TEDGlobal 2011
Josette Sheeran: Ending hunger now
ジョゼット・シーラン：今こそ飢餓のない世界を
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国連世界食糧計画（WFP）の事務局長ゼット・シーランが、全員に十分な量の食料がある世界で、なぜ飢える人や餓死する人、また食料を戦争の道具にする人がいるのかを語ります。彼女は訴えます「食糧問題は個人で解決できるものではないのです。私たちが一緒に立ち上がらなければなりません。」
Josette Sheeran - Anti-hunger leader
Our generation is the first in history with enough resources to eradicate hunger worldwide. Josette Sheeran, the former head of the UN World Food Programme, shares a plan. Full bio
Our generation is the first in history with enough resources to eradicate hunger worldwide. Josette Sheeran, the former head of the UN World Food Programme, shares a plan. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Well after many years working in trade and economics,
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貿易と経済の仕事を
00:18
four years ago,
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4年前に辞めて
00:20
I found myself working on the front lines
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現在は弱い立場の人々の中で
00:22
of human vulnerability.
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働いています
00:25
And I found myself in the places
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そこではみんなが
00:27
where people are fighting every day to survive
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必死に生きようとしても
00:30
and can't even obtain a meal.
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1日何も食べられません
00:34
This red cup comes from Rwanda
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この赤いカップはルワンダの
00:36
from a child named Fabian.
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フェイビアンからもらいました
00:38
And I carry this around
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いつも持ち歩いています
00:40
as a symbol, really, of the challenge
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これは挑戦と希望の
00:42
and also the hope.
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象徴なのです
00:44
Because one cup of food a day
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１日カップ1杯の食物で
00:46
changes Fabian's life completely.
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フェイビアンの生活は改善しました
00:49
But what I'd like to talk about today
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そしてこれから話すのは
00:52
is the fact that this morning,
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次の事実についてです
00:55
about a billion people on Earth --
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地球上の約10億人
00:57
or one out of every seven --
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つまり7人に1人が今朝も
00:59
woke up and didn't even know
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このカップに食べ物を
01:01
how to fill this cup.
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満たす方法が分からない
01:03
One out of every seven people.
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7人に1人がです
01:07
First, I'll ask you: Why should you care?
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この問題に私たちが
01:09
Why should we care?
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取り組む理由は何でしょう
01:11
For most people,
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たいていの人は
01:13
if they think about hunger,
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飢饉といわれれば
01:15
they don't have to go far back on their own family history --
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遠い昔ではなく
01:18
maybe in their own lives, or their parents' lives,
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自分自身や両親
01:20
or their grandparents' lives --
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祖父母の時代に
01:22
to remember an experience of hunger.
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経験していることでしょう
01:25
I rarely find an audience
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ほとんどの聴衆の方は
01:27
where people can go back very far without that experience.
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少し遡れば飢饉の経験に行き当たります
01:30
Some are driven by compassion,
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深い同情にかられて
01:32
feel it's perhaps
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人道的行為が必要と
01:34
one of the fundamental acts of humanity.
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感じる人もいます
01:36
As Gandhi said,
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ガンジーも言っています
01:38
"To a hungry man, a piece of bread is the face of God."
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「飢えた者に一切れのパンを」とね
01:42
Others worry about peace and security,
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また世界の平和と安全を
01:45
stability in the world.
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心配する人たちもいます
01:47
We saw the food riots in 2008,
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2008年に食糧暴動が起きたのは
01:50
after what I call the silent tsunami of hunger
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飢餓という「静かな津波」が地球を襲い
01:53
swept the globe when food prices doubled overnight.
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一夜で食料の値段が倍になったからです
01:56
The destabilizing effects of hunger
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歴史的にみても飢餓は
01:59
are known throughout human history.
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社会を不安定にする要因です
02:01
One of the most fundamental acts of civilization
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ですから文明社会の条件として
02:04
is to ensure people can get enough food.
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十分な食糧確保が必要なのです
02:07
Others think about Malthusian nightmares.
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マルサスの悪夢を懸念する人は
02:11
Will we be able to feed a population
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人口が90億になる数十年後に
02:14
that will be nine billion in just a few decades?
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食料が足りるか心配します
02:17
This is not a negotiable thing, hunger.
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空腹は他のことでは
02:19
People have to eat.
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埋め合わせできません
02:21
There's going to be a lot of people.
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多くの人は飢餓の解決を
02:23
This is jobs and opportunity all the way up and down the value chain.
