TEDxImperialCollege
John Graham-Cumming: The greatest machine that never was
Džon Grejam-Kaming (John Graham-Cumming): Najveća mašina koja nikad nije postojala
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Nauka o komjuterima je počela '30-ih ... 1830-ih. Džon Grejam-Kaming nam priča priču o mehaničkoj, "analitičkoj mašini" Čarlsa Bebidža, koju je pokretala para i kako je Ada Lavlejs, matematičarka i kćerka lorda Bajrona, videla izvan jednostavnih računarskih mogućnosti te mašine i zamislila budućnost kompjutera. (Snimljeno na TEDxImperialCollege)
John Graham-Cumming - Computer programmer
Computer programmer John Graham-Cumming keeps geek history alive by raising awareness for it's heroes and their inventions. Full bio
Computer programmer John Graham-Cumming keeps geek history alive by raising awareness for it's heroes and their inventions. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
So the machine I'm going to talk you about
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Mašinu o kojoj ću vam govoriti nazivam
00:17
is what I call the greatest machine that never was.
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najvećom mašinom koja nikad nije postojala.
00:19
It was a machine that was never built,
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Ona nikad nije napravljena,
00:21
and yet, it will be built.
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a ipak, biće napravljena.
00:23
It was a machine that was designed
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Bila je dizajnirana
00:25
long before anyone thought about computers.
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mnogo pre nego što je
iko pomislio na kompjutere.
iko pomislio na kompjutere.
00:27
If you know anything about the history of computers,
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Ako znate bilo šta o istoriji kompjutera,
00:29
you will know that in the '30s and the '40s,
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onda znate da su '30-ih i '40-ih
00:32
simple computers were created
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napravljeni jednostavni kompjuteri
00:35
that started the computer revolution we have today,
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kojima je počela današnja kompjuterska revolucija
00:37
and you would be correct,
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i bili biste u pravu,
00:39
except for you'd have the wrong century.
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osim što biste promašili vek.
00:41
The first computer was really designed
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Prvi računar ikad napravljen je dizajniran
00:43
in the 1830s and 1840s, not the 1930s and 1940s.
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1830-ih i 1840-ih,
a ne 1930-ih i 1940-ih.
a ne 1930-ih i 1940-ih.
00:46
It was designed, and parts of it were prototyped,
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Bio je dizajniran i njegovi delovi su prototip,
00:49
and the bits of it that were built are here
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delovi toga su napravljeni ovde
00:51
in South Kensington.
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u Južnom Kensingtonu.
00:53
That machine was built by this guy, Charles Babbage.
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Tu mašinu je napravio ovaj momak,
Čarls Bebidž.
Čarls Bebidž.
00:56
Now, I have a great affinity for Charles Babbage
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Imam velike simpatije prema Čarlsu Bebidžu
00:58
because his hair is always completely unkempt like this
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jer mu je kosa uvek ovako raščupana
01:01
in every single picture. (Laughter)
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na svakoj slici.
(Smeh)
(Smeh)
01:03
He was a very wealthy man, and a sort of,
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Bio je veoma bogat,
na neki način
na neki način
01:05
part of the aristocracy of Britain,
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deo britanske aristokratije
01:07
and on a Saturday night in Marylebone,
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i subotom uveče u Merilbonu
01:09
were you part of the intelligentsia of that period,
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ako ste bili intelektualac tog perioda,
01:12
you would have been invited round to his house
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bili biste pozivani u njegovu kuću
01:13
for a soiree — and he invited everybody:
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na soare - a on je pozivao sve:
01:16
kings, the Duke of Wellington, many, many famous people —
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kraljeve, vojvodu od Velingtona,
mnoge, mnoge poznate ljude -
mnoge, mnoge poznate ljude -
01:19
and he would have shown you one of his mechanical machines.
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i pokazivao bi neki
od svojih mehaničkih uređaja.
od svojih mehaničkih uređaja.
01:22
I really miss that era, you know, where you could
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Zaista mi nedostaje taj period,
kada je bilo moguće
kada je bilo moguće
01:25
go around for a soiree and see a mechanical computer
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ići na soare i videti predstavljanje
01:27
get demonstrated to you. (Laughter)
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mehaničkog kompjutera.
