TED2018
Angel Hsu: How China is (and isn't) fighting pollution and climate change
Angel Hsu: Ako Čína (ne)bojuje so znečistením ovzdušia a klimatickými zmenami
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Čína je najväčším znečisťovateľom ovzdušia – a dnes aj najväčším výrobcom čistej energie. Ktorým smerom sa Čína v budúcnosti vydá a ako to ovplyvní životné prostredie po celom svete? Dátová analytička Angel Hsu opisuje, ako najľudnatejšia krajina sveta tvorí budúcnosť založenú na alternatívnych zdrojoch energie a ako čelí environmentálnej katastrofe, ktorú sama vytvorila, keď sa u nej rapídne rýchlo vyvinul priemysel.
Angel Hsu - Environmental data scientist
Angel Hsu is a professor and data geek who applies data-driven methods to solve challenging environmental issues. Full bio
Angel Hsu is a professor and data geek who applies data-driven methods to solve challenging environmental issues. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
When is seeing not believing?
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Odkedy platí: kto vidí, ten neverí?
00:17
A couple years ago, my friend
sent me this photo from Ürümqi,
sent me this photo from Ürümqi,
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Už dávnejšie mi kamarátka poslala
túto fotografiu z mesta Urumči,
túto fotografiu z mesta Urumči,
00:20
which is the capital of Xinjiang
province in northwest China.
province in northwest China.
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hlavného mesta provincie Sin-ťiang
na severozápade krajiny.
na severozápade krajiny.
00:24
On this particular day,
she couldn't believe her eyes.
she couldn't believe her eyes.
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V ten deň neverila svojim očiam.
00:28
Checking the quality of the air outside
using this app on her iPad,
using this app on her iPad,
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Pri kontrole kvality ovzdušia
cez aplikáciu na iPade videla,
cez aplikáciu na iPade videla,
00:33
the numbers were telling her
the air quality was good,
the air quality was good,
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že čísla ukazujú dobré výsledky,
00:36
one on a scale of 500.
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len číslo 1 z 500.
00:38
But when she looked outside,
she saw something much different.
she saw something much different.
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Keď však vyzrela z okna,
videla niečo celkom iné.
videla niečo celkom iné.
00:42
Yes, those are buildings
in the background.
in the background.
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Áno, v pozadí sú budovy.
00:44
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
00:47
But the data were simply
not telling the truth
not telling the truth
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Údaje nehovorili pravdu o tom,
00:50
of what people were seeing and breathing,
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čo ľudia vidia a čo dýchajú.
To preto, lebo nesprávne ukazovali PM2,5,
00:52
and it's because they were
failing to measure PM2.5,
failing to measure PM2.5,
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00:56
or fine particulate pollution.
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teda hodnoty jemných prachových častíc.
00:58
When PM2.5 levels
went off the charts in 2012,
went off the charts in 2012,
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Keď hodnoty PM2,5 v roku 2012
vystrelili nad grafy,
vystrelili nad grafy,
01:02
or "crazy bad," as the US Embassy
once described it in a tweet,
once described it in a tweet,
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alebo „šialene vysoko“,
ako to nazvalo americké veľvyslanectvo,
ako to nazvalo americké veľvyslanectvo,
01:06
Chinese denizens took to social media
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tak to medzi obyvateľmi rozvírilo diskusiu
01:08
and they started to question why it was
that they were seeing this disconnect
that they were seeing this disconnect
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a pýtali sa, ako je možné,
že vidia nesúlad
že vidia nesúlad
01:12
between official air quality statistics
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medzi oficiálnymi údajmi od úradov
01:14
and what they were seeing
and breathing for themselves.
and breathing for themselves.
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a tým, čo vidia a sami dýchajú.
01:18
Now, this questioning has led
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Tieto otázky
01:20
to an environmental awakening
of sorts in China,
of sorts in China,
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viedli v Číne k akémusi
environmentálnemu obrodeniu,
environmentálnemu obrodeniu,
01:24
forcing China's government
to tackle its pollution problems.
to tackle its pollution problems.
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čo prinútilo čínsku vládu
pustiť sa do riešenia znečistenia.
pustiť sa do riešenia znečistenia.
