TEDGlobal 2011
Josette Sheeran: Ending hunger now
乔瑟特·希兰Josette Sheeran：终结饥饿
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联合国世界粮食计划署长乔瑟特·希兰讲述为何在粮食供应充足的当下，人们仍然经受饥饿，仍然死于粮食匮乏，仍然使用粮食作为战争的武器。她的理想是：粮食问题不能靠个人力量来解决。我们必须联合起来。
Josette Sheeran - Anti-hunger leader
Our generation is the first in history with enough resources to eradicate hunger worldwide. Josette Sheeran, the former head of the UN World Food Programme, shares a plan. Full bio
Our generation is the first in history with enough resources to eradicate hunger worldwide. Josette Sheeran, the former head of the UN World Food Programme, shares a plan. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Well after many years working in trade and economics,
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在从事经济和贸易的工作多年以后，
00:18
four years ago,
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四年前，
00:20
I found myself working on the front lines
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我开始投身于
00:22
of human vulnerability.
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人类脆弱领域的前线。
00:25
And I found myself in the places
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我发现在我身处的地方，
00:27
where people are fighting every day to survive
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人们每天为生存而斗争
00:30
and can't even obtain a meal.
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但仍然不能吃上一顿饭。
00:34
This red cup comes from Rwanda
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这个红色的杯子来自卢旺达，
00:36
from a child named Fabian.
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来自一名叫Fabian的孩子。
00:38
And I carry this around
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我到哪里都带着它
00:40
as a symbol, really, of the challenge
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真的，把它作为一个挑战
00:42
and also the hope.
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以及希望的象征。
00:44
Because one cup of food a day
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因为每天这样一杯的粮食
00:46
changes Fabian's life completely.
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完全地改变着Fabian的生活。
00:49
But what I'd like to talk about today
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但今天我要讲述的是这样一个事实：
00:52
is the fact that this morning,
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今天早上
00:55
about a billion people on Earth --
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地球上大约有10亿人
00:57
or one out of every seven --
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也就是七份之一的人口
00:59
woke up and didn't even know
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醒来却不知道
01:01
how to fill this cup.
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怎样能填满这样一个杯子。
01:03
One out of every seven people.
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七份之一的人口。
01:07
First, I'll ask you: Why should you care?
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首先，我会问你们为什么应该关心这个问题？
01:09
Why should we care?
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为什么我们应该关心？
01:11
For most people,
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对于大部分人来说，
01:13
if they think about hunger,
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当他们想到饥饿，
01:15
they don't have to go far back on their own family history --
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他们不用回想到很久远的家族历史来追忆一段捱饿的经历--
01:18
maybe in their own lives, or their parents' lives,
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这段经历也许就发生在他们自身，他们的父母，
01:20
or their grandparents' lives --
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或是他们祖父母
01:22
to remember an experience of hunger.
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的一生中。
01:25
I rarely find an audience
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我很少能从观众中
01:27
where people can go back very far without that experience.
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找到有人能追溯到很久远却没有这样的经历。
01:30
Some are driven by compassion,
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有些人是出于同情心，
01:32
feel it's perhaps
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觉得这也许是
01:34
one of the fundamental acts of humanity.
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人类基本的行为。
01:36
As Gandhi said,
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就像甘地说的，
01:38
"To a hungry man, a piece of bread is the face of God."
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“对于一个饥饿的人来说，一块面包就像是上帝的面孔。”
01:42
Others worry about peace and security,
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其他人担心世界的和平，安全
01:45
stability in the world.
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与稳定。
01:47
We saw the food riots in 2008,
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当粮食价格在一夜之间番倍，
01:50
after what I call the silent tsunami of hunger
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一场在我看来是无声的饥饿海啸席卷全球，
01:53
swept the globe when food prices doubled overnight.
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随之我们看到2008年的粮食暴动。
01:56
The destabilizing effects of hunger
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饥饿的不定影响
01:59
are known throughout human history.
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在人类史上众所周知。
02:01
One of the most fundamental acts of civilization
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而人类文明其中最基本的行为之一
02:04
is to ensure people can get enough food.
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是保障人们能够获得足够的食物。
02:07
Others think about Malthusian nightmares.
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有些人会想起马尔萨斯的噩梦。
02:11
Will we be able to feed a population
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我们能够喂饱
02:14
that will be nine billion in just a few decades?
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那将要在几十年后就达到九十亿的人口吗？
02:17
This is not a negotiable thing, hunger.
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饥饿，这不是一个可以谈判的话题。
02:19
People have to eat.