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食糧のバリューチェーンの仕事と考えるでしょう
02:27
But I actually came to this issue
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しかしこの問題について
02:29
in a different way.
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私は違う立場です
02:32
This is a picture of me and my three children.
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私と3人の子供たちです
02:35
In 1987, I was a new mother
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1987年に最初の子供を
02:37
with my first child
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出産しました
02:39
and was holding her and feeding her
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子供を抱いて授乳中に
02:42
when an image very similar to this
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テレビでこれに似た
02:45
came on the television.
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映像を目にしました
02:48
And this was yet another famine in Ethiopia.
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エチオピアはその数年前から
02:51
One two years earlier
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飢饉が続き
02:53
had killed more than a million people.
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100万人以上が死んでいました
02:56
But it never struck me as it did that moment,
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しかしその姿を見てはじめて
02:59
because on that image
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私はショックを受けました
03:01
was a woman trying to nurse her baby,
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赤ん坊を育てる母親に
03:03
and she had no milk to nurse.
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ミルクがないのです
03:07
And the baby's cry really penetrated me,
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その赤ん坊の泣き声が
03:10
as a mother.
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私の心をえぐりました
03:12
And I thought, there's nothing more haunting
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泣いている子供に
03:14
than the cry of a child
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食事を与えられないのは
03:16
that cannot be returned with food --
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どれほど恐ろしいことでしょう
03:21
the most fundamental expectation of every human being.
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ヒトの基本的な欲求です
03:24
And it was at that moment
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まさにこのときに
03:26
that I just was filled
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この問題へ怒りを持って
03:29
with the challenge and the outrage
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誰でも分かっている解決方法に
03:32
that actually we know how to fix this problem.
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挑戦しようと決めました
03:34
This isn't one of those rare diseases
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飢餓は治療法がわからない
03:36
that we don't have the solution for.
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まれな難病ではありません
03:39
We know how to fix hunger.
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解決法は分かっています
03:41
A hundred years ago, we didn't.
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100年前は無理でしたが
03:43
We actually have the technology and systems.
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今はテクノロジーが発達しています
03:46
And I was just struck
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飢饉という現象は
03:49
that this is out of place.
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もう時代遅れなのです
03:51
At our time in history, these images are out of place.
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私たちの時代にあってはならない
03:54
Well guess what?
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実際はどうでしょう
03:56
This is last week in northern Kenya.
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北部ケニアで先週撮影された写真
03:59
Yet again,
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またもや
04:01
the face of starvation
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大規模な飢餓に
04:03
at large scale
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直面しています
04:05
with more than nine million people
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900万人以上の人が
04:08
wondering if they can make it to the next day.
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翌日の生活を心配しています
04:11
In fact,
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実際に
04:13
what we know now
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今この瞬間にも
04:15
is that every 10 seconds
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10秒に１人の子供が
04:17
we lose a child to hunger.
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餓死しているのです
04:19
This is more
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この死者数は
04:21
than HIV/AIDS,
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エイズや
04:24
malaria and tuberculosis combined.
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マラリアや結核の合計以上
04:27
And we know that the issue
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ただし飢餓の解決には
04:29
is not just production of food.
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食料の生産だけでは不十分です
04:32
One of my mentors in life
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ノーマン・ボーローグ氏は
04:34
was Norman Borlaug, my hero.
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私も尊敬しています
04:37
But today I'm going to talk about access to food,
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しかし食料へのアクセスも大切です
04:40
because actually this year and last year
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実際に今年や去年
04:43
and during the 2008 food crisis,
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2008年の食糧危機のときも
04:45
there was enough food on Earth
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世界には一人あたり
04:47
for everyone to have 2,700 kilocalories.
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2700キロカロリー分の食物がありました
04:50
So why is it
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それなのになぜ
04:53
that we have a billion people
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10億の人々には
04:55
who can't find food?
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食物がないのでしょう
04:57
And I also want to talk about
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また私たちには
04:59
what I call our new burden of knowledge.
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知ったゆえの責任があります
05:01
In 2008,
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2008年に
05:03
Lancet compiled all the research
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『ランセット』誌の調査で
05:06
and put forward the compelling evidence
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明らかになったのは
05:10
that if a child in its first thousand days --
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胎児から2歳になるまでの
05:13
from conception to two years old --
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最初の1000日間で
05:16
does not have adequate nutrition,
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十分な栄養が与えられないと
05:18
the damage is irreversible.