01:28
Now China has the opportunity
to become a global environmental leader.
to become a global environmental leader.
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Čína má dnes možnosť
stať sa svetovým environmentálnym lídrom.
stať sa svetovým environmentálnym lídrom.
01:34
But the picture
that I'll paint for you today
that I'll paint for you today
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Obraz o Číne,
ktorý vám dnes namaľujem,
ktorý vám dnes namaľujem,
01:36
is one that's mixed.
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je však zmiešaný.
01:38
There are some signs
that are very promising,
that are very promising,
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Badáme určité sľubné znaky,
01:41
and there are other trends
that are more troubling
that are more troubling
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ale aj znepokojujúce trendy,
01:43
that warrant closer attention.
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a tie si musíme pozorne všímať.
01:45
But now let's go back
to the story at hand.
to the story at hand.
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Vráťme sa však na začiatok.
01:48
I started to witness the beginnings
of China's green evolution
of China's green evolution
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Bola som svedkom začiatkov
čínskej zelenej evolúcie,
čínskej zelenej evolúcie,
01:51
when I was a PhD student
conducting fieldwork in China in 2011.
conducting fieldwork in China in 2011.
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keď som v roku 2011
ako doktorandka pracovala v teréne.
ako doktorandka pracovala v teréne.
01:56
I traveled all across the country
seeking answers to the question
seeking answers to the question
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Precestovala som celú krajinu
pri hľadaní odpovedí na otázky,
pri hľadaní odpovedí na otázky,
01:59
that I often got myself
from the skeptical outsider:
from the skeptical outsider:
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ktoré mi skeptici kládli:
02:03
What, you mean China is doing
something on the environment?
something on the environment?
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Robí Čína niečo pre životné prostredie?
02:06
They have environmental policies?
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Majú na to nejaké zákony?
02:07
What policies?
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Aké zákony?
02:09
At that time, PM2.5 data
was considered too politically sensitive
was considered too politically sensitive
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V tom čase údaje o časticiach PM2,5
predstavovali delikátnu tému,
predstavovali delikátnu tému,
02:14
and so the government
was keeping it secret,
was keeping it secret,
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a tak ich vláda uchovávala v tajnosti.
02:16
but citizens were becoming aware
of its harmful human health effects,
of its harmful human health effects,
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Občania sa však dozvedali
o ich škodlivom vplyve na zdravie
o ich škodlivom vplyve na zdravie
02:21
and they were demanding
greater transparency
greater transparency
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a od vlády požadovali
väčšiu transparentnosť.
väčšiu transparentnosť.
02:23
on the part of the government.
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02:25
I actually started to see some of this
growing evolution and awareness myself
growing evolution and awareness myself
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Na vlastné oči som kúsky tejto evolúcie
a zvyšujúceho sa povedomia
a zvyšujúceho sa povedomia
02:29
cropping up all over China.
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videla rašiť po celej Číne.
02:31
Department stores, for example,
started to market these air purifiers
started to market these air purifiers
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Napríklad obchodné domy
začali propagovať čističe vzduchu,
začali propagovať čističe vzduchu,
02:35
that could filter out harmful PM2.5.
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ktoré dokážu odfiltrovať
škodlivé častice PM2,5.
škodlivé častice PM2,5.
02:39
Citizens were also adopting PM2.5
as the title of musical festivals.
as the title of musical festivals.
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Občania tiež začali používať PM2,5
ako názov hudobných festivalov.
ako názov hudobných festivalov.
02:44
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
02:46
And then I went to a golf course
in Shenzhen, which is in southern China,
in Shenzhen, which is in southern China,
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A keď som šla na golfové ihrisko
do Šen-Čenu v južnej Číne,
do Šen-Čenu v južnej Číne,
02:50
and you can see from this banner,
they're advertising a retreat from PM2.5.
they're advertising a retreat from PM2.5.
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tak na tejto tabuli, ako vidíte,
propagujú odklon od PM2,5.
propagujú odklon od PM2,5.
02:55
Golf sub-par, but don't
breathe sub-par air.
breathe sub-par air.
