TEDGlobal 2013
George Monbiot: For more wonder, rewild the world
Džordž Monbio (George Monbiot): Za više čuda, "odivljite" svet
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Readability: 4.6
1,093,408 views
Vukovi su nekada bili stanovnici nacionalnog parka Jeloustoun u Sjedinjenim Državama, dok ih lov nije istrebio. Ali kada su 1995. godine vukovi počeli da se vraćaju (zahvaljujući agresivnom upravnom programu), nešto zanimljivo se desilo: ostatak parka je počeo da traži novi, zdraviji balans. U odlučnom i smislenom eksperimentu, Džordž Monbiot zamišlja divljiji svet u kojem ljudi deluju kako bi povratili kompleksni, izgubljeni prirodni lanac ishrane koji nas je nekad okruživao.
George Monbiot - Rewilding campaigner
As George Monbiot puts it: "I spend my life looking for ways to untangle the terrible mess we’ve got ourselves into." Full bio
As George Monbiot puts it: "I spend my life looking for ways to untangle the terrible mess we’ve got ourselves into." Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
When I was a young man, I spent six years
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Kada sam bio mladić,
proveo sam 6 godina
proveo sam 6 godina
00:14
of wild adventure in the tropics
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divlje avanture u tropima
00:16
working as an investigative journalist
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radeći kao novinar istražitelj,
00:18
in some of the most bewitching parts of the world.
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u jednom od najzačaranijih
delova sveta.
delova sveta.
00:21
I was as reckless and foolish as only young men can be.
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Bio sam nepažljiv i glupav kao što
samo mladi čovek to može da bude.
samo mladi čovek to može da bude.
00:25
This is why wars get fought.
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Zato su se i ratovi vodili.
00:26
But I also felt more alive than I've ever done since.
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Ali sam se osećao življim
nego što sam ikada bio.
nego što sam ikada bio.
00:30
And when I came home, I found the scope of my existence
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Kada sam došao kući, shvatio sam
da se širina mog postojanja
da se širina mog postojanja
00:34
gradually diminishing
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postepeno smanjuje,
00:36
until loading the dishwasher seemed like an interesting challenge.
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dok punjenje mašine za pranje suđa
nije izgledalo kao zanimljiv izazov.
nije izgledalo kao zanimljiv izazov.
00:41
And I found myself sort of
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Osetio sam se kao
00:43
scratching at the walls of life,
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da grebem zidove života,
00:45
as if I was trying to find a way out
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pokušavajući da pronađem izlaz
00:47
into a wider space beyond.
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u šire i otvorenije mesto.
00:49
I was, I believe, ecologically bored.
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Verujem da sam bio ekološki smoren.
00:53
Now, we evolved in rather more challenging times than these,
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Evoluirali smo u mnogo
izazovnijim vremenima od ovog,
izazovnijim vremenima od ovog,
00:58
in a world of horns and tusks and fangs and claws.
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u svetu rogova, kljova,
zuba i čeljusti.
zuba i čeljusti.
01:03
And we still possess the fear and the courage
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A i dalje posedujemo
strah i hrabrost
strah i hrabrost
01:05
and the aggression required to navigate those times.
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ali i neophodnu agresiju za upravljanje
tim vremenima.
tim vremenima.
01:08
But in our comfortable, safe, crowded lands,
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Ali u našim komfornim, sigurnim
i prenaseljenjim zemljama
i prenaseljenjim zemljama
01:13
we have few opportunities to exercise them
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imamo malo mogućnosti
da ih primenimo,
da ih primenimo,
01:16
without harming other people.
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a da ne povredimo druge ljude.
01:19
And this was the sort of constraint that I found myself
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Ovo je bila neka vrsta prinude
01:23
bumping up against.
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protiv koje sam se borio.
01:26
To conquer uncertainty,
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Da bih pobedio kolebljivost,
01:28
to know what comes next,
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da bih znao šta sledi dalje,
01:32
that's almost been the dominant aim of industrialized societies,
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to je bilo dominantni cilj
industrijalizovanih društava,
industrijalizovanih društava,
01:36
and having got there, or almost got there,
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i stižući tamo ili skoro stižući
01:40
we have just encountered a new set of unmet needs.