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人们需要吃上饭。
02:21
There's going to be a lot of people.
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而那将会是很多的人。
02:23
This is jobs and opportunity all the way up and down the value chain.
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这是贯穿于整个价值链的工作和机遇。
02:27
But I actually came to this issue
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但我其实是通过另一个方式
02:29
in a different way.
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得到这个结论的。
02:32
This is a picture of me and my three children.
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这是我和我三个孩子的照片。
02:35
In 1987, I was a new mother
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1987年，我刚成为
02:37
with my first child
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我第一个孩子的母亲。
02:39
and was holding her and feeding her
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就在我正抱着她喂哺她的时候，
02:42
when an image very similar to this
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一个跟这个画面十分相似的画面
02:45
came on the television.
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出现在电视上。
02:48
And this was yet another famine in Ethiopia.
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而这仅仅是发生在埃塞俄比亚的又一场饥荒。
02:51
One two years earlier
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在那之前的一两年前的饥荒
02:53
had killed more than a million people.
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已带走了超过百万人的生命。
02:56
But it never struck me as it did that moment,
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但那给我带来的震撼却没有我看到那张照片时强烈，
02:59
because on that image
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因为照片上
03:01
was a woman trying to nurse her baby,
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是一位母亲想要给她的孩子喂奶，
03:03
and she had no milk to nurse.
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但她却没有奶去喂。
03:07
And the baby's cry really penetrated me,
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而那个孩子的哭声真正的穿透了
03:10
as a mother.
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作为母亲的我。
03:12
And I thought, there's nothing more haunting
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我想，没有任何东西比
03:14
than the cry of a child
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一个孩子哭泣
03:16
that cannot be returned with food --
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却换不来食物更令人无法释怀的了--
03:21
the most fundamental expectation of every human being.
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这是每一个人最基本的期望。
03:24
And it was at that moment
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在那一时刻，
03:26
that I just was filled
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我心中充满了
03:29
with the challenge and the outrage
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这样的挑战和愤怒 –
03:32
that actually we know how to fix this problem.
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我们其实知道怎样去解决这个问题。
03:34
This isn't one of those rare diseases
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这不是那些稀有罕见的
03:36
that we don't have the solution for.
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不可救药的疾病。
03:39
We know how to fix hunger.
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我们知道怎样解决饥饿问题。
03:41
A hundred years ago, we didn't.
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一百年前，我们不知道。
03:43
We actually have the technology and systems.
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现在我们实际上具备相应的科技和系统。
03:46
And I was just struck
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而令我惊讶的是，
03:49
that this is out of place.
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这个问题还没有被解决。
03:51
At our time in history, these images are out of place.
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这些照片与历史上的今天格格不入。
03:54
Well guess what?
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你们猜猜看？
03:56
This is last week in northern Kenya.
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这是上周在肯尼亚北部。
03:59
Yet again,
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又一次的
04:01
the face of starvation
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，
04:03
at large scale
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大规模的
04:05
with more than nine million people
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九百万以上的人们面临着饥饿，
04:08
wondering if they can make it to the next day.
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不知道能不能熬到明天。
04:11
In fact,
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事实上，
04:13
what we know now
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我们知道
04:15
is that every 10 seconds
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每隔10秒
04:17
we lose a child to hunger.
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就有一个孩子死于饥饿。
04:19
This is more
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这要高于
04:21
than HIV/AIDS,
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爱滋病，
04:24
malaria and tuberculosis combined.
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疟疾和肺结核加在一起。
04:27
And we know that the issue
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而我们知道
04:29
is not just production of food.
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这不仅是粮食生产的问题。
04:32
One of my mentors in life
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我生命中的其中一位导师
04:34
was Norman Borlaug, my hero.
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是诺曼·布劳格Norman Borlaug,也是我的英雄。
04:37
But today I'm going to talk about access to food,
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但今天我要讲的是获得粮食的途径。
04:40
because actually this year and last year
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因为在今年，去年
04:43
and during the 2008 food crisis,
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以及2008年粮食危机中，
04:45
there was enough food on Earth
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地球上有足够的粮食
04:47
for everyone to have 2,700 kilocalories.
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来供应2700千焦卡路里给每一个人。
04:50
So why is it
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那么为什么
04:53
that we have a billion people
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我们还有十亿人口
04:55
who can't find food?
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得不到粮食供应呢？
04:57
And I also want to talk about
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我还想谈一下
04:59
what I call our new burden of knowledge.