(Smeh)
(Smeh)
01:28
But Babbage, Babbage himself was born
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Ali Bebidž,
01:32
at the end of the 18th century,
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rođen na kraju 18. veka je bio
01:33
and was a fairly famous mathematician.
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prilično poznat matematičar.
01:35
He held the post that Newton held at Cambridge,
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Imao je isto mesto koje je imao Njutn
na Kembridžu,
na Kembridžu,
01:39
and that was recently held by Stephen Hawking.
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a koje je doskora držao Stiven Hoking.
01:41
He's less well known than either of them because
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Manje je poznat od njih jer je došao do ideje
01:44
he got this idea to make mechanical computing devices
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da napravi mehaničke uređaje za računanje,
01:47
and never made any of them.
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ali nikad ih nije napravio.
01:49
The reason he never made any of them, he's a classic nerd.
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Razlog zašto ih nije napravio je to
što je bio klasični zaluđenik.
što je bio klasični zaluđenik.
01:53
Every time he had a good idea, he'd think,
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Svaki put kad bi imao ideju, pomislio bi:
01:55
"That's brilliant, I'm going to start building that one.
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"To je sjajno,
napraviću ovo.
napraviću ovo.
01:56
I'll spend a fortune on it. I've got a better idea.
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Potrošiću čitavo bogatstvo.
Imam još bolju ideju.
Imam još bolju ideju.
01:59
I'm going to work on this one. (Laughter) And I'm going to do this one."
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Radiću na ovoj. (Smeh)
I napraviću ovu."
I napraviću ovu."
02:01
He did this until Sir Robert Peel, then Prime Minister,
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Tako je radio sve dok ga sir Robert Pil,
tadašnji premijer
tadašnji premijer
02:04
basically kicked him out of Number 10 Downing Street,
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nije bukvalno izbacio iz Dauning Strita 10
02:06
and kicking him out, in those days, that meant saying,
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i izbacujući ga,
rekao je:
rekao je:
02:09
"I bid you good day, sir." (Laughter)
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"Želim vam lep dan, gospodine."
(Smeh)
(Smeh)
02:12
The thing he designed was this monstrosity here,
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Stvar koju je dizajnirao
je ovo čudovište ovde,
je ovo čudovište ovde,
02:14
the analytical engine. Now, just to give you an idea of this,
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analitička mašina.
Da biste imali predstavu,
Da biste imali predstavu,
02:17
this is a view from above.
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ovo je pogled odozgo.
02:19
Every one of these circles is a cog, a stack of cogs,
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Svaki od ovih krugova je zupčanik,
gomila zupčanika
gomila zupčanika
02:22
and this thing is as big as a steam locomotive.
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i ova stvar je velika kao parna lokomotiva.
02:26
So as I go through this talk, I want you to imagine
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Želim da zamislite
02:28
this gigantic machine. We heard those wonderful sounds
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ovu džinovsku mašinu.
Čuli smo ove divne zvuke
Čuli smo ove divne zvuke
02:30
of what this thing would have sounded like.
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- kako bi ova stvar zvučala.
02:32
And I'm going to take you through the architecture of the machine
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Želim da vas sprovedem
kroz arhitekturu te mašine
kroz arhitekturu te mašine
02:34
— that's why it's computer architecture —
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- zbog toga je to arhitektura kompjutera -
02:35
and tell you about this machine, which is a computer.
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i da vam ispričam o ovoj mašini,
koja je kompjuter.
koja je kompjuter.
02:39
So let's talk about the memory. The memory
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Pričajmo o memoriji.
Memorija je
Memorija je
02:42
is very like the memory of a computer today,
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veoma nalik današnjoj memoriji,
02:44
except it was all made out of metal,
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osim što je cela napravljena od metala,
02:47
stacks and stacks of cogs, 30 cogs high.
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gomile i gomile zupčanika,
visoka je 30 zupčanika.
visoka je 30 zupčanika.
02:51
Imagine a thing this high of cogs,
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Zamislite stvar ovoliko visoku
02:53
hundreds and hundreds of them,
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od stotina zupčanika
02:54
and they've got numbers on them.
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i oni imaju brojeve na sebi.
02:56
It's a decimal machine. Everything's done in decimal.
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To je decimalna mašina.
Sve je decimalno.
Sve je decimalno.
02:59
And he thought about using binary. The problem
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Pomislio je da koristi binarni kod.