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naišli smo na novu grupu
nepredviđenih potreba.
nepredviđenih potreba.
01:43
We've privileged safety over experience
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Dali smo prednost sigurnosti
u odnosu na iskustvo
u odnosu na iskustvo
01:46
and we've gained a lot in doing so,
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i dobili smo mnogo u tome
01:49
but I think we've lost something too.
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ali mislim da smo nešto i izgubili.
01:52
Now, I don't romanticize evolutionary time.
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Ja ne romantizujem evoluciono vreme.
01:54
I'm already beyond the lifespan of most hunter-gatherers,
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Ja živim van životnog veka
većine lovaca,
većine lovaca,
01:58
and the outcome of a mortal combat between me
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a ishod smrtonosne borbe
između mene,
između mene,
02:01
myopically stumbling around with a stone-tipped spear
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koji mašem kamenim kopljem
02:04
and an enraged giant aurochs
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i ogromnog agresivnog divljeg goveda -
02:07
isn't very hard to predict.
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nije teško pretpostaviti.
02:09
Nor was it authenticity that I was looking for.
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Nisam tražio čak ni autentičnost.
02:12
I don't find that a useful or even intelligible concept.
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Ne smatram to korisnim
ili čak razumljivim konceptom.
ili čak razumljivim konceptom.
02:15
I just wanted a richer and rawer life
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Hteo sam bogatiji i grublji život
02:19
than I've been able to lead in Britain, or, indeed,
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od onog koji sam vodio u Britaniji
02:22
that we can lead in most parts of the industrialized world.
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ili čak u većini delova
industrijalizovanog sveta.
industrijalizovanog sveta.
02:25
And it was only when I stumbled across an unfamiliar word
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A onda kada sam naišao
na nepoznatu reč,
na nepoznatu reč,
02:31
that I began to understand what I was looking for.
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tek tada sam počeo
da shvatam šta sam tražio.
da shvatam šta sam tražio.
02:34
And as soon as I found that word,
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Čim sam pronašao tu reč,
02:37
I realized that I wanted to devote
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shvatio sam da sam želeo da posvetim
02:39
much of the rest of my life to it.
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većinu preostalog života tome.
02:43
The word is "rewilding,"
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Ta reč je "odivljavanje".
02:46
and even though rewilding is a young word,
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Iako je to mlada reč
02:49
it already has several definitions.
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već ima nekoliko definicija.
02:51
But there are two in particular that fascinate me.
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Ali postoje dve posebne
koje me fasciniraju.
koje me fasciniraju.
02:55
The first one is the mass restoration
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Prva je masivna obnova
02:59
of ecosystems.
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ekosistema.
03:01
One of the most exciting scientific findings
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Jedno od najuzbudljivijih
naučnih otkrića
naučnih otkrića
03:04
of the past half century
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prošle polovine veka
03:06
has been the discovery of widespread trophic cascades.
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bilo je otkriće široko rasprostranjene
trofske kaskade.
trofske kaskade.
03:11
A trophic cascade is an ecological process
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Trofska kaskada je ekološki proces
03:14
which starts at the top of the food chain
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koji počinje na vrhu lanca ishrane
03:16
and tumbles all the way down to the bottom,
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i pada sve do dna,
03:20
and the classic example is what happened
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i klasični primer toga
je nešto što se desilo
je nešto što se desilo
03:22
in the Yellowstone National Park in the United States
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u Nacionalnom parku Jeloustoun
u Sjedinjenim Državama
u Sjedinjenim Državama
03:25
when wolves were reintroduced in 1995.
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kada su vukovi vraćeni 1995. godine.
03:29
Now, we all know that wolves kill various species of animals,
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Svi znamo da vukovi ubijaju
različite vrste životinja,
različite vrste životinja,
03:33
but perhaps we're slightly less aware
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ali smo ipak malo manje svesni
03:36
that they give life to many others.
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činjenice da daju život
mnogim drugim životinjama.
mnogim drugim životinjama.
03:40
It sounds strange, but just follow me for a while.
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Deluje čudno ali ispratite me još malo.
03:43
Before the wolves turned up,
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Pre nego što su se vukovi pojavili
03:45
they'd been absent for 70 years.
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bili su odsutni 70 godina.
