TEDGlobal 2011
Josette Sheeran: Ending hunger now
約賽特•席蘭：終止飢荒
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約賽特•席蘭是聯合國世界糧食計畫署的執行長，要跟大家談論為什麼在這個世界上大家有足夠的食物，卻還是有人們在挨餓．死於飢餓，甚至是把食物當成是戰爭的武器。她的願景是：食物是一個問題，卻不能一次一個人去解決，而是要仰賴大家一起面對。
Josette Sheeran - Anti-hunger leader
Our generation is the first in history with enough resources to eradicate hunger worldwide. Josette Sheeran, the former head of the UN World Food Programme, shares a plan. Full bio
Our generation is the first in history with enough resources to eradicate hunger worldwide. Josette Sheeran, the former head of the UN World Food Programme, shares a plan. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Well after many years working in trade and economics,
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在貿易及經濟領域工作這麼多年以來
00:18
four years ago,
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四年前
00:20
I found myself working on the front lines
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我發現我在人性弱點
00:22
of human vulnerability.
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的前線工作
00:25
And I found myself in the places
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我身處在
00:27
where people are fighting every day to survive
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人們每天需要為了生存而奮鬥
00:30
and can't even obtain a meal.
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卻無法得到一餐飯的地方
00:34
This red cup comes from Rwanda
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這個紅色的杯子原本是盧安達的
00:36
from a child named Fabian.
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一個小孩叫做法比恩
00:38
And I carry this around
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我帶著這個杯子
00:40
as a symbol, really, of the challenge
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象徵著挑戰
00:42
and also the hope.
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以及希望
00:44
Because one cup of food a day
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因為一天一杯子的食物
00:46
changes Fabian's life completely.
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就完全的改變了法比恩的生活
00:49
But what I'd like to talk about today
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但是我今天要談論的
00:52
is the fact that this morning,
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是今天早上
00:55
about a billion people on Earth --
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世界上約十億的人口
00:57
or one out of every seven --
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或是每七個人中就有一個人
00:59
woke up and didn't even know
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起床後卻不知道
01:01
how to fill this cup.
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要怎麼把這個杯子給填滿
01:03
One out of every seven people.
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每七個人裡面就會有一個人
01:07
First, I'll ask you: Why should you care?
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首先，我想問你們為什麼要關心呢?
01:09
Why should we care?
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我們為什麼要在乎？
01:11
For most people,
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對於大部分的人
01:13
if they think about hunger,
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如果他們想到飢餓
01:15
they don't have to go far back on their own family history --
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他們不用回溯到家族歷史
01:18
maybe in their own lives, or their parents' lives,
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也許只要在他們或父母的生活裡
01:20
or their grandparents' lives --
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亦或是祖父母的人生
01:22
to remember an experience of hunger.
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就能記起挨餓的經驗
01:25
I rarely find an audience
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我很難可以找到一個觀眾
01:27
where people can go back very far without that experience.
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需要想得非常遠才能記起這種經驗
01:30
Some are driven by compassion,
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有些人因憐憫心而驅使
01:32
feel it's perhaps
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覺得這或許
01:34
one of the fundamental acts of humanity.
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是人性的基本行為
01:36
As Gandhi said,
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甘地曾說過
01:38
"To a hungry man, a piece of bread is the face of God."
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對一個挨餓的人，一片麵包就像是上帝的臉
01:42
Others worry about peace and security,
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有人擔心著世界上的和平
01:45
stability in the world.
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安全及穩定
01:47
We saw the food riots in 2008,
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我們在2008看到糧食暴動
01:50
after what I call the silent tsunami of hunger
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我稱為飢餓的寧靜海嘯
01:53
swept the globe when food prices doubled overnight.
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橫掃過全世界、食物的價格連夜倍增
01:56
The destabilizing effects of hunger
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因饑荒而造成的不穩定
01:59
are known throughout human history.
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在整個人類的歷史上都經歷過
02:01
One of the most fundamental acts of civilization
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文明的其中一個基本行為
02:04
is to ensure people can get enough food.
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就是要確保人們可以得到充足的食物
02:07
Others think about Malthusian nightmares.
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有些人想到馬爾薩斯夢靨
02:11
Will we be able to feed a population
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我們能夠在未來的幾十年內
02:14
that will be nine billion in just a few decades?
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餵飽即將變成九十億的人口嗎?
02:17
This is not a negotiable thing, hunger.