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所谓的知识的新重担。
05:01
In 2008,
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2008年，
05:03
Lancet compiled all the research
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Lancet收集所有的研究，
05:06
and put forward the compelling evidence
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举出有说服力的证据来说明以下事实。
05:10
that if a child in its first thousand days --
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如果一个小孩在头一千天里，
05:13
from conception to two years old --
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也就是从怀孕到两岁，
05:16
does not have adequate nutrition,
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没有得到足够的营养，
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the damage is irreversible.
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这样造成的伤害是不可逆转的。
05:20
Their brains and bodies will be stunted.
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他们的脑部以及身体发育会受到阻碍。
05:23
And here you see a brain scan of two children --
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在这里你们可以看到两个小孩的脑扫描。
05:26
one who had adequate nutrition,
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其中一小孩有足够的营养，
05:28
another, neglected
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另一小孩被忽视
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and who was deeply malnourished.
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及极度缺乏营养。
05:32
And we can see brain volumes
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我们可以看到这些小孩的脑容量
05:34
up to 40 percent less
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能比其他小孩
05:37
in these children.
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少百分之四十。
05:39
And in this slide
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在这一边
05:41
you see the neurons and the synapses of the brain
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你们可以看到脑部的神经元和染色体
05:44
don't form.
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不能成形。
05:46
And what we know now is this has huge impact on economies,
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我们现在知道这对经济有极大的影响。
05:49
which I'll talk about later.
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这我会在后面讲述。
05:51
But also the earning potential of these children
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这些小孩
05:54
is cut in half in their lifetime
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一生的潜在收入，
05:57
due to the stunting
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由于头几年生长受到阻碍，
05:59
that happens in early years.
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也被减少一半。
06:01
So this burden of knowledge drives me.
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所以这知识的重担激励着我。
06:04
Because actually we know how to fix it
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因为实际上我们知道怎样
06:07
very simply.
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去简单的解决这个问题。
06:09
And yet, in many places,
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但在很多地方，由于这一原因，
06:11
a third of the children,
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有三分之一的儿童
06:13
by the time they're three
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在满三岁时
06:15
already are facing a life of hardship
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就已经面临着
06:18
due to this.
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充满艰辛的生活。
06:20
I'd like to talk about
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我想讲一下
06:22
some of the things I've seen on the front lines of hunger,
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我在饥饿的前线所看到的事情，
06:24
some of the things I've learned
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和在转移我经济和贸易领域的知识
06:27
in bringing my economic and trade knowledge
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以及私营企业的经验的过程中
06:30
and my experience in the private sector.
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学到的东西。
06:34
I'd like to talk about where the gap of knowledge is.
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我想讲一下知识缺失在哪一环节。
06:37
Well first, I'd like to talk about the oldest nutritional method on Earth,
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首先，我想讲一下地球上最原始的获得营养的方式，
06:40
breastfeeding.
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母乳喂养。
06:42
You may be surprised to know
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你也许会惊讶的发现，
06:45
that a child could be saved every 22 seconds
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如果一个婴儿在出生后的头六个月内得到母乳喂养，
06:48
if there was breastfeeding in the first six months of life.
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那么每过22秒我们就可以挽回一个生命。
06:53
But in Niger, for example,
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但比如说在尼日尔，
06:56
less than seven percent of the children
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低于百分之七的婴儿
06:58
are breastfed
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在出生后头六个月内
07:00
for the first six months of life, exclusively.
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单单接受母乳哺育。
07:03
In Mauritania, less than three percent.
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在毛里塔尼亚，这一数据低于百分之三。
07:07
This is something that can be transformed with knowledge.
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这是知识可以改变的东西。
07:11
This message, this word, can come out
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这一条信息，这一个词，可以理解为
07:13
that this is not an old-fashioned way of doing business;
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非老一套的做事方式；
07:16
it's a brilliant way
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这是一个
07:18
of saving your child's life.
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拯救你孩子生命的非常聪明的办法。
07:20
And so today we focus on not just passing out food,
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所以今天我们不光注重于粮食的分发，
07:23
but making sure the mothers have enough enrichment,
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也注重在保证母亲们有足够的营养补给，
07:26
and teaching them about breastfeeding.
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以及教育她们关于母乳哺育的知识。
07:29
The second thing I'd like to talk about:
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第二个我要讲的话题是，
07:31
If you were living in a remote village somewhere,
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如果你正住在某个边远的村庄，
07:33
your child was limp,
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你的孩子是跛的，
07:35
and you were in a drought, or you were in floods,
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而你们又被困于一场旱灾或水灾，
07:38
or you were in a situation where there wasn't adequate diversity of diet,
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或者是你所在的条件不能给你提供营养足够多样化的饮食，
07:41
what would you do?