03:46
The numbers of deer, because there was nothing to hunt them,
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Broj jelena je rastao i rastao
u Jeloustoun parku
u Jeloustoun parku
03:49
had built up and built up in the Yellowstone Park,
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jer nije bilo nikoga da ih lovi
03:52
and despite efforts by humans to control them,
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i uprkos ljudskim naporima
da ih kontrolišu,
da ih kontrolišu,
03:55
they'd managed to reduce much of the vegetation there
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uspeli su da smanje većinu
vegetacije tamo
vegetacije tamo
03:58
to almost nothing, they'd just grazed it away.
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do ništavila, sve su obrstili.
04:01
But as soon as the wolves arrived,
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Ali čim su vukovi stigli,
04:03
even though they were few in number,
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iako ih je bilo nekolicina,
04:05
they started to have the most remarkable effects.
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počeli su da daju zapažene efekte.
04:09
First, of course, they killed some of the deer,
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Prvo, naravno, ubili su neke od jelena,
04:11
but that wasn't the major thing.
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ali to nije bila glavna stvar.
04:13
Much more significantly,
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Mnogo bitnije je
04:15
they radically changed the behavior of the deer.
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da su oni radikalno promenili
ponašanje jelena.
ponašanje jelena.
04:18
The deer started avoiding certain parts of the park,
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Jeleni su počeli da izbegavaju
određene delove parka,
određene delove parka,
04:21
the places where they could be trapped most easily,
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mesta gde bi mogli biti lako uhvaćeni,
04:24
particularly the valleys and the gorges,
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posebno uvale i klisure
04:26
and immediately those places started to regenerate.
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i momentalno ta mesta počinju
da se regenerišu.
da se regenerišu.
04:29
In some areas, the height of the trees
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U nekim oblastima, visina drveća
04:32
quintupled in just six years.
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se učetvorostručila za 6 godina.
04:35
Bare valley sides quickly became forests of aspen
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Gole strane kotlina
brzo su postale šume jasike,
brzo su postale šume jasike,
04:39
and willow and cottonwood.
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topola i jablana.
04:41
And as soon as that happened,
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I čim se to dogodilo,
04:43
the birds started moving in.
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ptice su počele da se useljavaju.
04:45
The number of songbirds, of migratory birds,
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Broj ptica pevačica ili ptica selica
04:48
started to increase greatly.
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je znatno počeo da raste.
04:50
The number of beavers started to increase,
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Broj dabrova se povećao,
04:52
because beavers like to eat the trees.
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jer oni vole da jedu drveće.
04:54
And beavers, like wolves, are ecosystem engineers.
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Kao i vukovi, dabrovi su
inženjeri ekosistema.
inženjeri ekosistema.
04:58
They create niches for other species.
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Oni prave skloništa drugim vrstama.
05:00
And the dams they built in the rivers
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A brane koje oni naprave na rekama
05:03
provided habitats for otters and muskrats
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stvorile su staništa vidrama i
bizamskim pacovima
bizamskim pacovima
05:06
and ducks and fish and reptiles and amphibians.
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patkama, ribama, reptilima
i vodozemcima.
i vodozemcima.
05:10
The wolves killed coyotes, and as a result of that,
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Vukovi su ubili kojote
i kao rezultat toga,
i kao rezultat toga,
05:14
the number of rabbits and mice began to rise,
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broj zečeva i miševa
počeo je da raste,
počeo je da raste,
05:16
which meant more hawks, more weasels,
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što znači više jastreba, lasica
05:19
more foxes, more badgers.
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više lisica i jazavaca.
05:22
Ravens and bald eagles came down to feed
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Gavrani i goloždravi orlovi
spustili su se da se nahrane
spustili su se da se nahrane
05:24
on the carrion that the wolves had left.
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leševima koje su vukovi ostavili.
05:26
Bears fed on it too, and their population began to rise as well,
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Medvedi su se isto hranili, a i njihova
populacija je počela da raste
populacija je počela da raste
05:30
partly also because there were more berries
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delimično jer je tu bilo više bobica,
05:32
growing on the regenerating shrubs,
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koje su rasle na obnovljenom grmlju,
05:35
and the bears reinforced the impact of the wolves
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a medvedi su povećali uticaj vukova,
05:38
by killing some of the calves of the deer.