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飢餓不是可以談判的事物
02:19
People have to eat.
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人們需要進食
02:21
There's going to be a lot of people.
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未來會有更多人
02:23
This is jobs and opportunity all the way up and down the value chain.
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這是份責任也是機會，貫穿了整個價值鏈
02:27
But I actually came to this issue
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但是我對這個議題
02:29
in a different way.
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有其他的想法
02:32
This is a picture of me and my three children.
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這張照片是我和我的三個孩子
02:35
In 1987, I was a new mother
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1987年，我當了新手媽媽
02:37
with my first child
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我有了的第一個孩子
02:39
and was holding her and feeding her
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當我在抱著她餵著她時
02:42
when an image very similar to this
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有一個和這個非常相似的畫面
02:45
came on the television.
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在電視上播出
02:48
And this was yet another famine in Ethiopia.
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然而這是另外一場在衣索比亞的飢荒
02:51
One two years earlier
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早在一兩年前
02:53
had killed more than a million people.
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導致一百多萬的人死亡
02:56
But it never struck me as it did that moment,
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但這個畫面從來沒有像當時如此地讓我震驚
02:59
because on that image
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因為那個畫面
03:01
was a woman trying to nurse her baby,
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是一個女人試著要給她的寶寶餵奶
03:03
and she had no milk to nurse.
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可是她沒有奶水可以哺乳
03:07
And the baby's cry really penetrated me,
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這寶寶的哭聲撼動了
03:10
as a mother.
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當媽媽的我
03:12
And I thought, there's nothing more haunting
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我想，沒有什麼聲音能夠比
03:14
than the cry of a child
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小孩子得不到食物的
03:16
that cannot be returned with food --
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哭聲更難忘了
03:21
the most fundamental expectation of every human being.
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而這是每個人類最基本的需求
03:24
And it was at that moment
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在那個時候
03:26
that I just was filled
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我充滿著
03:29
with the challenge and the outrage
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疑問及憤怒
03:32
that actually we know how to fix this problem.
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因為我們其實知道如何去解決這個問題
03:34
This isn't one of those rare diseases
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這並不是那其中一種
03:36
that we don't have the solution for.
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我們無法治療的罕見疾病
03:39
We know how to fix hunger.
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我們知道怎麼解決飢荒
03:41
A hundred years ago, we didn't.
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一百年前的我們無法做到
03:43
We actually have the technology and systems.
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我們真的擁有這些科技及方法
03:46
And I was just struck
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我很驚訝
03:49
that this is out of place.
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因為這不應該存在
03:51
At our time in history, these images are out of place.
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在我們現在的歷史，這些景象其實不該出現
03:54
Well guess what?
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你們知道嗎?
03:56
This is last week in northern Kenya.
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上禮拜在北肯亞
03:59
Yet again,
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再一次的
04:01
the face of starvation
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超過九百萬的人
04:03
at large scale
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要面對這場饑荒
04:05
with more than nine million people
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他們不知道自己
04:08
wondering if they can make it to the next day.
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是否可以活到明天
04:11
In fact,
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事實上
04:13
what we know now
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我們現在知道
04:15
is that every 10 seconds
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每十秒鐘
04:17
we lose a child to hunger.
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就有一個小孩死於飢餓
04:19
This is more
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這個數字
04:21
than HIV/AIDS,
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遠比愛滋病
04:24
malaria and tuberculosis combined.
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瘧疾及結核病加起來還要高
04:27
And we know that the issue
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我們知道這個問題
04:29
is not just production of food.
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並不是只有生產食物
04:32
One of my mentors in life
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我生命裡的一位啟蒙者
04:34
was Norman Borlaug, my hero.
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是我的英雄諾曼‧布勞格
04:37
But today I'm going to talk about access to food,
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今天我要跟大家探討食物的取得
04:40
because actually this year and last year
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因為在今年及去年
04:43
and during the 2008 food crisis,
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還有2008的糧食危機中
04:45
there was enough food on Earth
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地球上的食物是足夠的
04:47
for everyone to have 2,700 kilocalories.
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可以讓每個人攝取兩千七百卡的熱量
04:50
So why is it
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為什麼
04:53
that we have a billion people
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有十億的人沒有辦法
04:55
who can't find food?
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找到食物?
04:57
And I also want to talk about
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我也想要探討
04:59
what I call our new burden of knowledge.
