car to our left decides
the car to our left decides
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Di sini, saat kami berubah jalur,
mobil di kiri kami
mobil di kiri kami
12:03
it wants to as well.
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ingin pindah jalur juga.
12:07
And here, we watch a car
blow through a red light
blow through a red light
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Dan di sini, kita melihat mobil
menerobos lampu merah
menerobos lampu merah
12:09
and yield to it.
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dan mengalah.
12:11
And similarly, here, a cyclist
blowing through that light as well.
blowing through that light as well.
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Di sini, pengendara sepeda juga
menerobos lampu merah.
menerobos lampu merah.
12:15
And of course,
the vehicle responds safely.
the vehicle responds safely.
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Dan tentu saja,
mobil merespon dengan baik.
mobil merespon dengan baik.
12:18
And of course, we have people
who do I don't know what
who do I don't know what
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Tentu saja, ada orang yang terkadang
tidak tahu harus
tidak tahu harus
12:21
sometimes on the road, like this guy
pulling out between two self-driving cars.
pulling out between two self-driving cars.
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bertindak bagaimana di jalan, seperti
orang diantara dua mobil self-driving ini.
orang diantara dua mobil self-driving ini.
12:24
You have to ask, "What are you thinking?"
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Pertanyaannya ,
"Apa yang kau pikirkan?"
"Apa yang kau pikirkan?"
12:26
(Laughter)
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(Tertawa)
12:28
Now, I just fire-hosed you
with a lot of stuff there,
with a lot of stuff there,
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Saya telah menjelaskan
sangat banyak hal pada kalian,
sangat banyak hal pada kalian,
12:30
so I'm going to break one of these
down pretty quickly.
down pretty quickly.
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jadi saya akan menjelaskan
salah satunya sekilas.
salah satunya sekilas.
12:33
So what we're looking at is the scene
with the cyclist again,
with the cyclist again,
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Ini adalah adegan
dengan pengendara sepeda lagi,
dengan pengendara sepeda lagi,
12:36
and you might notice in the bottom,
we can't actually see the cyclist yet,
we can't actually see the cyclist yet,
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kalian mungkin melihat di bagian bawah,
kita tidak bisa melihatnya,
kita tidak bisa melihatnya,
12:39
but the car can: it's that little
blue box up there,
blue box up there,
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tapi mobil kami bisa: kotak biru
kecil di atas itu,
kecil di atas itu,
12:42
and that comes from the laser data.
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dan ini berasal dari data laser.
12:44
And that's not actually
really easy to understand,
really easy to understand,
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Sebenarnya ini tidak mudah untuk dipahami,
12:46
so what I'm going to do is I'm going
to turn that laser data and look at it,
to turn that laser data and look at it,
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Yang akan saya lakukan adalah saya akan
mengubah data laser dan menelitinya,
mengubah data laser dan menelitinya,
12:50
and if you're really good at looking
at laser data, you can see
at laser data, you can see
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jika kalian pintar melihat data laser,
kalian dapat melihat
kalian dapat melihat
12:53
a few dots on the curve there,
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beberapa titik pada kurva itu,
12:54
right there, and that blue box
is that cyclist.
is that cyclist.
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di sana, dan kotak biru
pengendara sepeda itu.
pengendara sepeda itu.
12:57
Now as our light is red,
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Saat lampu kami merah,
12:58
the cyclist's light
has turned yellow already,
has turned yellow already,
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lampu bagi pengendara sepeda
berubah kuning,
berubah kuning,
13:00
and if you squint, you can see that
in the imagery.
in the imagery.
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sipitkan mata dan kalian dapat melihatnya.
13:03
But the cyclist, we see, is going
to proceed through the intersection.
to proceed through the intersection.
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Kita lihat ia akan berjalan
terus menerobos persimpangan.
terus menerobos persimpangan.
13:06
Our light has now turned green,
his is solidly red,
his is solidly red,
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Sekarang lampu kami berubah hijau,
lampunya merah,
lampunya merah,
13:08
and we now anticipate that this bike
is going to come all the way across.
is going to come all the way across.