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Môžete byť mizerný v golfe,
ale nedýchajte mizerný vzduch.
ale nedýchajte mizerný vzduch.
02:59
And then Shanghai's
Environmental Protection Bureau
Environmental Protection Bureau
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Aj Úrad na ochranu
životného prostredia v Šanghaji
životného prostredia v Šanghaji
03:01
decided to create a mascot
named after the air quality index
named after the air quality index
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sa rozhodol vytvoriť maskota,
nesúceho názov indexu kvality ovzdušia,
nesúceho názov indexu kvality ovzdušia,
03:06
to better communicate
the air quality data to its people.
the air quality data to its people.
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aby tak lepšie komunikoval
údaje o vzduchu občanom.
údaje o vzduchu občanom.
03:10
I call her AQI Girl,
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Ja ju volám dievča AQI.
03:12
and her expression and hair color changes
depending on the quality of air outside.
depending on the quality of air outside.
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Výraz tváre a vlasy sa jej menia
v závislosti na kvalite ovzdušia.
v závislosti na kvalite ovzdušia.
03:17
Five years later and she's still
the mostly smiling face
the mostly smiling face
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Prešlo už päť rokov
a ešte stále sa väčšinou usmieva
a ešte stále sa väčšinou usmieva
03:21
of Shanghai's air quality.
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nad kvalitou vzduchu v Šanghaji.
03:23
And then in 2015,
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A v roku 2015
03:25
former CCTV reporter Chai Jing
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Chai Jingová, bývalá reportérka CCTV,
03:27
created this documentary
called "Under the Dome."
called "Under the Dome."
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natočila dokumentárny film
s názvom „Pod kupolou“.
s názvom „Pod kupolou“.
03:30
It would be likened
to Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring."
to Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring."
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Je porovnávaný s „Tichou jarou“
od Rachel Carsonovej.
od Rachel Carsonovej.
03:34
And much like Rachel Carson
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A tak ako Rachel
03:35
brought to attention the fact
that pesticides were harming human health,
that pesticides were harming human health,
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upriamila pozornosť na fakt,
že pesticídy ničia ľudské zdravie,
že pesticídy ničia ľudské zdravie,
03:39
"Under the Dome" stamped
into the popular consciousness
into the popular consciousness
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film „Pod kupolou“ vrazil
do všeobecného povedomia fakt,
do všeobecného povedomia fakt,
03:43
that air pollution was leading
to one million premature deaths
to one million premature deaths
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že špinavé ovzdušie si predčasne vyžiada
takmer jeden milión životov každoročne,
takmer jeden milión životov každoročne,
03:48
every year in China alone.
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a to len v Číne.
03:51
This video garnered
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Tento film získal
03:52
more than a hundred million
views in a single weekend
views in a single weekend
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viac ako milión zhliadnutí
len za jeden víkend predtým,
len za jeden víkend predtým,
03:55
before China's government,
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ako ho čínska vláda,
03:57
fearing that it might incite
some type of social unrest,
some type of social unrest,
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z obavy, že by vyvolal nepokoje,
04:00
pulled it from the internet.
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stiahla z internetu.
04:02
But the damage had already been done.
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Oheň však už bol na streche.
04:05
Public outcry over air pollution
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Odpor verejnosti voči znečisteniu
04:07
galvanized China's government,
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vyburcovalo čínsku vládu,
04:09
perhaps in an act of self-preservation,
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azda v snahe o sebazachovanie,
04:11
to think big and decisively
about how it could tackle
about how it could tackle
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aby myslela vo veľkom a rozhodne o tom,
04:14
the root of its air pollution
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ako sa vysporiada so znečistením
04:16
and many of its other
environmental problems:
environmental problems:
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a mnohými ďalšími
environmentálnymi problémami.
environmentálnymi problémami.
04:18
its energy system.
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Napríklad s energiou.
04:20
For you see, in China,
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Ako vidíte,
asi dve tretiny celkovej elektriny v Číne
sa vyrábajú z uhlia.
sa vyrábajú z uhlia.
04:22
about two thirds of its
electricity comes from coal.
electricity comes from coal.