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後遺症として
05:20
Their brains and bodies will be stunted.
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脳や体に発達障害が残ります
05:23
And here you see a brain scan of two children --
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2人の子供の脳の写真です
05:26
one who had adequate nutrition,
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栄養が足りている子供と
05:28
another, neglected
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育児放棄された
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and who was deeply malnourished.
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ひどい栄養失調の子供です
05:32
And we can see brain volumes
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ご覧の通り 脳の容積が
05:34
up to 40 percent less
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40パーセントぐらい
05:37
in these children.
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小さくなっています
05:39
And in this slide
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またこちらの子供は
05:41
you see the neurons and the synapses of the brain
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脳内の神経やシナプスが
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don't form.
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形成されていません
05:46
And what we know now is this has huge impact on economies,
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このことが経済に大きな影響を生じることも
05:49
which I'll talk about later.
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後ほどお話します
05:51
But also the earning potential of these children
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こうした子供たちは生涯の収入が
05:54
is cut in half in their lifetime
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普通の人の半分ほどです
05:57
due to the stunting
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それも人生の初期の
05:59
that happens in early years.
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発達障害が原因なのです
06:01
So this burden of knowledge drives me.
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この事も私の活動の動機です
06:04
Because actually we know how to fix it
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私たちには飢餓を解決する方法が
06:07
very simply.
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分かっているのです
06:09
And yet, in many places,
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それなのに世界中で
06:11
a third of the children,
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子供の３人に１人が
06:13
by the time they're three
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３歳になるまでに
06:15
already are facing a life of hardship
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飢餓という苦しみに
06:18
due to this.
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直面しています
06:20
I'd like to talk about
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これから みなさんに
06:22
some of the things I've seen on the front lines of hunger,
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飢餓の現場で見たことと
06:24
some of the things I've learned
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経済や貿易の知識や
06:27
in bringing my economic and trade knowledge
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民間企業の経験から
06:30
and my experience in the private sector.
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学んだことをお話します
06:34
I'd like to talk about where the gap of knowledge is.
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知識の差についての話もします
06:37
Well first, I'd like to talk about the oldest nutritional method on Earth,
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先ずは昔からの栄養の与え方である
06:40
breastfeeding.
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授乳の話をします
06:42
You may be surprised to know
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驚く事に
06:45
that a child could be saved every 22 seconds
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最初の６ヶ月を母乳で育てれば
06:48
if there was breastfeeding in the first six months of life.
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22秒に1人の子供を救えます
06:53
But in Niger, for example,
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しかしニジェールでは
06:56
less than seven percent of the children
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わずか７パーセント以下の
06:58
are breastfed
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子供たちしか
07:00
for the first six months of life, exclusively.
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最初の６ヶ月を母乳で育てられません
07:03
In Mauritania, less than three percent.
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モーリタニアでは３パーセント以下です
07:07
This is something that can be transformed with knowledge.
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この状況は知識があれば変えられます
07:11
This message, this word, can come out
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知識を広めましょう
07:13
that this is not an old-fashioned way of doing business;
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母乳で育てるのは時代遅れではなく
07:16
it's a brilliant way
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子供の命を救う
07:18
of saving your child's life.
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優れた方法なのです
07:20
And so today we focus on not just passing out food,
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ですから食料を届けるだけでなく
07:23
but making sure the mothers have enough enrichment,
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母乳について母親に知ってもらうことにも
07:26
and teaching them about breastfeeding.
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私たちは力を入れています
07:29
The second thing I'd like to talk about:
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次に 考えてみて下さい
07:31
If you were living in a remote village somewhere,
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あなたがへき地の村に暮らし
07:33
your child was limp,
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足の不自由な子供を抱え
07:35
and you were in a drought, or you were in floods,
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干ばつや洪水などで
07:38
or you were in a situation where there wasn't adequate diversity of diet,
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食物が十分ではないとしたら
07:41
what would you do?
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どうしますか
07:43
Do you think you could go to the store
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お店に行って
07:45
and get a choice of power bars, like we can,
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栄養バーの棚から選んで
07:48
and pick the right one to match?
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不足を補えますか
07:50
Well I find parents out on the front lines
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飢餓に直面している親達は
07:53
very aware their children are going down for the count.
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子供が動けなくなるのは分かっています
07:56
And I go to those shops, if there are any,
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お店があればそこに行くし
07:59
or out to the fields to see what they can get,
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作物が実る畑なら収穫もします
08:02
and they cannot obtain the nutrition.