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你会怎么办？
07:43
Do you think you could go to the store
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你认为你能去商店里
07:45
and get a choice of power bars, like we can,
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像我们平常那样
07:48
and pick the right one to match?
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买各种补充能量的食物以及选合适的来补给？
07:50
Well I find parents out on the front lines
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我发现在饥饿第一线的父母们
07:53
very aware their children are going down for the count.
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十分清楚他们的孩子不能以此支撑下去。
07:56
And I go to those shops, if there are any,
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我会去那些商店，如果有商店的话，
07:59
or out to the fields to see what they can get,
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或者去庄稼地里看他们能找到什么，
08:02
and they cannot obtain the nutrition.
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但他们什么营养品都找不到。
08:05
Even if they know what they need to do, it's not available.
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即使他们知道他们需要什么，但那些东西却不可能得到。
08:08
And I'm very excited about this,
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我对这个感到十分兴奋，
08:10
because one thing we're working on
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因为我们正着手的其中一个项目
08:13
is transforming the technologies
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是转变
08:16
that are very available
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在食品工业
08:18
in the food industry
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十分可行的科技，
08:20
to be available for traditional crops.
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将其运用到传统的粮食作物。
08:23
And this is made with chickpeas, dried milk
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这是完全根据脑部所需配制，用鹰嘴豆，烘干牛奶
08:26
and a host of vitamins,
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和一系列维他命
08:28
matched to exactly what the brain needs.
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制成的。
08:30
It costs 17 cents for us to produce this
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这我所指的，人类的食粮，
08:33
as, what I call, food for humanity.
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花费我们17美分来制造。
08:36
We did this with food technologists
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我们同印度和巴基斯坦的食品科技人员
08:38
in India and Pakistan --
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合作制成这个--
08:41
really about three of them.
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实际上他们大概只有三个人。
08:43
But this is transforming
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但这改变着
08:45
99 percent of the kids who get this.
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百分之九十九的收到这个的孩子。
08:47
One package, 17 cents a day --
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只要这样一包，每天17美分，
08:50
their malnutrition is overcome.
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他们的营养不良问题就被解决了。
08:52
So I am convinced
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所以我深信，
08:54
that if we can unlock the technologies
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如果我们能分享
08:57
that are commonplace in the richer world
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在富有国家随处可见的科技
09:00
to be able to transform foods.
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用来转变粮食科技。
09:02
And this is climate-proof.
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而且这不受气候影响。
09:04
It doesn't need to be refrigerated, it doesn't need water,
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不需要冷藏，
09:06
which is often lacking.
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不需要经常稀缺的水。
09:08
And these types of technologies,
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在我看来，
09:10
I see, have the potential
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这类科技
09:12
to transform the face of hunger and nutrition, malnutrition
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有改变第一线面临饥饿，
09:15
out on the front lines.
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营养以及营养不足的潜能。
09:18
The next thing I want to talk about is school feeding.
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下一个我要讲的话题是学校供膳。
09:20
Eighty percent of the people in the world
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世界上百分之八十的人口
09:22
have no food safety net.
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没有粮食安全网。
09:24
When disaster strikes --
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当灾难袭来，
09:27
the economy gets blown, people lose a job,
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比如说经济崩溃，人们失去工作，
09:30
floods, war, conflict,
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遭遇洪水，战争，冲突，
09:32
bad governance, all of those things --
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政府治理不力，所有的这些，
09:34
there is nothing to fall back on.
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人们没有任何保障。
09:36
And usually the institutions --
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而通常
09:38
churches, temples, other things --
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教堂，寺庙和其他机构
09:40
do not have the resources
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没有资源
09:42
to provide a safety net.
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去提供这一安全网。
09:44
What we have found working with the World Bank
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通过和世界银行合作我们发现，
09:46
is that the poor man's safety net,
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穷人的安全网
09:48
the best investment, is school feeding.
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以及最有效的投资，是学校供膳。
09:50
And if you fill the cup
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如果你用当地小规模农民生产的作物
09:52
with local agriculture from small farmers,
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来装满这个杯子，
09:55
you have a transformative effect.
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那么你就已经起到了改变的作用。
09:57
Many kids in the world can't go to school
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世界上很多孩子不能上学
10:00
because they have to go beg and find a meal.
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因为他们要去乞讨和寻食。
10:02
But when that food is there,
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但是有了粮食，
10:04
it's transformative.