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我所謂的知識新負擔
05:01
In 2008,
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在2008年
05:03
Lancet compiled all the research
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刺胳針雜誌集結了研究結果
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and put forward the compelling evidence
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且提出了令人信服的證據
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that if a child in its first thousand days --
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如果一個長了一千天的小孩--
05:13
from conception to two years old --
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從受孕到兩歲--
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does not have adequate nutrition,
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沒有足夠的營養
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the damage is irreversible.
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傷害是無法挽回的
05:20
Their brains and bodies will be stunted.
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他們的腦袋和身體發育不良
05:23
And here you see a brain scan of two children --
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在這你會看到兩位小朋友的腦部掃描圖
05:26
one who had adequate nutrition,
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其中一位有足夠的營養
05:28
another, neglected
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另一位則被忽略
05:30
and who was deeply malnourished.
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非常的營養不良
05:32
And we can see brain volumes
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我們可以看見
05:34
up to 40 percent less
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這些孩子的腦容量
05:37
in these children.
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少了百分之四十
05:39
And in this slide
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這張投影片裡
05:41
you see the neurons and the synapses of the brain
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你會看到腦神經元及突觸
05:44
don't form.
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無法成形
05:46
And what we know now is this has huge impact on economies,
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我們現在知道的是這將對經濟造成很大的影響
05:49
which I'll talk about later.
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晚點我會談論到
05:51
But also the earning potential of these children
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這些小孩未來人生的收入潛力
05:54
is cut in half in their lifetime
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會因為小時候的
05:57
due to the stunting
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營養不良
05:59
that happens in early years.
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而只有一半的收入
06:01
So this burden of knowledge drives me.
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知識的重擔驅使著我
06:04
Because actually we know how to fix it
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事實上我們知道怎樣簡單地
06:07
very simply.
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解決問題
06:09
And yet, in many places,
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然而，在很多地區
06:11
a third of the children,
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有三分之一的孩童
06:13
by the time they're three
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在他們三歲的時候
06:15
already are facing a life of hardship
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就得因為這個缺陷
06:18
due to this.
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面對一生中的苦難
06:20
I'd like to talk about
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我想要探討
06:22
some of the things I've seen on the front lines of hunger,
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我在飢荒前線看到的一些事
06:24
some of the things I've learned
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有些我學到的事
06:27
in bringing my economic and trade knowledge
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藉由我經濟及貿易上的知識
06:30
and my experience in the private sector.
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及我在私人領域的經驗
06:34
I'd like to talk about where the gap of knowledge is.
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我會談到知識的隔閡
06:37
Well first, I'd like to talk about the oldest nutritional method on Earth,
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首先我要談論到地球上最古老的營養方法
06:40
breastfeeding.
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餵母奶
06:42
You may be surprised to know
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或許你會驚訝的知道
06:45
that a child could be saved every 22 seconds
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每22秒就有一個小孩可以獲救
06:48
if there was breastfeeding in the first six months of life.
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如果孩子出生後的六個月內餵哺母乳
06:53
But in Niger, for example,
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舉例來說，在尼日
06:56
less than seven percent of the children
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只有少於百分之七的孩童
06:58
are breastfed
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在出生後的
07:00
for the first six months of life, exclusively.
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六個月內是吃母奶的
07:03
In Mauritania, less than three percent.
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在茅里塔尼亞則是低與百分之三
07:07
This is something that can be transformed with knowledge.
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這些都是可以靠智慧去改變的
07:11
This message, this word, can come out
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這個訊息、文字都是可以傳達出去的
07:13
that this is not an old-fashioned way of doing business;
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這不是過時做生意的方法
07:16
it's a brilliant way
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這是個聰明方法
07:18
of saving your child's life.
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能夠拯救你孩子的生命
07:20
And so today we focus on not just passing out food,
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我們今天不單單只是專注在分配食物而已
07:23
but making sure the mothers have enough enrichment,
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而是確保媽媽們都擁有足夠的營養
07:26
and teaching them about breastfeeding.
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以及教導她們哺乳的知識
07:29
The second thing I'd like to talk about:
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我想談論的第二件事情是
07:31
If you were living in a remote village somewhere,
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如果你住在某個遙遠地區的村莊
07:33
your child was limp,
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你的孩子跛腳
07:35
and you were in a drought, or you were in floods,
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你卻身在乾旱或是水災裡
07:38
or you were in a situation where there wasn't adequate diversity of diet,
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或是你身處在一個沒有很多食物選擇的地方
07:41
what would you do?