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でも実際は栄養をとるために
08:05
Even if they know what they need to do, it's not available.
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必要な行動ができません
08:08
And I'm very excited about this,
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私たちが取り組んでいる
08:10
because one thing we're working on
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興味深い活動があります
08:13
is transforming the technologies
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食品産業で使われている
08:16
that are very available
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科学技術を
08:18
in the food industry
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伝統的な作物向けに
08:20
to be available for traditional crops.
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転換して利用する事です
08:23
And this is made with chickpeas, dried milk
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これはヒヨコマメと粉末ミルクに
08:26
and a host of vitamins,
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ビタミンを加え
08:28
matched to exactly what the brain needs.
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脳に必要な栄養が入った
08:30
It costs 17 cents for us to produce this
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17セントでつくれる
08:33
as, what I call, food for humanity.
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「人道的な食物」です
08:36
We did this with food technologists
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インドとパキスタンの
08:38
in India and Pakistan --
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食糧技術者3人と協力して
08:41
really about three of them.
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開発しました
08:43
But this is transforming
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そしてこれを食べた
08:45
99 percent of the kids who get this.
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99パーセントの子供は
08:47
One package, 17 cents a day --
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毎日1袋17セントで
08:50
their malnutrition is overcome.
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栄養不良から脱しました
08:52
So I am convinced
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豊かな国の
08:54
that if we can unlock the technologies
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科学技術が自由に使えれば
08:57
that are commonplace in the richer world
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食物の改良ができると
09:00
to be able to transform foods.
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確信したのです
09:02
And this is climate-proof.
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厳しい気候にも耐え
09:04
It doesn't need to be refrigerated, it doesn't need water,
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冷蔵や水などの
09:06
which is often lacking.
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必要はありません
09:08
And these types of technologies,
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こうした科学技術が
09:10
I see, have the potential
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飢餓と栄養失調を
09:12
to transform the face of hunger and nutrition, malnutrition
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現場から根絶する可能性を
09:15
out on the front lines.
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秘めているのです
09:18
The next thing I want to talk about is school feeding.
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次に学校給食の話をします
09:20
Eighty percent of the people in the world
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世界の8割の人は
09:22
have no food safety net.
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食糧が保障されていません
09:24
When disaster strikes --
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ひとたび悲惨な出来事が―
09:27
the economy gets blown, people lose a job,
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経済破綻や失業の増加
09:30
floods, war, conflict,
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洪水や戦争などの対立
09:32
bad governance, all of those things --
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政策の失敗などが起これば
09:34
there is nothing to fall back on.
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頼るものはありません
09:36
And usually the institutions --
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教会や寺院などにも
09:38
churches, temples, other things --
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大体の場合において
09:40
do not have the resources
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安心できるだけの
09:42
to provide a safety net.
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蓄えがありません
09:44
What we have found working with the World Bank
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世界銀行との仕事では
09:46
is that the poor man's safety net,
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貧しい人の食事を保障するには
09:48
the best investment, is school feeding.
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学校給食がよいと知りました
09:50
And if you fill the cup
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このカップを
09:52
with local agriculture from small farmers,
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地元の農家の作物で満たせれば
09:55
you have a transformative effect.
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変化を起こす効果があります
09:57
Many kids in the world can't go to school
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物乞いで食料を得ていて
10:00
because they have to go beg and find a meal.
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学校へ行けない子供たちも
10:02
But when that food is there,
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学校で食事がでれば
10:04
it's transformative.
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状況は変わります
10:06
It costs less than 25 cents a day to change a kid's life.
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その費用は1日25セント以下です
10:09
But what is most amazing is the effect on girls.
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特に少女への影響が大きいです
10:12
In countries where girls don't go to school
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少女が学校へ行かない国では
10:16
and you offer a meal to girls in school,
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学校で食事をだすことで
10:19
we see enrollment rates
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男女の入学者比率が
10:21
about 50 percent girls and boys.
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半分ずつになり
10:23
We see a transformation in attendance by girls.
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少女たちの出席率も向上しました
10:26
And there was no argument,
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親からの反対はありません
10:28
because it's incentive.
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むしろ奨励されました
10:30
Families need the help.
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家族も助かります
10:32
And we find that if we keep girls in school later,
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学校に行く少女は
10:34
they'll stay in school until they're 16,
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16歳になるまで残り
10:36
and won't get married if there's food in school.