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04:26
China has more coal-fired power plants
than any other country in the world,
than any other country in the world,
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V Číne je najviac
uhoľných elektrární na svete,
uhoľných elektrární na svete,
04:31
about 40 percent of the global total,
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asi 40 % zo svetového počtu.
04:34
and it's because of this fact
that China's government
that China's government
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Práve z tohto dôvodu
sa čínska vláda rozhodla,
sa čínska vláda rozhodla,
04:38
has decided since 2014
to wage a war on coal,
to wage a war on coal,
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že od roku 2014 vyhlási uhliu vojnu:
04:42
shutting down small coal mines,
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zatvorí malé uhoľné bane,
04:44
setting limits on coal consumption,
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zavedie obmedzenia na spotrebu uhlia,
04:47
even canceling an Australia's worth
of coal-fired power plants.
of coal-fired power plants.
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či dokonca zatvorí toľko elektrární,
koľko je v celej Austrálii.
koľko je v celej Austrálii.
04:53
They've also been making
enormous investments
enormous investments
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Zároveň investovali v obrovskej miere
04:55
when it comes to clean
and renewable energy,
and renewable energy,
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do čistej a obnoviteľnej energie,
04:57
like hydropower, wind and solar,
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akými sú vodná, veterná a slnečná,
05:00
and the pace and the scale
of this transformation
of this transformation
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a tempo a rozsah tohto prechodu
05:03
has been absolutely mind-blowing.
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je ohromujúci.
05:05
Let me give you a couple of statistics
to show you what I mean.
to show you what I mean.
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Ukážem vám niekoľko údajov,
aby ste pochopili, čo mám na mysli.
aby ste pochopili, čo mám na mysli.
05:08
China leads the world
when it comes to hydropower,
when it comes to hydropower,
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Čína vedie v oblasti vodnej energie,
05:11
with a third of total capacity.
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vyrába 1/3 svetovej kapacity.
05:13
There's enough for every Chinese citizen
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Každý Číňan má dostatok energie
05:16
to power two homes in a single year
from hydropower alone.
from hydropower alone.
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na napájanie dvoch domov ročne,
a to len z vodnej energie.
a to len z vodnej energie.
05:20
You may have heard
of the Three Gorges Dam,
of the Three Gorges Dam,
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Možno ste počuli o priehrade Tri rokliny,
05:23
pictured here,
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ktorá je na snímke.
05:24
which is the largest
power station in the world,
power station in the world,
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Je to najväčšia elektráreň na svete
05:26
and it's powered by water.
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a je poháňaná vodou.
05:28
In terms of wind power,
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Vo veternej energii
05:29
China has a third of the global capacity.
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má Čína tretinové svetové zastúpenie.
05:32
This makes it the number one
leader by far.
leader by far.
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Vďaka tomu je jednoznačne lídrom.
05:35
When we look at solar,
China's also leading.
China's also leading.
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Aj keď sa zameriame na slnko,
tak Čína vedie.
tak Čína vedie.
05:38
In fact, they crushed their 2020 target
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Vlastne dosiahli cieľ na rok 2020
05:42
of installing 105 gigawatts
of solar power.
of solar power.
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vďaka nainštalovaniu
105 GW slnečnej energie.
105 GW slnečnej energie.
05:45
This is after the government
already revised upwards
already revised upwards
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A to dokonca aj po tom,
ako vláda tento cieľ
ako vláda tento cieľ
05:48
several times its solar energy target
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niekoľkokrát posunula
05:51
between 2009 and 2015.
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medzi rokmi 2009 a 2015.
05:54
Last year, in seven months alone,
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V minulom roku, len za sedem mesiacov,
05:57
China was able to install
a whopping 35 gigawatts of solar power.
a whopping 35 gigawatts of solar power.
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Čína nainštalovala
neuveriteľných 35 GW slnečnej energie.
neuveriteľných 35 GW slnečnej energie.
06:02
This is more than half
of what the US has combined in total
of what the US has combined in total
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To je vyše polovica toho,
čo USA majú dokopy,
čo USA majú dokopy,
06:05
and China did this
in just seven months alone.
in just seven months alone.
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a Čína to zvládla len za sedem mesiacov.