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dan kami mengantisipasi
sepeda ini akan melintasi jalan.
sepeda ini akan melintasi jalan.
13:13
Unfortunately the other drivers next to us
were not paying as much attention.
were not paying as much attention.
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Sayangnya pengendara lain disebelah kami
tidak terlalu memperhatikan.
tidak terlalu memperhatikan.
13:16
They started to pull forward,
and fortunately for everyone,
and fortunately for everyone,
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Mereka mulai maju ke depan,
dan untungnya bagi semua orang,
dan untungnya bagi semua orang,
13:19
this cyclists reacts, avoids,
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3011
pengendara sepeda ini bereaksi,
menghindar,
menghindar,
13:22
and makes it through the intersection.
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dan berhasil menyeberangi persimpangan.
13:25
And off we go.
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Dan kita melaju kembali.
13:26
Now, as you can see, we've made
some pretty exciting progress,
some pretty exciting progress,
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Kami telah membuat sejumlah
kemajuan yang cukup menarik,
kemajuan yang cukup menarik,
13:29
and at this point we're pretty convinced
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dan pada saat ini kami cukup yakin
13:31
this technology is going
to come to market.
to come to market.
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2010
teknologi ini akan ada di pasaran.
13:33
We do three million miles of testing
in our simulators every single day,
in our simulators every single day,
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Kami melakukan tiga juta mil pengujian
di simulator kami setiap hari,
di simulator kami setiap hari,
13:38
so you can imagine the experience
that our vehicles have.
that our vehicles have.
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jadi bayangkan pengalaman
yang kendaraan kami miliki.
yang kendaraan kami miliki.
13:41
We are looking forward to having
this technology on the road,
this technology on the road,
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Kami berharap memiliki teknologi
ini di jalan,
ini di jalan,
13:43
and we think the right path
is to go through the self-driving
is to go through the self-driving
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kami pikir jalan yang benar adalah
melalui self-driving
melalui self-driving
13:46
rather than driver assistance approach
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bukan melalui asistensi pengemudi
13:48
because the urgency is so large.
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karena urgensinya begitu besar.
13:51
In the time I have given this talk today,
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Selama waktu saya berbicara ini,
13:53
34 people have died on America's roads.
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34 orang telah meninggal
di jalanan Amerika.
di jalanan Amerika.
13:56
How soon can we bring it out?
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Seberapa cepat kami dapat memproduksinya?
13:59
Well, it's hard to say because
it's a really complicated problem,
it's a really complicated problem,
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Nah, sulit untuk dikatakan karena
ini adalah masalah yang sangat rumit,
ini adalah masalah yang sangat rumit,
14:02
but these are my two boys.
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tetapi ini adalah dua anak laki-laki saya.
14:05
My oldest son is 11, and that means
in four and a half years,
in four and a half years,
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Anak tertua saya 11 tahun,
itu berarti dalam empat setengah tahun,
itu berarti dalam empat setengah tahun,
14:08
he's going to be able
to get his driver's license.
to get his driver's license.
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dia akan bisa mendapatkan SIM-nya.
14:11
My team and I are committed
to making sure that doesn't happen.
to making sure that doesn't happen.
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3204
Tim saya dan saya berkomitmen
memastikan hal itu tidak terjadi.
memastikan hal itu tidak terjadi.
14:14
Thank you.
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1904
Terima kasih.
14:16
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(Tertawa) (Tepuk tangan)
14:21
Chris Anderson: Chris,
I've got a question for you.
I've got a question for you.
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Chris Anderson: Chris,
saya meiliki pertanyaan.
saya meiliki pertanyaan.
14:23
Chris Urmson: Sure.
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Chris Urmson: Tentu.
14:26
CA: So certainly, the mind of your cars
is pretty mind-boggling.
is pretty mind-boggling.
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CA: Jadi, mobil anda memiliki
pemikiran cukup mencengangkan.
pemikiran cukup mencengangkan.