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食糧のために結婚したりしません
10:39
Or if they get an extra ration of food
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週末には多めに食べ物を
10:41
at the end of the week --
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与えるようにすると
10:43
it costs about 50 cents --
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50 セントかかりますが
10:45
will keep a girl in school,
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少女たちは学校に通い
10:47
and they'll give birth to a healthier child,
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健康な子供を産みます
10:49
because the malnutrition is sent
253
634000
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逆に栄養失調の状況は
10:52
generation to generation.
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親から子へ受け継がれます
10:55
We know that there's boom and bust cycles of hunger.
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飢餓が繰り返し訪れることは
10:57
We know this.
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みんな知っています
10:59
Right now on the Horn of Africa, we've been through this before.
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現在はアフリカの角で飢餓が起きています
11:02
So is this a hopeless cause?
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では救いようがないかと言えば
11:04
Absolutely not.
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それは違います
11:08
I'd like to talk about what I call our warehouses for hope.
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これから「希望の倉庫」の話をします
11:11
Cameroon, northern Cameroon, boom and bust cycles of hunger
261
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北部カメルーンではここ数十年
11:14
every year for decades.
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毎年の飢餓に見舞われています
11:16
Food aid coming in every year
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食料が不足する時期には
11:19
when people are starving during the lean seasons.
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毎年のように食糧援助が届けられます
11:23
Well two years ago,
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2年前に私たちは
11:25
we decided, let's transform the model of fighting hunger,
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今までの飢餓との闘い方を変えました
11:29
and instead of giving out the food aid, we put it into food banks.
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食糧を配らずに食料銀行に預け
11:32
And we said, listen,
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こう言ったのです
11:34
during the lean season, take the food out.
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「この食糧で不足を補い
11:36
You manage, the village manages these warehouses.
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この倉庫は村で経営し
11:39
And during harvest, put it back with interest,
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収穫の時期には利息をつけて
11:41
food interest.
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食物で返しなさい
11:43
So add in five percent, 10 percent more food.
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5から10パーセント多く戻すのです」
11:47
For the past two years,
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この2年間で
11:49
500 of these villages where these are
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参加した村の500ほどが
11:51
have not needed any food aid -- they're self-sufficient.
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自給できるようになり
11:53
And the food banks are growing.
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「食糧銀行」は広まっています
11:55
And they're starting school feeding programs for their children
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子供の学校給食から始めた
11:58
by the people in the village.
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村の人々ですが
12:00
But they've never had the ability
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彼らには基本的な施設などを
12:02
to build even the basic infrastructure
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構築する能力すら
12:04
or the resources.
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ありませんでした
12:06
I love this idea that came from the village level:
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村の人たちのアイディアで
12:08
three keys to unlock that warehouse.
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倉庫を開ける鍵を３つにしました
12:11
Food is gold there.
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食料は黄金と同じだからです
12:13
And simple ideas can transform the face,
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単純な発想で状況は変えられるのです
12:16
not of small areas,
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小さな地域だけでなく
12:18
of big areas of the world.
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より広い地域でも同じです
12:20
I'd like to talk about what I call digital food.
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「デジタル食糧」について話します
12:24
Technology is transforming
290
729000
3000
科学技術によって
12:27
the face of food vulnerability
291
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2000
飢饉になっている場所での
12:29
in places where you see classic famine.
292
734000
2000
食糧不足を変えられます
12:31
Amartya Sen won his Nobel Prize
293
736000
2000
アマルティア・セン氏は
12:33
for saying, "Guess what, famines happen in the presence of food
294
738000
4000
「目の前の食料を買えないので飢餓が生じる」と解明し
12:37
because people have no ability to buy it."
295
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ノーベル賞を受けました
12:40
We certainly saw that in 2008.
296
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2008年の食糧価格高騰も
12:42
We're seeing that now in the Horn of Africa
297
747000
2000
アフリカの角地帯では
12:44
where food prices are up 240 percent in some areas
298
749000
3000
この一年で食糧価格が
12:47
over last year.
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2000
2.4倍に上昇したので
12:49
Food can be there and people can't buy it.
300
754000
2000
目の前の食物を買えないのです
12:51
Well this picture -- I was in Hebron in a small shop, this shop,
301
756000
4000
これはヘブロンの商店
12:55
where instead of bringing in food,
302
760000
3000
私たちは食糧を持ち込むのではなく
12:58
we provide digital food, a card.