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起到的作用是改革性的。
10:06
It costs less than 25 cents a day to change a kid's life.
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改变一个孩子的命运花费不到25美分一天。
10:09
But what is most amazing is the effect on girls.
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但最惊人的是这在女孩身上起到的作用。
10:12
In countries where girls don't go to school
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在女孩不去上学的国家，
10:16
and you offer a meal to girls in school,
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如果你为上学的女孩提供一顿饭，
10:19
we see enrollment rates
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入学率
10:21
about 50 percent girls and boys.
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就达到男女各半。
10:23
We see a transformation in attendance by girls.
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我们看到女生入学率的变化。
10:26
And there was no argument,
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而这是不可争议的，
10:28
because it's incentive.
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因为这是动力。
10:30
Families need the help.
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那些家庭需要帮助。
10:32
And we find that if we keep girls in school later,
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我们还发现如果我们留住这些女孩更久一些，
10:34
they'll stay in school until they're 16,
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她们会留在学校直到16岁，
10:36
and won't get married if there's food in school.
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并且只要学校能提供食物，她们就不会去嫁人。
10:39
Or if they get an extra ration of food
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或者是如果她们可以
10:41
at the end of the week --
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在周末获得一份额外的食物配给，
10:43
it costs about 50 cents --
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这大概花费50美分，
10:45
will keep a girl in school,
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她们会留在学校，
10:47
and they'll give birth to a healthier child,
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将来生下一个更健康的小孩，
10:49
because the malnutrition is sent
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因为营养不良能传给
10:52
generation to generation.
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下一代。
10:55
We know that there's boom and bust cycles of hunger.
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我们知道饥饿的循环有起有落。
10:57
We know this.
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我们是知道这个的。
10:59
Right now on the Horn of Africa, we've been through this before.
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今天的非洲之角，我们之前已经经历过饥荒。
11:02
So is this a hopeless cause?
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那么这是一个不可救药的循环吗？
11:04
Absolutely not.
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绝对不是。
11:08
I'd like to talk about what I call our warehouses for hope.
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我想讲一下我所谓的希望之粮仓。
11:11
Cameroon, northern Cameroon, boom and bust cycles of hunger
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这是喀麦隆，北部的喀麦隆，饥饿的潮起潮落
11:14
every year for decades.
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几十年每年如是。
11:16
Food aid coming in every year
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每年当人们在欠收季节忍饥捱饿时，
11:19
when people are starving during the lean seasons.
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粮食援助随之而来。
11:23
Well two years ago,
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两年之前
11:25
we decided, let's transform the model of fighting hunger,
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我们决定要改革对抗饥饿的模式。
11:29
and instead of giving out the food aid, we put it into food banks.
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我们并不分发粮食，而是将粮食放入粮食银行。
11:32
And we said, listen,
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我们说，
11:34
during the lean season, take the food out.
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在欠收季节里把粮食取出来，
11:36
You manage, the village manages these warehouses.
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你们来管理。这些粮仓由那些村庄来管理。
11:39
And during harvest, put it back with interest,
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在收获季节把粮食存回银行获得利息，
11:41
food interest.
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粮食利息。
11:43
So add in five percent, 10 percent more food.
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这样一来收入百分之五，百分之十的额外的粮食。
11:47
For the past two years,
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在过去的两年，
11:49
500 of these villages where these are
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500个这样的村庄
11:51
have not needed any food aid -- they're self-sufficient.
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再没有要求粮食救济，他们已经可以自给自足。
11:53
And the food banks are growing.
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而这些粮食银行正在扩大。
11:55
And they're starting school feeding programs for their children
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村里的人们正为他们的孩子
11:58
by the people in the village.
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设立学校供膳项目。
12:00
But they've never had the ability
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但在之前，
12:02
to build even the basic infrastructure
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他们从来没有能力或是资源
12:04
or the resources.
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来建立甚至是基本的基础设施。
12:06
I love this idea that came from the village level:
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我最喜欢这一来自农村阶层的主意：
12:08
three keys to unlock that warehouse.
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用三把钥匙来打开粮仓。
12:11
Food is gold there.
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在那里粮食就是金子。
12:13
And simple ideas can transform the face,
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而简单的主意可以改变
12:16
not of small areas,
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不光是小地区，
12:18
of big areas of the world.
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而且是世界广泛地区的面貌。
12:20
I'd like to talk about what I call digital food.
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我想讲一下所谓的数码粮食。
12:24
Technology is transforming
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在经常发生饥荒的地区，
12:27
the face of food vulnerability
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科技正改变着
12:29
in places where you see classic famine.