06:09
We can verify this remarkable growth
in solar power from space,
in solar power from space,
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Vieme si overiť rozvoj
v tejto oblasti z vesmíru,
v tejto oblasti z vesmíru,
06:13
like the startup SpaceKnow
has done in this slide.
has done in this slide.
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tak ako to na tejto snímke
urobil start-up SpaceKnow.
urobil start-up SpaceKnow.
06:16
By 2020, China is on track to generate
Germany's entire electricity consumption
Germany's entire electricity consumption
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Čína spĺňa plán na to, aby do roku 2020
vyrábala toľko elektriny ako Nemecko,
vyrábala toľko elektriny ako Nemecko,
06:22
from just wind and solar power alone.
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a to len z vetra a zo slnka.
06:25
It's pretty darn remarkable.
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Je to veľmi pozoruhodné.
06:28
And we see some evidence now
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A dnes vidíme drobné dôkazy toho,
06:30
that China's efforts on clean energy
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že úsilie Číny v oblasti čistej energie
06:32
is actually having an effect,
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má skutočný dopad,
06:34
not just on air pollution reduction,
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a to nielen na zlepšenie ovzdušia,
06:36
but also on global climate change,
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ale aj na klimatické zmeny,
06:38
where China has the world's
largest carbon footprint.
largest carbon footprint.
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lebo má najvyššie uhlíkové emisie.
06:42
If we look at some of the data,
we can see that China's coal consumption
we can see that China's coal consumption
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Ak si všimneme niektoré údaje,
vidíme, že spotreba uhlia v Číne
vidíme, že spotreba uhlia v Číne
06:46
may have already reached a peak
as early as 2013.
as early as 2013.
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možno dosiahla svoj vrchol už v roku 2013.
06:50
This is a major reason
why China's government announced
why China's government announced
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A to je hlavným dôvodom,
prečo čínska vláda oznámila,
prečo čínska vláda oznámila,
06:53
that actually they've already achieved
their 2020 carbon reduction pledge
their 2020 carbon reduction pledge
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že v oblasti zníženia uhlíkových emisií
dosiahli cieľ na rok 2020 už oveľa skôr.
dosiahli cieľ na rok 2020 už oveľa skôr.
06:58
ahead of schedule.
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07:00
This reduction in coal consumption
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Zníženie spotreby uhlia
07:02
is also directly driving
improvements in air quality
improvements in air quality
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priamo vplýva na zlepšenie
kvality ovzdušia v celej krajine,
kvality ovzdušia v celej krajine,
07:05
across the country,
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07:06
as I've shown here in blue.
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čo je označené modrou farbou.
07:09
In most major Chinese cities,
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Vo väčšine čínskych veľkomiest
07:10
air pollution has fallen
by as much as 30 percent.
by as much as 30 percent.
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kleslo znečistenie ovzdušia až o 30 %.
07:14
And this reduction in air pollution
is actually leading people
is actually leading people
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Zlepšenie kvality ovzdušia vedie k tomu,
07:17
to live longer lives in China,
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že ľudia v Číne žijú dlhšie,
07:19
on average two and a half years more
than they would have in 2013.
than they would have in 2013.
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v priemere sa dožijú
o dva a pol roka viac ako v roku 2013.
o dva a pol roka viac ako v roku 2013.
07:25
In yellow, we can see
the cities that have experienced
the cities that have experienced
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Žltá označuje mestá
s najvýraznejším zlepšením vzduchu.
s najvýraznejším zlepšením vzduchu.
07:28
the greatest improvements in air quality.
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07:31
But of course, as I mentioned
at the beginning of this talk,
at the beginning of this talk,
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Ale ako som povedala už na začiatku,
07:34
we have to temper some of this optimism
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je potrebné tieto skvelé správy
07:36
with a healthy dose of caution,
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brať s adekvátnym odstupom,
07:38
and that's largely because
the data are still being determined.
the data are still being determined.
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a to najmä preto,
lebo údaje sa ešte stále len vyhodnocujú.
lebo údaje sa ešte stále len vyhodnocujú.