303
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3000
アラビア語で「いただきます」と書かれた
13:01
It says "bon appetit" in Arabic.
304
766000
3000
カードを配りました
13:04
And the women can go in and swipe
305
769000
3000
女性たちは店に行ってカードを通し
13:07
and get nine food items.
306
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2000
9つの食料をもらいます
13:09
They have to be nutritious,
307
774000
2000
それらは栄養価が高くて
13:11
and they have to be locally produced.
308
776000
2000
地元でつくられた食物です
13:13
And what's happened in the past year alone
309
778000
2000
昨年だけの成果で
13:15
is the dairy industry --
310
780000
2000
このカードで購入する
13:17
where this card's used for milk and yogurt
311
782000
3000
ミルクやヨーグルトや卵などを
13:20
and eggs and hummus --
312
785000
2000
提供した酪農家では
13:22
the dairy industry has gone up 30 percent.
313
787000
3000
30パーセント売り上げが伸び
13:25
The shopkeepers are hiring more people.
314
790000
2000
商店の雇用も増えました
13:27
It is a win-win-win situation
315
792000
2000
ウィン・ウィン・ウィンで
13:29
that starts the food economy moving.
316
794000
3000
食糧経済が回り始めたのです
13:32
We now deliver food in over 30 countries
317
797000
3000
現在では30カ国以上で
13:35
over cell phones,
318
800000
3000
携帯電話による
13:38
transforming even the presence of refugees in countries,
319
803000
4000
食糧配給を行い 難民たちの状況まで
13:42
and other ways.
320
807000
2000
変えているのです
13:44
Perhaps most exciting to me
321
809000
2000
ビル・ゲイツやバフェットが
13:46
is an idea that Bill Gates, Howard Buffett and others
322
811000
3000
強く支持している考え方で
13:49
have supported boldly,
323
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2000
興味深いアイディアがあります
13:51
which is to ask the question:
324
816000
2000
こんな問いかけです
13:53
What if, instead of looking at the hungry as victims --
325
818000
3000
飢餓の人を犠牲者ではなく
13:56
and most of them are small farmers
326
821000
2000
小規模農家で
13:58
who cannot raise enough food or sell food
327
823000
3000
家計を支える十分な食物を
14:01
to even support their own families --
328
826000
2000
生産できないと考えたら？
14:03
what if we view them as the solution,
329
828000
3000
人々を飢餓と闘うための
14:06
as the value chain to fight hunger?
330
831000
2000
バリューチェーンと考えたら？
14:08
What if from the women in Africa
331
833000
5000
アフリカの女性達が
14:13
who cannot sell any food --
332
838000
2000
食物を売れないのは
14:15
there's no roads, there's no warehouses,
333
840000
2000
道もないし倉庫もない
14:17
there's not even a tarp to pick the food up with --
334
842000
3000
収穫物を入れる袋もないからですが
14:20
what if we give the enabling environment
335
845000
2000
女性たちが食糧を
14:22
for them to provide the food
336
847000
2000
他の場所の空腹な子供に
14:24
to feed the hungry children elsewhere?
337
849000
3000
提供できたらどうでしょう？
14:27
And Purchasing for Progress today is in 21 countries.
338
852000
3000
現在21カ国で「進歩への購入」をしています
14:30
And guess what?
339
855000
2000
これは何でしょう
14:32
In virtually every case,
340
857000
2000
ほとんどの場合
14:34
when poor farmers are given a guaranteed market --
341
859000
3000
貧しい農民も市場が保証されれば
14:37
if you say, "We will buy 300 metric tons of this.
342
862000
3000
つまり「これを300トン買い
14:40
We'll pick it up. We'll make sure it's stored properly." --
343
865000
3000
収穫して適切に保管しよう」と言われれば
14:43
their yields have gone up two-, three-, fourfold
344
868000
3000
収量が何倍にも増えるものです
14:46
and they figure it out,
345
871000
2000
こうした保証は
14:48
because it's the first guaranteed opportunity they've had in their life.
346
873000
3000
農民にとって初めてのことです
14:51
And we're seeing people transform their lives.
347
876000
3000
人々の生活が変わってきました
14:54
Today, food aid, our food aid --
348
879000
3000
現在では私たちの
14:57
huge engine --
349
882000
2000
莫大な食糧援助の
14:59
80 percent of it is bought in the developing world.