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你要怎麼做?
07:43
Do you think you could go to the store
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你覺得你會到超商
07:45
and get a choice of power bars, like we can,
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然後像我們一樣買個營養棒
07:48
and pick the right one to match?
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選擇一個合適的嗎?
07:50
Well I find parents out on the front lines
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我發現在前線的家長們
07:53
very aware their children are going down for the count.
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很擔心他們的孩子
07:56
And I go to those shops, if there are any,
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我到那些商店，即使在商店
07:59
or out to the fields to see what they can get,
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或別的地方找到他們可以得到的食物
08:02
and they cannot obtain the nutrition.
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他們卻得不到營養
08:05
Even if they know what they need to do, it's not available.
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即便他們知道他們必須做些什麼，卻買不到
08:08
And I'm very excited about this,
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我對於我們目前致力於
08:10
because one thing we're working on
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的事情感到非常興奮
08:13
is transforming the technologies
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我們要把食品產業
08:16
that are very available
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用的科技
08:18
in the food industry
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應用到
08:20
to be available for traditional crops.
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傳統農作物上
08:23
And this is made with chickpeas, dried milk
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這是綜合了雞豆、奶粉
08:26
and a host of vitamins,
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以及維他命
08:28
matched to exactly what the brain needs.
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主要是為了腦部需求
08:30
It costs 17 cents for us to produce this
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我們花17分錢去製造這個產品
08:33
as, what I call, food for humanity.
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我稱這個為慈愛食物
08:36
We did this with food technologists
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我們在印度及巴基斯坦
08:38
in India and Pakistan --
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和食品技術人員研發的
08:41
really about three of them.
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大約三個人
08:43
But this is transforming
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這可以改變拿到這種產品
08:45
99 percent of the kids who get this.
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百分之九十九的兒童
08:47
One package, 17 cents a day --
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一天一包17分錢
08:50
their malnutrition is overcome.
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就能解決營養失調的問題
08:52
So I am convinced
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我深信
08:54
that if we can unlock the technologies
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要是我們把這種
08:57
that are commonplace in the richer world
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在富有世界裡很平凡的科技
09:00
to be able to transform foods.
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用來轉變食物
09:02
And this is climate-proof.
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這個是能抗氣候的
09:04
It doesn't need to be refrigerated, it doesn't need water,
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不需要放進冰箱，也不需要水
09:06
which is often lacking.
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因為常常會缺水
09:08
And these types of technologies,
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這種科技
09:10
I see, have the potential
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我覺得這是有潛力的
09:12
to transform the face of hunger and nutrition, malnutrition
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可以改變饑荒和食物，以及把營養不良
09:15
out on the front lines.
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從前線踢開
09:18
The next thing I want to talk about is school feeding.
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接下來我想談論學校食物供給
09:20
Eighty percent of the people in the world
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世界上有百分之八十的人
09:22
have no food safety net.
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並沒有食物安全網
09:24
When disaster strikes --
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當災難發生時
09:27
the economy gets blown, people lose a job,
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經濟不穩、人們失去工作
09:30
floods, war, conflict,
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水災、戰爭、衝突
09:32
bad governance, all of those things --
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糟糕的政府，這些事
09:34
there is nothing to fall back on.
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沒有什麼可以讓我們依靠
09:36
And usually the institutions --
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通常有些機構---
09:38
churches, temples, other things --
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像是教堂、廟宇、或其他機構
09:40
do not have the resources
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並沒有資源
09:42
to provide a safety net.
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可以提供安全網
09:44
What we have found working with the World Bank
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我發現和世界銀行合作時
09:46
is that the poor man's safety net,
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窮人的安全網
09:48
the best investment, is school feeding.
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最好的投資就是學校的食物供給
09:50
And if you fill the cup
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要是把杯子裝滿
09:52
with local agriculture from small farmers,
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農夫們種的當地農作物
09:55
you have a transformative effect.
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就可以得到改變的影響
09:57
Many kids in the world can't go to school
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世界上很多小孩沒辦法上學
10:00
because they have to go beg and find a meal.
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因為他們要去行乞找飯吃
10:02
But when that food is there,
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只要這個食物在那
10:04
it's transformative.
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就是一個轉變了
10:06
It costs less than 25 cents a day to change a kid's life.
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一天只要花不到25分錢就可以改變一個孩子的生活
10:09
But what is most amazing is the effect on girls.