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粮食稀缺的状况。
12:31
Amartya Sen won his Nobel Prize
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Amartya Sen获得诺贝尔奖
12:33
for saying, "Guess what, famines happen in the presence of food
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时说到，“你们猜猜看？在有粮食的情况下，
12:37
because people have no ability to buy it."
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因为人们没有购买能力，饥荒仍旧发生。”
12:40
We certainly saw that in 2008.
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我们在2008年的确就看到了这一幕。
12:42
We're seeing that now in the Horn of Africa
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我们现在看到，在非洲之角的某些地区
12:44
where food prices are up 240 percent in some areas
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粮食价格在过去一年
12:47
over last year.
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上涨百分之二百四十。
12:49
Food can be there and people can't buy it.
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粮食可以在那里存在但人们却买不起。
12:51
Well this picture -- I was in Hebron in a small shop, this shop,
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在这张照片里，我在希布伦的一个小商店里。
12:55
where instead of bringing in food,
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我们并不给这家商店带来食物，
12:58
we provide digital food, a card.
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而是提供数码食物，一张卡。
13:01
It says "bon appetit" in Arabic.
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它上面用阿拉伯文写着“祝你胃口好”。
13:04
And the women can go in and swipe
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妇女们可以进去刷卡，
13:07
and get nine food items.
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购买九样食品。
13:09
They have to be nutritious,
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这些食品必须是有营养的，
13:11
and they have to be locally produced.
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并产于当地。
13:13
And what's happened in the past year alone
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仅在过去一年里，
13:15
is the dairy industry --
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奶品行业--
13:17
where this card's used for milk and yogurt
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而这张卡被用于购买牛奶，奶酪，
13:20
and eggs and hummus --
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鸡蛋和鹰嘴豆泥
13:22
the dairy industry has gone up 30 percent.
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奶品行业增长了百分之三十。
13:25
The shopkeepers are hiring more people.
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店主们雇佣着越来越多的帮手。
13:27
It is a win-win-win situation
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这是一个
13:29
that starts the food economy moving.
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推动着粮食经济发展的互赢局面。
13:32
We now deliver food in over 30 countries
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我们现在通过手机
13:35
over cell phones,
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来递送食物到超过三十个国家，
13:38
transforming even the presence of refugees in countries,
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改变着某些国家难民的状况
13:42
and other ways.
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以及其他方面。
13:44
Perhaps most exciting to me
321
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也许最令我兴奋的
13:46
is an idea that Bill Gates, Howard Buffett and others
322
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是比尔.·盖茨，霍华德·巴菲特Howard Buffett和其他人
13:49
have supported boldly,
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都广泛支持的一个主意。
13:51
which is to ask the question:
324
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这个主意是来问这样一个问题：
13:53
What if, instead of looking at the hungry as victims --
325
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饥饿的受害者中
13:56
and most of them are small farmers
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大部分是不能靠生产足够粮食
13:58
who cannot raise enough food or sell food
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或是出卖粮食
14:01
to even support their own families --
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来维持家里生计的小规模农民--
14:03
what if we view them as the solution,
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如果我们不把他们看成是受害者，而是解决问题的方法，
14:06
as the value chain to fight hunger?
330
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对抗饥饿的价值链呢？
14:08
What if from the women in Africa
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如果我们能给那些
14:13
who cannot sell any food --
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不能销售任何粮食的非洲妇女们提供一个环境--
14:15
there's no roads, there's no warehouses,
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她们现在所在的环境里没有公路，没有粮仓，
14:17
there's not even a tarp to pick the food up with --
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甚至收集粮食的柏油帆布--
14:20
what if we give the enabling environment
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使她们能在其他地方
14:22
for them to provide the food
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为她们忍饥捱饿的孩子
14:24
to feed the hungry children elsewhere?
337
849000
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提供粮食呢？
14:27
And Purchasing for Progress today is in 21 countries.
338
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今天，“为发展而购买”项目在二十一个国家进行着，
14:30
And guess what?
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你们猜猜看？
14:32
In virtually every case,
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在所有的案例中，
14:34
when poor farmers are given a guaranteed market --
341
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当我们给予贫困家庭一个有保障的市场--
14:37
if you say, "We will buy 300 metric tons of this.
342
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比如说，“我们要买三百公制吨农产品。
14:40
We'll pick it up. We'll make sure it's stored properly." --
343
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我们会购买。我们会保证妥善保存这些产品。”
14:43
their yields have gone up two-, three-, fourfold
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这些产品生产量会提高二，三，四倍
14:46
and they figure it out,
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他们意识到，
14:48
because it's the first guaranteed opportunity they've had in their life.