350
884000
3000
8割が途上国で調達されています
15:02
Total transformation
351
887000
2000
食料が必要な人の生活を
15:04
that can actually transform the very lives that need the food.
352
889000
4000
完全に変えるものです
15:08
Now you'd ask, can this be done at scale?
353
893000
3000
どのくらいの規模でできるのでしょうか？
15:11
These are great ideas, village-level ideas.
354
896000
3000
村レベルでしか適用できないのでしょうか？
15:14
Well I'd like to talk about Brazil,
355
899000
2000
数年前に旅をした
15:16
because I've taken a journey to Brazil over the past couple of years,
356
901000
3000
ブラジルの話をしましょう
15:19
when I read that Brazil was defeating hunger
357
904000
2000
どこよりも飢餓を減らしたと
15:21
faster than any nation on Earth right now.
358
906000
2000
書かれていました
15:23
And what I've found is,
359
908000
2000
実際に現地の政府は
15:25
rather than investing their money in food subsidies
360
910000
2000
食糧購入の助成金ではなく
15:27
and other things,
361
912000
2000
学校給食に
15:29
they invested in a school feeding program.
362
914000
2000
お金をかけていました
15:31
And they require that a third of that food
363
916000
2000
3分の1の材料は地元の
15:33
come from the smallest farmers who would have no opportunity.
364
918000
3000
小規模農家の作物としました
15:36
And they're doing this at huge scale
365
921000
2000
この大規模な活動は
15:38
after President Lula declared his goal
366
923000
3000
ルーラ大統領が国民に約束した
15:41
of ensuring everyone had three meals a day.
367
926000
3000
1日3回の食事を実現するためでした
15:44
And this zero hunger program
368
929000
4000
「空腹ゼロ」の政策に
15:48
costs .5 percent of GDP
369
933000
3000
GDPの0.5パーセントをかけて
15:51
and has lifted many millions of people
370
936000
5000
何百万もの人々が空腹と貧困から
15:56
out of hunger and poverty.
371
941000
2000
抜け出すことができました
15:58
It is transforming the face of hunger in Brazil,
372
943000
3000
ブラジルでは飢餓の状況が変わり
16:01
and it's at scale, and it's creating opportunities.
373
946000
3000
好機も生まれています
16:04
I've gone out there; I've met with the small farmers
374
949000
3000
実際に会った小規模農家は
16:07
who have built their livelihoods
375
952000
2000
給食制度による
16:09
on the opportunity and platform
376
954000
2000
販売市場を通じて
16:11
provided by this.
377
956000
3000
生計を立てていました
16:14
Now if we look at the economic imperative here,
378
959000
2000
同情だけではなく
16:16
this isn't just about compassion.
379
961000
3000
経済的必然性も考えましょう
16:19
The fact is studies show
380
964000
2000
研究によると
16:21
that the cost of malnutrition and hunger --
381
966000
3000
栄養失調と飢餓により
16:24
the cost to society,
382
969000
2000
社会が負担する
16:26
the burden it has to bear --
383
971000
2000
毎年の費用は
16:28
is on average six percent,
384
973000
2000
GDPの６パーセントから
16:30
and in some countries up to 11 percent,
385
975000
2000
高いところでは
16:32
of GDP a year.
386
977000
3000
11パーセントになります
16:35
And if you look at the 36 countries
387
980000
3000
栄養失調が深刻な
16:38
with the highest burden of malnutrition,
388
983000
2000
36カ国を合計すれば
16:40
that's 260 billion lost from a productive economy
389
985000
3000
2600億の経済的損失が
16:43
every year.
390
988000
2000
毎年生じています
16:45
Well, the World Bank estimates
391
990000
2000
世界銀行の試算によると
16:47
it would take about 10 billion dollars --
392
992000
2000
全世界の栄養失調問題に
16:49
10.3 --
393
994000
2000
取り組むには
16:51
to address malnutrition in those countries.
394
996000
2000
103億ドルかかります
16:53
You look at the cost-benefit analysis,
395
998000
2000
費用対効果の分析から
16:55
and my dream is to take this issue,
396
1000000
3000
この問題を考えましょう
16:58
not just from the compassion argument,
397
1003000
3000
同情的な議論ではなく
17:01
but to the finance ministers of the world,
398
1006000
2000
世界の経済大臣に対し
17:03
and say we cannot afford
399
1008000
2000
全ての人類の
17:05
to not invest
400
1010000
2000
適切な栄養のために
17:07
in the access to adequate, affordable nutrition
401
1012000
3000
投資しないわけには
17:10
for all of humanity.