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最讓人驚嘆的是女孩們的影響
10:12
In countries where girls don't go to school
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有些國家女孩子無法上學
10:16
and you offer a meal to girls in school,
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不過只要提供女孩們在學校的一餐
10:19
we see enrollment rates
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我們看到上學的比例
10:21
about 50 percent girls and boys.
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是男女各百分之五十
10:23
We see a transformation in attendance by girls.
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我們看到女孩子出席率的轉變
10:26
And there was no argument,
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沒有任何的爭論
10:28
because it's incentive.
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這很激勵人心
10:30
Families need the help.
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這些家庭需要幫助
10:32
And we find that if we keep girls in school later,
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我們發現，要是把女孩們留在學校多一點的時間
10:34
they'll stay in school until they're 16,
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她們就會在學校留到十六歲
10:36
and won't get married if there's food in school.
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只要學校還有食物，就還不會結婚
10:39
Or if they get an extra ration of food
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如果她們在周末的時候
10:41
at the end of the week --
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得到多餘的食物配給
10:43
it costs about 50 cents --
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食物價值五十分錢
10:45
will keep a girl in school,
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女孩就可以繼續上學
10:47
and they'll give birth to a healthier child,
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她們將來可以生出比較健康的寶寶
10:49
because the malnutrition is sent
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因為營養失調
10:52
generation to generation.
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是代代相傳的
10:55
We know that there's boom and bust cycles of hunger.
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我們知道飢荒的起落循環
10:57
We know this.
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我們知道
10:59
Right now on the Horn of Africa, we've been through this before.
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現在在非洲之角，我們曾經經歷過這樣的事
11:02
So is this a hopeless cause?
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所以這是絕望的原因嗎?
11:04
Absolutely not.
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當然不是
11:08
I'd like to talk about what I call our warehouses for hope.
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我想要談論我們的希望倉庫
11:11
Cameroon, northern Cameroon, boom and bust cycles of hunger
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咯麥隆、北咯麥隆，飢荒的起落循環
11:14
every year for decades.
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年復一年的持續數十年
11:16
Food aid coming in every year
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每年都有糧食救助
11:19
when people are starving during the lean seasons.
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在歉收時期挨餓的人們
11:23
Well two years ago,
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然而兩年前
11:25
we decided, let's transform the model of fighting hunger,
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我們決定轉變對抗饑荒的形式
11:29
and instead of giving out the food aid, we put it into food banks.
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我們把食物存放在糧食銀行而不是給予食物救援
11:32
And we said, listen,
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仔細聽
11:34
during the lean season, take the food out.
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我們在歉收時期把食物拿出來＿
11:36
You manage, the village manages these warehouses.
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讓你們或村莊去管理這個倉庫
11:39
And during harvest, put it back with interest,
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收穫時，再把食物放回去連帶利息
11:41
food interest.
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食物的利息
11:43
So add in five percent, 10 percent more food.
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每次多加個5%、10%的食物
11:47
For the past two years,
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過去的兩年
11:49
500 of these villages where these are
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有500個村莊有這種銀行
11:51
have not needed any food aid -- they're self-sufficient.
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不需要任何食物救援—他們自給自足
11:53
And the food banks are growing.
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糧食銀行也在成長
11:55
And they're starting school feeding programs for their children
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他們自己也開始為自己的孩子開辦
11:58
by the people in the village.
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學校食物供給
12:00
But they've never had the ability
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不過他們還是沒有能力
12:02
to build even the basic infrastructure
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建立起最基礎的基本建設
12:04
or the resources.
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或是資源
12:06
I love this idea that came from the village level:
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我喜歡村民的想法：
12:08
three keys to unlock that warehouse.
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三把鑰匙打開倉庫
12:11
Food is gold there.
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食物在那就像黃金
12:13
And simple ideas can transform the face,
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簡單的想法就可以改變
12:16
not of small areas,
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不只是小區域
12:18
of big areas of the world.
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或是世界上的大區域
12:20
I'd like to talk about what I call digital food.
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接下來我想談論數位食物
12:24
Technology is transforming
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科技正在改變
12:27
the face of food vulnerability
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食物缺乏的狀態
12:29
in places where you see classic famine.
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在那些以前發生飢荒的地方
12:31
Amartya Sen won his Nobel Prize
293
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2000
阿馬蒂亞‧森得到諾貝爾獎
12:33
for saying, "Guess what, famines happen in the presence of food
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是因為他說「饑荒都發生在食物前
12:37
because people have no ability to buy it."