07:43
At the end of last year,
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Koncom minulého roka,
07:45
after roughly three years
of pretty steady global carbon emissions,
of pretty steady global carbon emissions,
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po asi troch rokoch
ustálených svetových emisií uhlíka,
ustálených svetových emisií uhlíka,
07:49
scientific projections suggest
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by sa podľa odhadov
07:51
that global emissions
may be on the rise again
may be on the rise again
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mohli tieto emisie opäť zvýšiť.
07:54
and that could be due to increases
in China's fossil fuel consumptions,
in China's fossil fuel consumptions,
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A to môže súvisieť s vyššou spotrebou
fosílnych palív v Číne,
fosílnych palív v Číne,
07:58
so they may not have reached
that peak that I showed earlier.
that peak that I showed earlier.
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takže možno ešte nie sú za vrcholom,
ako som práve hovorila.
ako som práve hovorila.
08:02
But of course, the statistics
and the data are still murky
and the data are still murky
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Samozrejme, štatistické údaje
nie sú celkom jasné,
nie sú celkom jasné,
08:05
and that's because China regularly revises
its coal statistics after the fact.
its coal statistics after the fact.
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lebo Čína údaje o uhlí
pravidelne upravuje post factum.
pravidelne upravuje post factum.
08:11
Actually, it's funny,
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Je to celkom smiešne.
08:12
since I've been here I've been
having a debate on Twitter
having a debate on Twitter
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Odkedy som tu, s ďalšími analytikmi
som debatovala cez Twitter
som debatovala cez Twitter
08:15
with other climate modelers,
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08:16
trying to figure out
whether China's carbon emissions
whether China's carbon emissions
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v snahe zistiť, či uhlíkové emisie Číny
šli nahor, nadol,
šli nahor, nadol,
08:19
have gone up, gone down or whether
they're staying relatively stable.
they're staying relatively stable.
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alebo či ostávajú stabilné.
08:24
And of course, China is still
a rapidly developing country.
a rapidly developing country.
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Nezabúdajme, že Čína
sa rozvíja veľmi rýchlo.
sa rozvíja veľmi rýchlo.
08:28
It's still experimenting
with a range of policies,
with a range of policies,
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Stále experimentuje s rôznymi riešeniami,
08:30
like dockless bike sharing,
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ako napríklad verejné bicykle,
08:32
which has been hailed as a possible
sustainable transport solution.
sustainable transport solution.
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ktoré sa propagovali
ako možné udržateľné dopravné riešenie.
ako možné udržateľné dopravné riešenie.
08:36
But then we have images
of this bicycle graveyard
of this bicycle graveyard
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No na druhej strane vidíme
snímky pohrebiska bicyklov,
snímky pohrebiska bicyklov,
08:40
that tell a more cautionary tale.
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ktoré vysielajú varovný signál.
08:42
Sometimes, solutions can move too fast
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Niekedy sú riešenia prirýchle
08:45
and outpace demand.
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a predbehnú dopyt.
08:47
And of course,
coal is still king in China,
coal is still king in China,
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A samozrejme, uhlie je v Číne kráľom,
08:51
at least for now.
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aspoň nateraz.
08:53
So why should we care about
what China is doing on the environment?
what China is doing on the environment?
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Prečo by nás malo zaujímať to,
čo Čína robí pre svoje okolie?
čo Čína robí pre svoje okolie?
08:57
Well, what China does at home
on the environment
on the environment
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Preto, lebo to, čo Čína spraví doma,
09:00
can have global implications
for the rest of us.
for the rest of us.
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má dôsledky pre celý svet.
09:02
To borrow a line from Chai Jing,
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Ako by povedala Chai Jingová,
09:04
we're all under the same dome,
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všetci sme pod jednou kupolou,
09:06
and air pollution that originates in China
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a znečistenie pôvodom z Číny
09:09
can travel beyond its borders
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dokáže cestovať za jej hranice
09:11
and affect populations
as far away as those in North America.
as far away as those in North America.
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a ovplyvniť ľudí
napríklad až v Severnej Amerike.
napríklad až v Severnej Amerike.
09:16
China's not only exporting air pollution,
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Čína nevyváža len špinavý vzduch,
09:18
but they're also exporting aid,
infrastructure, technology abroad.
infrastructure, technology abroad.