Problem
Problem
03:00
with using binary is that the machine would have been so
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kod binarnog koda je da bi tad
mašina bila toliko visoka
mašina bila toliko visoka
03:02
tall, it would have been ridiculous. As it is, it's enormous.
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da bi bilo smešno.
A i sad je ogromna.
A i sad je ogromna.
03:05
So he's got memory.
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Dakle, dobio je memoriju.
03:07
The memory is this bit over here.
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Memorija su ovi delovi ovde.
03:10
You see it all like this.
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Vidite ih ovako.
03:12
This monstrosity over here is the CPU, the chip, if you like.
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Ovo čudovište je CPU,
čip, ako želite.
čip, ako želite.
03:17
Of course, it's this big.
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Svakako, on je ovako velik.
03:19
Completely mechanical. This whole machine is mechanical.
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Potpuno mehanički.
Cela ova mašina je mehanička.
Cela ova mašina je mehanička.
03:22
This is a picture of a prototype for part of the CPU
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Ovo je slika prototipa za jedan deo CPU-a
03:26
which is in the Science Museum.
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koji je u Naučnom muzeju.
03:28
The CPU could do the four fundamental functions of arithmetic --
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Ovaj CPU može da uradi
četiri osnovne aritmetičke funkcije -
četiri osnovne aritmetičke funkcije -
03:32
so addition, multiplication, subtraction, division --
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sabiranje, množenje,
oduzimanje, deljenje -
oduzimanje, deljenje -
03:34
which already is a bit of a feat in metal,
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što je već mali podvig u metalu,
03:37
but it could also do something that a computer does
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ali takođe može da uradi
nešto što kompjuter radi,
nešto što kompjuter radi,
03:40
and a calculator doesn't:
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a kalkulator ne može:
03:42
this machine could look at its own internal memory and make a decision.
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ova mašina može da proveri
svoju unutrašnju memoriju i napravi odluku.
svoju unutrašnju memoriju i napravi odluku.
03:45
It could do the "if then" for basic programmers,
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Za osnovne programere
može da uradi "ako onda",
može da uradi "ako onda",
03:48
and that fundamentally made it into a computer.
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što u osnovi čini kompjuter.
03:50
It could compute. It couldn't just calculate. It could do more.
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Može da računa. Ne samo sračunavanje.
Može više.
Može više.
03:55
Now, if we look at this, and we stop for a minute,
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Ako pogledamo ovo,
pa stanemo na momenat
pa stanemo na momenat
03:58
and we think about chips today, we can't
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i pomislimo o današnjim čipovima,
ne možemo
ne možemo
04:00
look inside a silicon chip. It's just so tiny.
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pogledati unutar silikonskog čipa.
Toliko je sićušan.
Toliko je sićušan.
04:03
Yet if you did, you would see something
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Ali ako bismo mogli, videli bismo
04:05
very, very similar to this.
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nešto nalik ovom.
04:07
There's this incredible complexity in the CPU,
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Postoji ova neverovatna složenost u CPU-u
04:10
and this incredible regularity in the memory.
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i ova neverovatna pravilnost u memoriji.
04:13
If you've ever seen an electron microscope picture,
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Ako ste ikad videli sliku
kroz elektronski mikroskop,
kroz elektronski mikroskop,
04:14
you'll see this. This all looks the same,
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videli biste ovo. Izgleda isto,
04:16
then there's this bit over here which is incredibly complicated.
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tu je ovaj deo koji je
neverovatno komplikovan.
neverovatno komplikovan.
04:19
All this cog wheel mechanism here is doing is what a computer does,
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Ceo ovaj mehanizam od zupčanika
radi ono što radi kompjuter,
radi ono što radi kompjuter,
04:23
but of course you need to program this thing, and of course,
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ali svakako potrebno je isprogramirati tu stvar
04:25
Babbage used the technology of the day
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i Bebidž je koristio tehnologiju svog vremena
04:28
and the technology that would reappear in the '50s, '60s and '70s,
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koja se ponovo pojavila '50-ih, '60-ih i '70-ih,
04:32
which is punch cards. This thing over here
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a to su bušene kartice. Ovo ovde
04:35
is one of three punch card readers in here,
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je jedan od tri čitača kartica
04:37
and this is a program in the Science Museum, just
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i ovo je program u Naučnom muzeju,
ne tako daleko odavde,
ne tako daleko odavde,
04:41
not far from here, created by Charles Babbage,
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koji je napravio Čarls Bebidž,
04:45
that is sitting there — you can go see it —
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koji čeka tamo - možete ga videti -
04:47
waiting for the machine to be built.