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因為人們沒有能力去購買」
12:40
We certainly saw that in 2008.
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我們在2008年目睹這一切
12:42
We're seeing that now in the Horn of Africa
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我們在非洲之角看到
12:44
where food prices are up 240 percent in some areas
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某些地區食物的價錢比前一年
12:47
over last year.
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貴了2.4倍
12:49
Food can be there and people can't buy it.
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食物就在那，可是人們買不起
12:51
Well this picture -- I was in Hebron in a small shop, this shop,
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這張圖，是我在西伯恩的小商店裡
12:55
where instead of bringing in food,
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我們不是直接給予食物
12:58
we provide digital food, a card.
303
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3000
而是提供數位食物，一張卡
13:01
It says "bon appetit" in Arabic.
304
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上面寫著阿拉伯文的「請慢用」
13:04
And the women can go in and swipe
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3000
太太們可以到商店後揮一揮卡
13:07
and get nine food items.
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就可以得到九種食物
13:09
They have to be nutritious,
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食物得要是營養的
13:11
and they have to be locally produced.
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並且由當地生產
13:13
And what's happened in the past year alone
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過去這一年的
13:15
is the dairy industry --
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乳製品產業
13:17
where this card's used for milk and yogurt
311
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用這張卡買牛奶、優格
13:20
and eggs and hummus --
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2000
蛋和豆泥醬
13:22
the dairy industry has gone up 30 percent.
313
787000
3000
乳製品產業業績上升三成
13:25
The shopkeepers are hiring more people.
314
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店老闆請更多的員工
13:27
It is a win-win-win situation
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這是個三贏的局面
13:29
that starts the food economy moving.
316
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讓糧食經濟開始滾動
13:32
We now deliver food in over 30 countries
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我們現在透過手機，食物傳遞到
13:35
over cell phones,
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30多個國家
13:38
transforming even the presence of refugees in countries,
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甚至可以改變某些國家難民的出現
13:42
and other ways.
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或出現的方式
13:44
Perhaps most exciting to me
321
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對我來說最開心的
13:46
is an idea that Bill Gates, Howard Buffett and others
322
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3000
是比爾‧蓋斯、霍華‧巴菲特和其他人
13:49
have supported boldly,
323
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大力支持這個想法
13:51
which is to ask the question:
324
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他們問
13:53
What if, instead of looking at the hungry as victims --
325
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3000
要是，不要把挨餓當成是受害者
13:56
and most of them are small farmers
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他們大部分都是小農民
13:58
who cannot raise enough food or sell food
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3000
卻無法種足夠的食物去賣
14:01
to even support their own families --
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甚至是養活家人
14:03
what if we view them as the solution,
329
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3000
要是我們把他們當成是解決辦法
14:06
as the value chain to fight hunger?
330
831000
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當成是價值鏈對上饑荒呢?＿
14:08
What if from the women in Africa
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5000
要是在非洲的婦女
14:13
who cannot sell any food --
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2000
她們不能賣任何的食物
14:15
there's no roads, there's no warehouses,
333
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在那沒有道路、沒有倉庫
14:17
there's not even a tarp to pick the food up with --
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也沒有防水布可以把食物裝起
14:20
what if we give the enabling environment
335
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2000
要是我們提供他們環境
14:22
for them to provide the food
336
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2000
可以讓他們在其他地方
14:24
to feed the hungry children elsewhere?
337
849000
3000
用食物養育他們挨餓的孩子們
14:27
And Purchasing for Progress today is in 21 countries.
338
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現在「購買為了進步」計畫在21個國家實行
14:30
And guess what?
339
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你們知道嗎?
14:32
In virtually every case,
340
857000
2000
幾乎在每個案例裡
14:34
when poor farmers are given a guaranteed market --
341
859000
3000
當窮的農夫得到肯定的市場
14:37
if you say, "We will buy 300 metric tons of this.
342
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3000
只要你說「我們會買下這個300公噸
14:40
We'll pick it up. We'll make sure it's stored properly." --
343
865000
3000
我們會整理且確保這些都安置好」
14:43
their yields have gone up two-, three-, fourfold
344
868000
3000
他們的產量上升了兩倍、三倍、四倍
14:46
and they figure it out,
345
871000
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他們會知道
14:48
because it's the first guaranteed opportunity they've had in their life.
346
873000
3000
因為這會是他們人生中第一個確定的機會
14:51
And we're seeing people transform their lives.