14:30
On this debate between
driver-assisted and fully driverless --
driver-assisted and fully driverless --
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Pada debat antara asistensi pengemudi
dan sepenuhnya tanpa pengemudi -
dan sepenuhnya tanpa pengemudi -
14:34
I mean, there's a real debate
going on out there right now.
going on out there right now.
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maksud saya, ada perdebatan yang
terjadi di luar sana sekarang.
terjadi di luar sana sekarang.
14:37
So some of the companies,
for example, Tesla,
for example, Tesla,
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Beberapa perusahaan,
misalnya, Tesla,
misalnya, Tesla,
14:40
are going the driver-assisted route.
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yang akan memilih
sistem asistensi pengemudi.
sistem asistensi pengemudi.
14:42
What you're saying is that
that's kind of going to be a dead end
that's kind of going to be a dead end
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Yang akan anda katakan adalah cara ini
akan segera berakhir karena anda
akan segera berakhir karena anda
14:48
because you can't just keep improving
that route and get to fully driverless
that route and get to fully driverless
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tidak bisa memperbaiki sistem itu dan
mencapai sistem tanpa pengemudi sepenuhnya
mencapai sistem tanpa pengemudi sepenuhnya
14:53
at some point, and then a driver
is going to say, "This feels safe,"
is going to say, "This feels safe,"
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pada saat tertentu, dan pengemudi
akan mengatakan, "Ini rasanya aman,"
akan mengatakan, "Ini rasanya aman,"
14:57
and climb into the back,
and something ugly will happen.
and something ugly will happen.
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naik ke kursi belakang, dan sesuatu
yang buruk terjadi.
yang buruk terjadi.
14:59
CU: Right. No, that's exactly right,
and it's not to say
and it's not to say
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CU: Benar. Tidak, itu tepat sekali,
ini tidak berarti
ini tidak berarti
15:02
that the driver assistance systems
aren't going to be incredibly valuable.
aren't going to be incredibly valuable.
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bahwa sistem asistensi pengemudi
tidak akan menjadi sangat berharga.
tidak akan menjadi sangat berharga.
15:05
They can save a lot of lives
in the interim,
in the interim,
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Ini sementara bisa menjadi penyelamat,
15:08
but to see the transformative opportunity
to help someone like Steve get around,
to help someone like Steve get around,
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tetapi untuk melihat peluang transformatif
dan membantu seseorang seperti Steve,
dan membantu seseorang seperti Steve,
15:11
to really get to the end case in safety,
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untuk mencapai standar keamanan,
15:13
to have the opportunity
to change our cities
to change our cities
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untuk memiliki kesempatan
untuk mengubah kota kita
untuk mengubah kota kita
15:16
and move parking out and get rid of
these urban craters we call parking lots,
these urban craters we call parking lots,
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dan memindahkan tempat parkir
di perkotaan,
di perkotaan,
15:20
it's the only way to go.
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inilah satu-satunya cara.
15:21
CA: We will be tracking your progress
with huge interest.
with huge interest.
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CA: Kami sangat tertarik mengikuti
perkembangan anda.
perkembangan anda.
15:24
Thanks so much, Chris.
CU: Thank you. (Applause)
CU: Thank you. (Applause)
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Terima kasih banyak, Chris.
CU: Terima kasih. (Tepuk tangan)
CU: Terima kasih. (Tepuk tangan)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Chris Urmson - RoboticistChris Umson is the Director of Self-Driving Cars at Google[x].
Why you should listen
Since 2009, Chris Urmson has headed up Google’s self-driving car program. So far, the team’s vehicles have driven over three quarters of a million miles. While early models included a driverless Prius that TEDsters got to test- ... um, -not-drive in 2011, more and more the team is building vehicles from the ground up, custom-made to go driverless.
Prior to joining Google, Umson was on the faculty of the Robotics Institute at Carnegie Mellon University, where his research focused on motion planning and perception for robotic vehicles. During his time at Carnegie Mellon, he served as Director of Technology for the team that won the 2007 DARPA Urban Challenge.
Chris Urmson | Speaker | TED.com