346
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因为这是他们生命中第一有保障的机会。
14:51
And we're seeing people transform their lives.
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我们看到人们改变了他们的生活。
14:54
Today, food aid, our food aid --
348
879000
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今天，粮食救济，我们的粮食救济
14:57
huge engine --
349
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是极大的引擎
14:59
80 percent of it is bought in the developing world.
350
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3000
百分之八十的粮食救济流向发展中国家。
15:02
Total transformation
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全面的改变
15:04
that can actually transform the very lives that need the food.
352
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4000
能真正的改变那些需要粮食的生命。
15:08
Now you'd ask, can this be done at scale?
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你会问，这些能够大规模的实施吗？
15:11
These are great ideas, village-level ideas.
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这些都是很好的主意，农村级的主意。
15:14
Well I'd like to talk about Brazil,
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我想讲一下巴西，
15:16
because I've taken a journey to Brazil over the past couple of years,
356
901000
3000
因为在过去的几年里，
15:19
when I read that Brazil was defeating hunger
357
904000
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当我读到巴西现在对抗饥饿的进展比地球上所有的国家都快时，
15:21
faster than any nation on Earth right now.
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2000
我有了前往巴西的旅途。
15:23
And what I've found is,
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我发现，
15:25
rather than investing their money in food subsidies
360
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他们并不将金钱投入到粮食补贴
15:27
and other things,
361
912000
2000
或是其他补贴上，
15:29
they invested in a school feeding program.
362
914000
2000
而是投入到一个学校供膳项目上。
15:31
And they require that a third of that food
363
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2000
并且要求三分之一的粮食
15:33
come from the smallest farmers who would have no opportunity.
364
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3000
来自最小规模的，
15:36
And they're doing this at huge scale
365
921000
2000
没有盼头的农民。
15:38
after President Lula declared his goal
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923000
3000
在总统卢拉Lula宣布他的目标
15:41
of ensuring everyone had three meals a day.
367
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3000
是要保证人人都能吃上一日三餐后，他们开始大规模的实施这一项目。
15:44
And this zero hunger program
368
929000
4000
这一零饥饿项目
15:48
costs .5 percent of GDP
369
933000
3000
花费百分之五的国民生产总值，
15:51
and has lifted many millions of people
370
936000
5000
将百万人
15:56
out of hunger and poverty.
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2000
从饥饿和贫困中解救出来。
15:58
It is transforming the face of hunger in Brazil,
372
943000
3000
这一项目正改变着巴西贫困的面貌，
16:01
and it's at scale, and it's creating opportunities.
373
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3000
并在大规模的实施着，创造着机会。
16:04
I've gone out there; I've met with the small farmers
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3000
我到过那里，见过那些小规模农民
16:07
who have built their livelihoods
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2000
在凭着这一项目所创造的机会和平台
16:09
on the opportunity and platform
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2000
建立着
16:11
provided by this.
377
956000
3000
他们的生计。
16:14
Now if we look at the economic imperative here,
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2000
现在如果我们从经济紧要性来看，
16:16
this isn't just about compassion.
379
961000
3000
这就不仅仅是关乎同情心了。
16:19
The fact is studies show
380
964000
2000
实际上研究表明，
16:21
that the cost of malnutrition and hunger --
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营养不良和饥饿的
16:24
the cost to society,
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社会成本，
16:26
the burden it has to bear --
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也说是社会所要承受的担子--
16:28
is on average six percent,
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每年平均来说相当于国民生产总值的百分之六，
16:30
and in some countries up to 11 percent,
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在一些国家
16:32
of GDP a year.
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甚至达到每年百分之十一。
16:35
And if you look at the 36 countries
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如果你按营养不良问题
16:38
with the highest burden of malnutrition,
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最严重的三十六个国家来算，
16:40
that's 260 billion lost from a productive economy
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那相当于每年从生产力中
16:43
every year.
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流失二千六百亿元。
16:45
Well, the World Bank estimates
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世界银行估计，
16:47
it would take about 10 billion dollars --
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解决这些国家的
16:49
10.3 --
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营养不良问题
16:51
to address malnutrition in those countries.
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需要大概一百亿元，一百零三亿元。
16:53
You look at the cost-benefit analysis,
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你来做一下成本收益分析。
16:55
and my dream is to take this issue,
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我的梦想是把这个问题，
16:58
not just from the compassion argument,
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不光从同情心的角度出发，
17:01
but to the finance ministers of the world,
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呈现给各国财务官员
17:03
and say we cannot afford
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来说明
17:05
to not invest
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我们不能不投入资源，
17:07
in the access to adequate, affordable nutrition
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来保障全人类都能获得充足，
17:10
for all of humanity.