347
876000
3000
我們看見人們改變他們的生活
14:54
Today, food aid, our food aid --
348
879000
3000
今天，我們的糧食救援
14:57
huge engine --
349
882000
2000
這個大方法
14:59
80 percent of it is bought in the developing world.
350
884000
3000
有百分之八十是從開發中國家買來的
15:02
Total transformation
351
887000
2000
完全的轉變
15:04
that can actually transform the very lives that need the food.
352
889000
4000
可以真的改變需要食物的人們
15:08
Now you'd ask, can this be done at scale?
353
893000
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你現在會想問，這可以規模性的完成嗎?
15:11
These are great ideas, village-level ideas.
354
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3000
有很多好的想法是從村莊來的
15:14
Well I'd like to talk about Brazil,
355
899000
2000
接下來我想要談論巴西
15:16
because I've taken a journey to Brazil over the past couple of years,
356
901000
3000
因為在過去幾年我曾經到巴西旅遊過
15:19
when I read that Brazil was defeating hunger
357
904000
2000
當我得知巴西正在對抗饑荒
15:21
faster than any nation on Earth right now.
358
906000
2000
處理速度比其他國家還要快
15:23
And what I've found is,
359
908000
2000
我發現到
15:25
rather than investing their money in food subsidies
360
910000
2000
除了投入金錢在食物補助金
15:27
and other things,
361
912000
2000
及其他東西
15:29
they invested in a school feeding program.
362
914000
2000
他們也投資在學校食物供給計畫上
15:31
And they require that a third of that food
363
916000
2000
他們要求三分之一的食物
15:33
come from the smallest farmers who would have no opportunity.
364
918000
3000
是要沒有機會的小農夫們種的
15:36
And they're doing this at huge scale
365
921000
2000
總統盧拉宣示他的目標
15:38
after President Lula declared his goal
366
923000
3000
確保每個人一天都有三餐
15:41
of ensuring everyone had three meals a day.
367
926000
3000
他們正在大規模的進行
15:44
And this zero hunger program
368
929000
4000
這零飢荒的計畫
15:48
costs .5 percent of GDP
369
933000
3000
需要犧牲0.5%國內生產總值(GDP)
15:51
and has lifted many millions of people
370
936000
5000
就可以讓數百萬的人
15:56
out of hunger and poverty.
371
941000
2000
脫離挨餓及貧窮
15:58
It is transforming the face of hunger in Brazil,
372
943000
3000
這改變在巴西的飢荒
16:01
and it's at scale, and it's creating opportunities.
373
946000
3000
也創造了很多的機會
16:04
I've gone out there; I've met with the small farmers
374
949000
3000
我到過那邊也見了那些建立起
16:07
who have built their livelihoods
375
952000
2000
自己生計的小農夫們
16:09
on the opportunity and platform
376
954000
2000
都是藉由這個機會及政策
16:11
provided by this.
377
956000
3000
的提供
16:14
Now if we look at the economic imperative here,
378
959000
2000
現在，我們看這裡經濟優先權的話
16:16
this isn't just about compassion.
379
961000
3000
這不是只有同情
16:19
The fact is studies show
380
964000
2000
事實上，研究指出
16:21
that the cost of malnutrition and hunger --
381
966000
3000
營養不良及飢荒的花費
16:24
the cost to society,
382
969000
2000
造成這個社會
16:26
the burden it has to bear --
383
971000
2000
要去支撐的負擔
16:28
is on average six percent,
384
973000
2000
平均一年要百分之6
16:30
and in some countries up to 11 percent,
385
975000
2000
或有些國家甚至是一年百分之11
16:32
of GDP a year.
386
977000
3000
的GDP
16:35
And if you look at the 36 countries
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如果你看營養不良負擔最高的
16:38
with the highest burden of malnutrition,
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前36個國家
16:40
that's 260 billion lost from a productive economy
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每一年都要損失生產性經濟
16:43
every year.
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2.6兆
16:45
Well, the World Bank estimates
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世界銀行估計
16:47
it would take about 10 billion dollars --
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大概要花費一百億
16:49
10.3 --
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130億
16:51
to address malnutrition in those countries.