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kako čeka da naprave mašinu.
04:50
And there's not just one of these, there's many of them.
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Tamo je ne samo jedna od ovih,
već mnoge.
već mnoge.
04:53
He prepared programs anticipating this would happen.
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Pripremio je programe,
očekujući da će se to desiti.
očekujući da će se to desiti.
04:56
Now, the reason they used punch cards was that Jacquard,
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Koristili su bušene kartice
jer je Žakard
jer je Žakard
04:58
in France, had created the Jacquard loom,
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u Francuskoj napravio Žakardov razboj
05:00
which was weaving these incredible patterns controlled by punch cards,
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koji je tkao ove neverovatne uzorke,
koje kontrolišu bušene kartice,
koje kontrolišu bušene kartice,
05:03
so he was just repurposing the technology of the day,
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pa je samo menjao namenu
tehnologije tog vremena
tehnologije tog vremena
05:06
and like everything else he did, he's using the technology
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i kao i sve ostalo,
on je koristio tehnologiju
on je koristio tehnologiju
05:08
of his era, so 1830s, 1840s, 1850s, cogs, steam,
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svog vremena 1830-ih, 1840-ih, 1850-ih,
zupčanike, paru,
zupčanike, paru,
05:13
mechanical devices. Ironically, born the same year
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mehaničke uređaje.
Ironično, iste godine
Ironično, iste godine
05:16
as Charles Babbage was Michael Faraday,
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kad i Čarls Bebidž,
rodio se i Majkl Faradej,
rodio se i Majkl Faradej,
05:19
who would completely revolutionize everything
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koji će napraviti revoluciju svega
05:21
with the dynamo, transformers, all these sorts of things.
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sa dinamom, transformatorima
i takvim stvarima.
i takvim stvarima.
05:24
Babbage, of course, wanted to use proven technology,
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Bebidž je želeo da koristi proverenu tehnologiju,
05:27
so steam and things.
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paru i slično.
05:29
Now, he needed accessories.
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Bila su mu potrebna pomoćna sredstva,
05:30
Obviously, you've got a computer now.
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Očigledno, sada imate kompjuter.
05:32
You've got punch cards, a CPU and memory.
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Imate bušene kartice, CPU i memoriju.
05:34
You need accessories you're going to come with.
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Potrebna su vam pomoćna sredstva uz to.
05:36
You're not just going to have that,
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Nećete samo to imati.
05:38
So, first of all, you had sound. You had a bell,
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Prvo, imate zvuk. Imali ste zvono,
05:41
so if anything went wrong — (Laughter) —
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pa ako je bilo šta išlo loše -
(Smeh) -
(Smeh) -
05:43
or the machine needed the attendant to come to it,
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ili je mašini bilo potrebno da neko asistira,
05:45
there was a bell it could ring. (Laughter)
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postojalo je zvonce koje je moglo da zazvoni.
(Smeh)
(Smeh)
05:47
And there's actually an instruction on the punch card
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To je u stvari bila instrukcija na bušenoj kartici
05:49
which says "Ring the bell." So you can imagine this "Ting!"
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koja je govorila "zazvoni".
Možete da zamislite ovo "ting!"
Možete da zamislite ovo "ting!"
05:52
You know, just stop for a moment, imagine all those noises,
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Zamislite, zastanite, zamislite sve ove zvuke,
05:54
this thing, "Click, clack click click click,"
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ove: "Klik, klak, klik klik klik",
05:55
steam engine, "Ding," right? (Laughter)
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parnu mašinu: "Ding", zar ne?
(Smeh)
(Smeh)
05:58
You also need a printer, obviously, and everyone needs a printer.
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Potreban vam je štampač,
očigledno svakom je potreban štampač.
očigledno svakom je potreban štampač.