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ale aj pomoc, infraštruktúru
a technológie.
a technológie.
Prezident Si Ťin-pching v 2013 predstavil
Iniciatívu Jedno pásmo, jedna cesta,
Iniciatívu Jedno pásmo, jedna cesta,
09:24
President Xi Jinping in 2013 announced
the One Belt, One Road Initiative,
the One Belt, One Road Initiative,
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09:29
a massive, one-trillion-US-dollar
infrastructure investment project
infrastructure investment project
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grandiózny projekt infraštruktúry
v hodnote 3 biliónov dolárov
v hodnote 3 biliónov dolárov
09:34
in more than 60 other countries.
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vo viac ako 60 krajinách.
09:36
And historically, when we've seen
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A keď sme sa spätne pozreli
09:38
that China has made
these infrastructure investments abroad,
these infrastructure investments abroad,
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na cezhraničné investície,
09:41
they haven't always been clean.
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neboli vždy čisté.
09:43
The Global Environment Institute,
a Chinese civil society group,
a Chinese civil society group,
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Svetový environmentálny inštitút,
čínska občianska skupina,
čínska občianska skupina,
09:47
found that in the last 15 years,
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za ostatných 15 rokov zistila,
09:49
China has invested in more
than 240 coal-fired power plants
than 240 coal-fired power plants
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že Čína investovala
do viac ako 240 uhoľných elektrární
do viac ako 240 uhoľných elektrární
09:53
in more than 68 countries
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v takmer 70 krajinách
09:55
affiliated with the One Belt,
One Road Initiative.
One Road Initiative.
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v rámci Iniciatívy jedného pásma,
jednej cesty.
jednej cesty.
09:58
That's more than a quarter of China's
own domestic coal-fired capacity
own domestic coal-fired capacity
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To je vyše štvrtina celkovej kapacity
uhoľných elektrární v Číne,
uhoľných elektrární v Číne,
10:02
that is exported abroad.
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ktorá sa exportuje.
10:04
So we can see that even though
China is cleaning up at home,
China is cleaning up at home,
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Vidíme teda, že hoci Čína doma upratuje,
10:08
it's exporting some of that pollution
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časť znečistenia vyváža
10:11
to other countries,
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do iných krajín
10:12
and greenhouse gas emissions
simply don't have a passport.
simply don't have a passport.
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a skleníkové plyny nemajú pas.
10:16
So when we're trying
to evaluate this question
to evaluate this question
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Keď teda odpovedáme na otázku,
10:18
of whether or not China
is actually leading,
is actually leading,
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či Čína vedie alebo nie,
10:20
we can see it's still
very much an open debate.
very much an open debate.
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vidíme, že ide o otvorenú debatu.
10:24
But time is running out.
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Čas sa však míňa.
10:25
I've studied the climate models,
and the outlook is not good.
and the outlook is not good.
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Venovala som sa klimatickým modelom
a vyhliadky sú zlé.
a vyhliadky sú zlé.
10:29
We still have a gap
between current policies
between current policies
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Stále je tu nesúlad
medzi súčasnými opatreniami
medzi súčasnými opatreniami
10:32
and what needs to happen if we want
to avoid dangerous climate change.
to avoid dangerous climate change.
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a potrebnými činmi, ak sa chceme vyhnúť
nebezpečným klimatickým zmenám.
nebezpečným klimatickým zmenám.
10:37
Leadership is what we desperately need,
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Líderstvo potrebujeme ako soľ,
10:39
but it's not coming
from the US, for example.
from the US, for example.
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neprichádza však zo strany USA.
10:42
The US administration last June
announced its intent
announced its intent
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Predošlý jún bol mesiacom,
keď americké úrady oznámili,
keď americké úrady oznámili,
10:45
to withdraw from
the Paris Climate Agreement,
the Paris Climate Agreement,
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že odstúpia
od Parížskej klimatickej dohody.
od Parížskej klimatickej dohody.
10:48
so now people are looking towards China
to fill that leadership void.
to fill that leadership void.
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A teraz ľudia očakávajú,
že sa kormidla chopí Čína.