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才能在這些國家處理營養失調的問題
16:53
You look at the cost-benefit analysis,
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你們看這個成本收益的分析
16:55
and my dream is to take this issue,
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我的夢想是將這個問題
16:58
not just from the compassion argument,
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不只是從同情的理由出發
17:01
but to the finance ministers of the world,
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而是帶到全世界的財政部長前
17:03
and say we cannot afford
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說我們無法
17:05
to not invest
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不去讓
17:07
in the access to adequate, affordable nutrition
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全人類得到足夠且負擔的起的
17:10
for all of humanity.
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食物
17:13
The amazing thing I've found
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我發現到令人吃驚的事情
17:16
is nothing can change on a big scale
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要是沒有領導者的決心
17:19
without the determination of a leader.
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就沒有事情可以大規模的改變
17:21
When a leader says, "Not under my watch,"
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當一個領導者說：「在我的注意之下」
17:24
everything begins to change.
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事情就開始改變了
17:26
And the world can come in
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整個世界可以一起加入
17:28
with enabling environments and opportunities to do this.
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藉由有利的環境及機會來幫忙
17:31
And the fact that France
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事實上，法國
17:33
has put food at the center of the G20
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已經在G20中心安置食物
17:35
is really important.
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這很重要
17:37
Because food is one issue
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因為糧食是一個議題
17:39
that cannot be solved person by person, nation by nation.
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卻無法只靠一個人或一個國家解決問題
17:42
We have to stand together.
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我們必須站在一起
17:44
And we're seeing nations in Africa.
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看到非洲的國家們
17:46
WFP's been able to leave 30 nations
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WFP可以把問題留給這30個國家
17:49
because they have transformed
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因為他們已經轉變
17:51
the face of hunger in their nations.
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他們國家飢荒的狀況
17:53
What I would like to offer here is a challenge.
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我希望在這提出一個挑戰
17:58
I believe we're living at a time in human history
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我相信在我們這個人類史上的時間點
18:01
where it's just simply unacceptable
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我們無法接受
18:04
that children wake up
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竟然有孩子起床後
18:06
and don't know where to find a cup of food.
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並不知道在哪裡可以找到一杯的食物
18:08
Not only that,
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不僅
18:10
transforming hunger
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改變饑荒
18:12
is an opportunity,
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是個契機
18:14
but I think we have to change our mindsets.
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我也覺得我們該改變自己的心態
18:17
I am so honored to be here
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我很榮幸可以在這
18:19
with some of the world's top innovators and thinkers.
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和世界上頂尖的創新家以及思想家一起
18:23
And I would like you to join with all of humanity
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我希望你們可以和大家一起
18:27
to draw a line in the sand
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在沙地上畫一條線
18:29
and say, "No more.
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並說「不再有了
18:31
No more are we going to accept this."
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我們不會再接受像這樣的事」
18:33
And we want to tell our grandchildren
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我們要告訴未來的子孫們
18:35
that there was a terrible time in history
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在歷史上曾經有很糟糕的時期
18:37
where up to a third of the children
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大約有三分之一的孩童
18:39
had brains and bodies that were stunted,
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他們的大腦及身體發育不良
18:41
but that exists no more.
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不過現在已經看不到了
18:43
Thank you.
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謝謝大家
18:45
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Josette Sheeran - Anti-hunger leaderOur generation is the first in history with enough resources to eradicate hunger worldwide. Josette Sheeran, the former head of the UN World Food Programme, shares a plan.
Why you should listen
When Josette Sheeran was the executive director of the United Nations World Food Programme, based in Rome, she oversaw the largest humanitarian agency fighting hunger around the globe. Every year, the program feeds more than 90 million people, including victims of war and natural disasters, families affected by HIV/AIDS, and schoolchildren in poor communities.
Sheeran believes that hunger and poverty must and can be solved through both immediate actions and long-term policies. At the Millennium Development Goal Summit in 2010, she outlined 10 ways the world can end hunger. They include providing school meals, connecting small farmers to markets, empowering women and building the resiliency of vulnerable communities.
Sheeran has a long history of helping others. Prior to joining the UN in 2007, Sheeran was the Under Secretary for Economic, Energy and Agricultural Affairs at the US Department of State, where she frequently focused on economic diplomacy to help emerging nations move toward self-sufficiency and prosperity. She put together several initiatives to bring US aid to the Middle East. She also served as Deputy US Trade Representative, helping African nations develop their trade capacity.
She says: "I think we can, in our lifetime, win the battle against hunger because we now have the science, technology, know-how, and the logistics to be able to meet hunger where it comes. Those pictures of children with swollen bellies will be a thing of history."
Josette Sheeran | Speaker | TED.com