06:00
This is actually a picture of the printing mechanism for
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Ovo je u stvari slika mehanizma za štampu
06:03
another machine of his, called the Difference Engine No. 2,
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za još jednu njegovu mašinu,
koja se zove diferencijalna mašina br.2,
koja se zove diferencijalna mašina br.2,
06:06
which he never built, but which the Science Museum
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koja nikad nije napravljena,
ali koju je Naučni muzej
ali koju je Naučni muzej
06:08
did build in the '80s and '90s.
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napravio '80-ih i '90-ih.
06:10
It's completely mechanical, again, a printer.
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To je potpuno mehanički štampač.
06:12
It prints just numbers, because he was obsessed with numbers,
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Štampa samo brojeve jer je on
bio opsednut brojevima,
bio opsednut brojevima,
06:15
but it does print onto paper, and it even does word wrapping,
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štampa ih na papir i čak pravi prelom,
06:18
so if you get to the end of the line, it goes around like that.
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tako da kad dođete do kraja reda,
ide ovako.
ide ovako.
06:21
You also need graphics, right?
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Takođe vam je potrebna grafika, zar ne?
06:23
I mean, if you're going to do anything with graphics,
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Mislim, ako želite bilo šta sa grafikom,
06:24
so he said, "Well, I need a plotter. I've got a big piece of paper
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rekao je: "Dakle, potreban mi je ploter.
Imam ogroman papir
Imam ogroman papir
06:27
and an ink pen and I'll make it plot."
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i pero i napraviću plot."
06:29
So he designed a plotter as well,
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Tako da je dizajnirao i ploter.
06:31
and, you know, at that point, I think he got pretty much
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Znate, tog momenta,
mislim da je dobio prilično
mislim da je dobio prilično
06:35
a pretty good machine.
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dobru mašinu.
06:36
Along comes this woman, Ada Lovelace.
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Tu se pojavljuje ova žena,
Ada Lavlejs.
Ada Lavlejs.
06:39
Now, imagine these soirees, all these great and good comes along.
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Zamislite ove soaree, sve što je sjajno
i dobro zajedno dolazi.
i dobro zajedno dolazi.
06:42
This lady is the daughter of the mad, bad
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Ova dama je kćerka ludog, lošeg
06:45
and dangerous-to-know Lord Byron,
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i opasnog lorda Bajrona,
06:47
and her mother, being a bit worried that she might have
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a njena majka je bila
pomalo zabrinuta da može biti
pomalo zabrinuta da može biti
06:50
inherited some of Lord Byron's madness and badness,
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da je nasledila ponešto
od lord Bajronovog ludila i zloće,
od lord Bajronovog ludila i zloće,
06:53
thought, "I know the solution: Mathematics is the solution.
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pomislila je: "Znam rešenje:
matematika je rešenje.
matematika je rešenje.
06:56
We'll teach her mathematics. That'll calm her down."
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Učiće matematiku. To će je smiriti."
06:59
(Laughter) Because of course,
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(Smeh)
Jer, kao što se zna
Jer, kao što se zna
07:03
there's never been a mathematician that's gone crazy,
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nikad nije bilo matematičara
koji je poludeo,
koji je poludeo,
07:06
so, you know, that'll be fine. (Laughter)
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pa će to biti dobro.
(Smeh)
(Smeh)
07:09
Everything'll be fine. So she's got this mathematical training,
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Sve će biti dobro.
Dobila je matematičku obuku
Dobila je matematičku obuku
07:12
and she goes to one of these soirees with her mother,
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i zajedno je sa majkom
na nekom od tih soarea,
na nekom od tih soarea,
07:15
and Charles Babbage, you know, gets out his machine.
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Čarls Bebidž vadi jednu od svojih mašina.
07:18
The Duke of Wellington is there, you know,
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Vojvoda od Velingtona je tu, znate
07:20
get out the machine, obviously demonstrates it,
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on pokazuje mašinu
07:21
and she gets it. She's the only person in his lifetime, really,
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i ona je shvata. Ona je jedina osoba
za vreme njegovog života
za vreme njegovog života
07:25
who said, "I understand what this does,
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koja je rekla: "Razumem šta to radi
07:26
and I understand the future of this machine."
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i shvatam budućnost te mašine".
07:28
And we owe to her an enormous amount because we know
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Mnogo joj dugujemo,
jer znamo
jer znamo
07:31
a lot about the machine that Babbage was intending to build
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mnogo o mašini koju je
Bebidž nameravao da napravi,
Bebidž nameravao da napravi,
07:34
because of her.