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可支付得起的营养补给。
17:13
The amazing thing I've found
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我发现不可思议的是，
17:16
is nothing can change on a big scale
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没有一位领导者的决心，
17:19
without the determination of a leader.
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任何事情都不能产生大规模的改变。
17:21
When a leader says, "Not under my watch,"
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当一位领导者说，“这不能在我管治下发生”，
17:24
everything begins to change.
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所有东西都开始改变。
17:26
And the world can come in
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这世界能变化
17:28
with enabling environments and opportunities to do this.
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孕育环境和机会去实现这个。
17:31
And the fact that France
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而事实上十分重要的是，
17:33
has put food at the center of the G20
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法国已将粮食
17:35
is really important.
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投入到二十国峰会中心议题。
17:37
Because food is one issue
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因为粮食问题
17:39
that cannot be solved person by person, nation by nation.
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不能靠一两个人，一两个国家解决。
17:42
We have to stand together.
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我们必须联合起来。
17:44
And we're seeing nations in Africa.
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我们看到非洲国家正联合起来。
17:46
WFP's been able to leave 30 nations
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WFP世界粮食计划署已经可以撤出三十个国家，三十个国家，
17:49
because they have transformed
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因为他们已经改变了
17:51
the face of hunger in their nations.
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他们国家饥饿的面貌。
17:53
What I would like to offer here is a challenge.
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我想在这里提出一个挑战。
17:58
I believe we're living at a time in human history
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我相信我们现正处于人类历史的这样一个时刻，
18:01
where it's just simply unacceptable
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我们不可以接受
18:04
that children wake up
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孩子们醒来
18:06
and don't know where to find a cup of food.
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却不知道在哪里能找到可以装满一个杯子的食物。
18:08
Not only that,
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不仅如此，
18:10
transforming hunger
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改变饥饿
18:12
is an opportunity,
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是一个机会。
18:14
but I think we have to change our mindsets.
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我们要改变我们的思维方式。
18:17
I am so honored to be here
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我感到十分荣幸能在这里
18:19
with some of the world's top innovators and thinkers.
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同世界上最出色的创新者和思想家在一起。
18:23
And I would like you to join with all of humanity
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我希望你们与全人类一起
18:27
to draw a line in the sand
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在沙子上划一道线
18:29
and say, "No more.
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并说：“不再。
18:31
No more are we going to accept this."
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我们不再接受这一现状。”
18:33
And we want to tell our grandchildren
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我们还希望能够告诉我们的下一代，
18:35
that there was a terrible time in history
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历史上曾经有过一个糟糕的年代，
18:37
where up to a third of the children
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三分之一的儿童
18:39
had brains and bodies that were stunted,
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因饥饿而全身心发育不良。
18:41
but that exists no more.
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但那个年代已经不复存在。
18:43
Thank you.
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谢谢。
18:45
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Josette Sheeran - Anti-hunger leaderOur generation is the first in history with enough resources to eradicate hunger worldwide. Josette Sheeran, the former head of the UN World Food Programme, shares a plan.
Why you should listen
When Josette Sheeran was the executive director of the United Nations World Food Programme, based in Rome, she oversaw the largest humanitarian agency fighting hunger around the globe. Every year, the program feeds more than 90 million people, including victims of war and natural disasters, families affected by HIV/AIDS, and schoolchildren in poor communities.
Sheeran believes that hunger and poverty must and can be solved through both immediate actions and long-term policies. At the Millennium Development Goal Summit in 2010, she outlined 10 ways the world can end hunger. They include providing school meals, connecting small farmers to markets, empowering women and building the resiliency of vulnerable communities.
Sheeran has a long history of helping others. Prior to joining the UN in 2007, Sheeran was the Under Secretary for Economic, Energy and Agricultural Affairs at the US Department of State, where she frequently focused on economic diplomacy to help emerging nations move toward self-sufficiency and prosperity. She put together several initiatives to bring US aid to the Middle East. She also served as Deputy US Trade Representative, helping African nations develop their trade capacity.
She says: "I think we can, in our lifetime, win the battle against hunger because we now have the science, technology, know-how, and the logistics to be able to meet hunger where it comes. Those pictures of children with swollen bellies will be a thing of history."
Josette Sheeran | Speaker | TED.com