že sa kormidla chopí Čína.
10:52
So China is very much in the driver's seat
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Čína je takpovediac za volantom
10:54
determining our global
environmental future.
environmental future.
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a rozhoduje o svetovom životnom prostredí.
10:57
What they do on carbon trading,
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Z ich obchodu s emisiami,
10:59
on clean energy, on air pollution,
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z postoja k čistej energii, k znečisteniu
11:03
we can learn many lessons.
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sa máme čo učiť.
11:05
One of those lessons is that clean energy
is not just good for the environment,
is not just good for the environment,
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Napríklad to, že čistá energia
nepomáha len životnému prostrediu,
nepomáha len životnému prostrediu,
11:10
it can save lives
by reducing air pollution.
by reducing air pollution.
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ale čistejšie ovzdušie zachraňuje životy.
11:13
It's also good for the economy.
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Je dobrá aj pre ekonomiku.
11:15
We can see that last year,
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Z údajov vidíme,
11:17
China was responsible
for 30 percent of the global growth
for 30 percent of the global growth
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že Čína zodpovedá za 30 % svetový nárast
na zelených pracovných miestach.
11:20
in green jobs.
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11:21
The US? Only six.
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USA? Len za 6 %.
11:24
So the picture that I just painted for you
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Dúfam, že obraz,
ktorý som pre vás namaľovala,
ktorý som pre vás namaľovala,
11:27
hopefully seems much different
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sa výrazne odlišuje
11:29
from those murky,
foggy air quality statistics
foggy air quality statistics
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od čiernych štatistík o znečistení,
11:32
to a much clearer picture
of China's clean energy.
of China's clean energy.
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a že obraz o čínskej energii je jasnejší.
11:36
And even though China
is headed in the right direction,
is headed in the right direction,
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A hoci Čína ide správnym smerom,
11:39
we know that there's still
a very long road ahead.
a very long road ahead.
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vieme, že nás čaká dlhá cesta.
11:42
So let me ask you once more:
Is seeing believing?
Is seeing believing?
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Preto sa vás pýtam:
Verí ten, kto vidí?
Verí ten, kto vidí?
11:45
Can we trust the data and the statistics
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Dá sa veriť štatistikám,
11:47
that show that China's
air quality is coming down
air quality is coming down
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ktoré ukazujú, že ovzdušie sa zlepšuje,
11:51
and that its war on coal
is actually having an effect?
is actually having an effect?
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a že vojna s uhlím prináša ovocie?
11:55
Well, let's take a look
at some of the latest satellite images
at some of the latest satellite images
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Pozrime sa na najnovšie družicové snímky
11:58
of China's solar power installations.
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čínskej solárnej elektrárne.
12:02
I want you to look
very closely at this image.
very closely at this image.
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Pozrite sa veľmi pozorne.
12:06
Can you see?
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Vidíte?
12:08
The proof may just be in the pandas.
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Dôkaz sa možno skrýva v pandách.
12:11
Thank you so much.
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Ďakujem za pozornosť.
12:12
(Applause)
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(potlesk)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Angel Hsu - Environmental data scientistAngel Hsu is a professor and data geek who applies data-driven methods to solve challenging environmental issues.
Why you should listen
Angel Hsu is a professor, researcher, writer and speaker who spends much of her time analyzing large datasets to develop policy solutions to the world's most pressing environmental problems, such as climate change and air pollution. As she writes: "I work between the push and pull of data science and public policy, and this passion drives me to explore how new technologies, analytical techniques and communication strategies can improve governance and lead to better environmental outcomes in rapidly developing countries like China."
Hsu is jointly appointed at Yale-NUS in Singapore at Yale's School of Forestry and Environmental Studies. She founded and directed Data-Driven Yale, an international team of interdisciplinary researchers, scientists, programmers and visual designers. Under her direction, Data-Driven Yale works collaboratively with scholars and practitioners around the world to collect, transform and communicate information, creating new knowledge and policy tools designed to make the world greener and healthier. Her work has been published in scientific journals like Nature and Nature Climate Change and featured in media like The Economist and the New York Times.
Angel Hsu | Speaker | TED.com