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upravo zbog nje.
07:36
Now, some people call her the first programmer.
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Neki ljudi je nazivaju prvim programerom.
07:39
This is actually from one of -- the paper that she translated.
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To je zapravo zbog jednog rada koji je prevela.
07:42
This is a program written in a particular style.
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To je program napisan posebnim stilom.
07:45
It's not, historically, totally accurate that she's the first programmer,
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Nije istorijski, potpuno tačno
da je ona prvi programer,
da je ona prvi programer,
07:49
and actually, she did something more amazing.
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ona je uradila nešto još više.
07:51
Rather than just being a programmer,
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Pre nego da je programer,
07:52
she saw something that Babbage didn't.
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videla je nešto što Bebidž nije.
07:54
Babbage was totally obsessed with mathematics.
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Bebidž je potpuno bio opsednut matematikom.
07:58
He was building a machine to do mathematics,
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Pravio je mašinu koja će raditi matematiku,
08:02
and Lovelace said, "You could do more than mathematics
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a Lavlejs je rekla: "Možeš da uradiš
mnogo više od matematike
mnogo više od matematike
08:05
on this machine." And just as you do,
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na ovoj mašini."
I kao svi,
I kao svi,
08:08
everyone in this room already's got a computer on them
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svi u ovoj prostoriji već imaju kompjuter,
08:09
right now, because they've got a phone.
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svi imaju telefon.
08:11
If you go into that phone, every single thing in that phone
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Ako pogledate u taj telefon,
svaka stvar u njemu
svaka stvar u njemu
08:14
or computer or any other computing device
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ili kompjuteru ili bilo kom drugom
uređaju za računanje
uređaju za računanje
08:16
is mathematics. It's all numbers at the bottom.
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je matematika. Na kraju
sve se svodi na brojeve.
sve se svodi na brojeve.
08:18
Whether it's video or text or music or voice, it's all numbers,
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Bez obzira da li je video ili tekst
ili muzika ili glas, sve su to brojevi
ili muzika ili glas, sve su to brojevi
08:22
it's all, underlying it, mathematical functions happening,
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ispod svega se dešavaju matematičke funkcije
08:26
and Lovelace said, "Just because you're doing
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i Lavlejs je rekla:
"Samo zbog toga što
"Samo zbog toga što
08:28
mathematical functions and symbols
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obavlja matematičke funkcije i simbole,
08:32
doesn't mean these things can't represent
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ne znači da ove stvari
ne mogu da predstavljaju
ne mogu da predstavljaju
08:34
other things in the real world, such as music."
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druge stvari u realnosti, kao muziku."
08:37
This was a huge leap, because Babbage is there saying,
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Ovo je bio ogroman iskorak,
jer Bebidž je govorio:
jer Bebidž je govorio:
08:40
"We could compute these amazing functions and print out
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"Možemo sračunati ove
neverovatne funkcije i odštampati
neverovatne funkcije i odštampati
08:42
tables of numbers and draw graphs," — (Laughter) —
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tabele i brojeve i iscrtati grafikone",
- (Smeh) -
- (Smeh) -
08:46
and Lovelace is there and she says, "Look,
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i Lavlejs na to:
"Pogledaj,
"Pogledaj,
08:48
this thing could even compose music if you
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ova stvar može čak
da komponuje muziku, ako joj
da komponuje muziku, ako joj
08:50
told it a representation of music numerically."
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daš prezentaciju muzike u brojevima."
08:54
So this is what I call Lovelace's Leap.
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To je ono što ja nazivam Lavlejs iskorak.
08:56
When you say she's a programmer, she did do some,
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Kada kažete da je programerka,
ona je napravila neke programe,
ona je napravila neke programe,
08:59
but the real thing is to have said the future is going to be
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ali stvarnost je da će budućnost biti
09:02
much, much more than this.
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mnogo, mnogo više od ovog.
09:05
Now, a hundred years later, this guy comes along,
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Sto godina kasnije,
pojavljuje se ovaj momak,
pojavljuje se ovaj momak,
09:07
Alan Turing, and in 1936, and invents the computer all over again.
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Alan Turing i 1936. smišlja kompjuter nanovo.