402
1015000
3000
いかないと伝えましょう
17:13
The amazing thing I've found
403
1018000
3000
驚いたことに
17:16
is nothing can change on a big scale
404
1021000
3000
リーダーの決定がなければ
17:19
without the determination of a leader.
405
1024000
2000
大規模に変化しないのです
17:21
When a leader says, "Not under my watch,"
406
1026000
3000
リーダーの「手に負えなく」なった時に
17:24
everything begins to change.
407
1029000
2000
全てが変わり始めるのです
17:26
And the world can come in
408
1031000
2000
そして他の国が介入して
17:28
with enabling environments and opportunities to do this.
409
1033000
3000
問題と取り組む環境が整うのです
17:31
And the fact that France
410
1036000
2000
フランスのG20では
17:33
has put food at the center of the G20
411
1038000
2000
食糧問題が重要な議題として
17:35
is really important.
412
1040000
2000
取上げられました
17:37
Because food is one issue
413
1042000
2000
食糧問題は個々人や
17:39
that cannot be solved person by person, nation by nation.
414
1044000
3000
個々の国では解決できません
17:42
We have to stand together.
415
1047000
2000
国際的な団結が必要です
17:44
And we're seeing nations in Africa.
416
1049000
2000
アフリカの国々では
17:46
WFP's been able to leave 30 nations
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WFPは30カ国から撤退しました
17:49
because they have transformed
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これらの国で飢餓の状況を
17:51
the face of hunger in their nations.
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変えたからです
17:53
What I would like to offer here is a challenge.
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挑戦して欲しい事があります
17:58
I believe we're living at a time in human history
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人類史上において現代は
18:01
where it's just simply unacceptable
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子供が目覚めたとき
18:04
that children wake up
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カップ一杯の食物もない事を
18:06
and don't know where to find a cup of food.
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許してはいけない時代です
18:08
Not only that,
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そしてまた
18:10
transforming hunger
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飢餓を変えるのは
18:12
is an opportunity,
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私たちの心を変える
18:14
but I think we have to change our mindsets.
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ひとつの機会なのです
18:17
I am so honored to be here
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光栄な事に今日は
18:19
with some of the world's top innovators and thinkers.
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世界の優秀な人々と同席できたので
18:23
And I would like you to join with all of humanity
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みなさんに参加して欲しいのです
18:27
to draw a line in the sand
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砂に線を引いて
18:29
and say, "No more.
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「もうこれ以上は
18:31
No more are we going to accept this."
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認められない」と言って下さい
18:33
And we want to tell our grandchildren
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孫に話せる時代にしましょう
18:35
that there was a terrible time in history
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歴史をさかのぼれば
18:37
where up to a third of the children
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子供たちの3分の1が
18:39
had brains and bodies that were stunted,
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脳や体が萎縮していたが
18:41
but that exists no more.
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今はそんな事はなくなったと
18:43
Thank you.
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ありがとうございました
18:45
(Applause)
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(拍手)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Josette Sheeran - Anti-hunger leaderOur generation is the first in history with enough resources to eradicate hunger worldwide. Josette Sheeran, the former head of the UN World Food Programme, shares a plan.
Why you should listen
When Josette Sheeran was the executive director of the United Nations World Food Programme, based in Rome, she oversaw the largest humanitarian agency fighting hunger around the globe. Every year, the program feeds more than 90 million people, including victims of war and natural disasters, families affected by HIV/AIDS, and schoolchildren in poor communities.
Sheeran believes that hunger and poverty must and can be solved through both immediate actions and long-term policies. At the Millennium Development Goal Summit in 2010, she outlined 10 ways the world can end hunger. They include providing school meals, connecting small farmers to markets, empowering women and building the resiliency of vulnerable communities.
Sheeran has a long history of helping others. Prior to joining the UN in 2007, Sheeran was the Under Secretary for Economic, Energy and Agricultural Affairs at the US Department of State, where she frequently focused on economic diplomacy to help emerging nations move toward self-sufficiency and prosperity. She put together several initiatives to bring US aid to the Middle East. She also served as Deputy US Trade Representative, helping African nations develop their trade capacity.
She says: "I think we can, in our lifetime, win the battle against hunger because we now have the science, technology, know-how, and the logistics to be able to meet hunger where it comes. Those pictures of children with swollen bellies will be a thing of history."
Josette Sheeran | Speaker | TED.com