09:12
Now, of course, Babbage's machine was entirely mechanical.
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Svakako, Bebidževa mašina je potpuno mehanička.
09:15
Turing's machine was entirely theoretical.
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Turingova mašina je potpuno teorijska.
09:17
Both of these guys were coming from a mathematical perspective,
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Oba ova momka su došla
sa matematičkom perspektivom,
sa matematičkom perspektivom,
09:20
but Turing told us something very important.
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ali Turing nam je rekao
nešto veoma značajno.
nešto veoma značajno.
09:23
He laid down the mathematical foundations
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Postavio je osnove nauke o kompjuterima
09:26
for computer science, and said,
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i rekao je:
09:28
"It doesn't matter how you make a computer."
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"Nije važno kako pravite kompjuter."
09:31
It doesn't matter if your computer's mechanical,
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Nije važno da li je kompjuter mehanički,
09:33
like Babbage's was, or electronic, like computers are today,
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kao Bebidžev ili elektronski,
kao današnji računari
kao današnji računari
09:37
or perhaps in the future, cells, or, again,
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ili verovatno u budućnosti,
mobilni ili ponovo
mobilni ili ponovo
09:40
mechanical again, once we get into nanotechnology.
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mehanički, kada uđemo u nanotehnologiju.
09:43
We could go back to Babbage's machine
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Ponovo možemo da se vratimo Bebidževoj mašini
09:45
and just make it tiny. All those things are computers.
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i napravimo je sićušnom.
Sve te stvari su kompjuteri.
Sve te stvari su kompjuteri.
09:48
There is in a sense a computing essence.
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Tu je taj osećaj suštine kompjutera.
09:49
This is called the Church–Turing thesis.
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Naziva se Čurč-Turingova teza.
09:51
And so suddenly, you get this link where you say
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Iznenada dobijate ovu vezu koja kaže da je
09:54
this thing Babbage had built really was a computer.
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stvar koju je Bebidž napravio, zaista kompjuter.
09:56
In fact, it was capable of doing everything we do today
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U stvari, mogao je da uradi sve što danas radimo
09:59
with computers, only really slowly. (Laughter)
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sa kompjuterima, samo veoma sporo.
(Smeh)
(Smeh)
10:04
To give you an idea of how slowly,
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Da bih vam predočio kako sporo,
10:06
it had about 1k of memory.
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imao je oko 1k memorije.
10:10
It used punch cards, which were being fed in,
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Koristio je bušene kartice,
koje su se ubacivale
koje su se ubacivale
10:13
and it ran about 10,000 times slower the first ZX81.
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i išao je oko 10 000 puta sporije
nego prvi ZX81.
nego prvi ZX81.
10:19
It did have a RAM pack.
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Imao je radnu memoriju.
10:20
You could add on a lot of extra memory if you wanted to.
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Ako ste hteli, mogli ste
dodati dodatnu memoriju.
dodati dodatnu memoriju.
10:23
(Laughter) So, where does that bring us today?
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(Smeh)
Dakle, gde nas to dovodi?
Dakle, gde nas to dovodi?
10:26
So there are plans.
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Postoje planovi.
10:27
Over in Swindon, the Science Museum archives,
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U Svindonu, u arhivi Naučnog muzeja,
10:30
there are hundreds of plans and thousands of pages
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postoje stotine planova i hiljade strana
10:32
of notes written by Charles Babbage about this analytical engine.
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zapisa Čarlsa Bebidža o
ovoj analitičkoj mašini.
ovoj analitičkoj mašini.
10:35
One of those is a set of plans that we call Plan 28,
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Jedan od njih je set planova,
koje nazivamo Plan 28
koje nazivamo Plan 28
10:39
and that is also the name of a charity that I started
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i to je takođe naziv dobrotvorne ustanove
koju sam osnovao
koju sam osnovao
10:41
with Doron Swade, who was the curator of computing
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sa Doronom Svejdom,
koji je kustos računarstva
koji je kustos računarstva
10:44
at the Science Museum, and also the person who drove
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u Naučnom muzeju
i takođe osoba koja
i takođe osoba koja
10:46
the project to build a difference engine,
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vodi ceo projekat izgradnje
diferencijalnpg uređaja
diferencijalnpg uređaja
10:48
and our plan is to build it.
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i naš plan je da ga napravimo.
10:50
Here in South Kensington, we will build the analytical engine.
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Ovde u Južnom Kensingtonu,
napravićemo analitičku mašinu.
napravićemo analitičku mašinu.
10:54
The project has a number of parts to it.
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Projekat ima brojne delove.
10:56
One was the scanning of Babbage's archive.
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Jedan od njih je skeniranje Bebidževe arhive.
10:59
That's been done. The second is now the study
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To je urađeno.
Drugi deo je proučavanje
Drugi deo je proučavanje
11:01
of all of those plans to determine what to build.
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svih planova da bismo odredili šta da pravimo.
11:04
The third part is a computer simulation of that machine,
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Treći deo je kompjuterska simulacija te mašine
11:08
and the last part is to physically build it at the Science Museum.
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i poslednji deo je fizička izgradnja
u Naučnom muzeju.
u Naučnom muzeju.
11:11
When it's built, you'll finally be able to understand how a computer works,
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Kada je naparavimo, konačno
možete razumeti kako kompjuter radi
možete razumeti kako kompjuter radi
11:14
because rather than having a tiny chip in front of you,
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jer ćete ispred sebe imati
umesto sićušnog čipa
umesto sićušnog čipa
11:16
you've got to look at this humongous thing and say, "Ah,
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ovu ogromnu stvar i reći:
"Ah,
"Ah,
11:18
I see the memory operating, I see the CPU operating,
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vidim memoriju kako radi,
CPU u radu,
CPU u radu,
11:22
I hear it operating. I probably smell it operating." (Laughter)
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čujem da radi. Verovatno mogu
da ga omirišem kako radi". (Smeh)
da ga omirišem kako radi". (Smeh)
11:25
But in between that we're going to do a simulation.
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A u međuvremenu, uradićemo simulaciju.
11:28
Babbage himself wrote, he said,
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Bebidž je zapisao,
11:30
as soon as the analytical engine exists,
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dok god postoji analitički uređaj,
11:31
it will surely guide the future course of science.
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sigurno će voditi budući pravac nauke.
11:35
Of course, he never built it, because he was always fiddling
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Svakako, nikad ga nije napravio,
jer je uvek petljao
jer je uvek petljao
11:37
with new plans, but when it did get built, of course,
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sa novim planovima, ali kada je napravljen,
11:39
in the 1940s, everything changed.
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1940-ih sve se promenilo.
11:43
Now, I'll just give you a little taste of what it looks like
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Daću vam samo mali uvid u to
kako izgleda
kako izgleda
11:44
in motion with a video which shows
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u pokretu, pomoću video snimka koji pokazuje
11:47
just one part of the CPU mechanism working.
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samo jedan deo CPU mehanizma u radu.
11:55
So this is just three sets of cogs,
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Ovo su samo tri seta zupčanika
11:58
and it's going to add. This is the adding mechanism
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i dodaće se još.
Ovo je mehanizam za dodavanje
Ovo je mehanizam za dodavanje
12:00
in action, so you imagine this gigantic machine.
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u akciji, pa možete da zamislite
ovu gigantsku mašinu.
ovu gigantsku mašinu.
12:03
So, give me five years.
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Dajte mi pet godina.
12:04
Before the 2030s happen, we'll have it.
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Pre 2030-ih će se desiti,
imaćemo je.
imaćemo je.
12:07
Thank you very much. (Applause)
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Hvala vam mnogo.
(Aplauz)
(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
John Graham-Cumming - Computer programmerComputer programmer John Graham-Cumming keeps geek history alive by raising awareness for it's heroes and their inventions.
Why you should listen
John Graham-Cumming received his Ph.D. in computer security from Oxford University. A peripatetic programmer, he has worked in Silicon Valley, New York, the UK, Germany and France. In 2004, his open source POPFile program won a Jolt Productivity Award. He has authored two books: The Geek Atlas, a travel companion for math and science history enthusiasts; and GNU Make Unleashed, a guide for programmers. In 2009, he spearheaded a successful petition to the British Government demanding an apology for its persecution of Alan Turing for his homosexuality. His personal blog was rated among the "top 30 science blogs" by The Times in February 2010. And in October, 2010, he founded an organization dedicated to build Charles Babbage's famous analytical engine.
John Graham-Cumming | Speaker | TED.com