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ubijajući neke od mladunčadi jelena.
05:42
But here's where it gets really interesting.
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Ali evo gde postaje interesantno.
05:46
The wolves changed the behavior of the rivers.
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Vukovi su promenili ponašanje reka.
05:51
They began to meander less.
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Počele su manje da meandriraju.
05:53
There was less erosion. The channels narrowed.
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Nije bilo erozije.
Kanali su se suzili.
Kanali su se suzili.
05:57
More pools formed, more riffle sections,
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Stvoreno je više bara, slapova,
05:59
all of which were great for wildlife habitats.
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sve one stvari koje su bile dobre
za stanovnike divljina.
za stanovnike divljina.
06:01
The rivers changed
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Reke su se promenile
06:03
in response to the wolves,
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uticajem vukova,
06:06
and the reason was that the regenerating forests
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a razlog je bio to
što su regenerisane šume
što su regenerisane šume
06:09
stabilized the banks so that they collapsed less often,
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stabilizovale obale tako
da su se ređe urušavale,
da su se ređe urušavale,
06:13
so that the rivers became more fixed in their course.
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pa su rekle bile mnogo stabilnije
na svom toku.
na svom toku.
06:16
Similarly, by driving the deer out of some places
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Slično tome, raseljavajući jelene
izvan nekih mesta
izvan nekih mesta
06:20
and the vegetation recovering on the valley sides,
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i oporavljajući vegetaciju
na padinama doline
na padinama doline
06:24
there was less soil erosion,
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bilo je manje erozije zemljišta,
06:26
because the vegetation stabilized that as well.
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jer se takođe i vegetacija
stabilizovala.
stabilizovala.
06:29
So the wolves, small in number,
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Tako da su vukovi, iako u malom broju,
06:33
transformed not just the ecosystem
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preuredili ne samo ekosistem
06:36
of the Yellowstone National Park, this huge area of land,
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nacionalnog parka Jelouston,
ove ogromne površine zemlje,
ove ogromne površine zemlje,
06:39
but also its physical geography.
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već i njenu fizičku geografiju.
06:43
Whales in the southern oceans
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Kitovi u južnim okeanima
06:45
have similarly wide-ranging effects.
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imaju isti efekat širokog delovanja.
06:47
One of the many post-rational excuses
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Jedan od mnogih
post-racionalnih izgovora
post-racionalnih izgovora
06:50
made by the Japanese government for killing whales
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koje je japanska vlada
dala za ubijanje kitova
dala za ubijanje kitova
06:53
is that they said, "Well, the number of fish and krill will rise
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bio je: "Pa, broj riba
i krilova će porasti
i krilova će porasti
06:56
and then there'll be more for people to eat."
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i biće više hrane
koju mogu da jedu ljudi."
koju mogu da jedu ljudi."
06:58
Well, it's a stupid excuse, but it sort of
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To je glup izgovor,
ali na neki način
ali na neki način
07:00
kind of makes sense, doesn't it,
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ima smisla, zar ne,
07:02
because you'd think that whales eat huge amounts
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jer mislite da kitovi jedu
ogromne količine
ogromne količine
07:04
of fish and krill, so obviously take the whales away,
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ribe i krilova,
pa očigledno izuzimanjem kitova
pa očigledno izuzimanjem kitova
07:06
there'll be more fish and krill.
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biće više ribe i krilova.
07:08
But the opposite happened.
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Ali desilo se suprotno.
07:11
You take the whales away,
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Sklonite kitove,
07:12
and the number of krill collapses.
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a broj krilova se smanjio.
07:15
Why would that possibly have happened?
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Zašto bi se to dogodilo?
07:17
Well, it now turns out that the whales are crucial
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Sad ispada da su kitovi presudni
07:20
to sustaining that entire ecosystem,
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za održavanje čitavog ekosistema,
07:23
and one of the reasons for this
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i jedan od razloga za ovo
07:25
is that they often feed at depth
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je da se oni često hrane u dubini,
07:27
and then they come up to the surface and produce
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i onda se pojave na površini i stvaraju
07:29
what biologists politely call large fecal plumes,
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ono što bi biolozi pristojno nazvali
velikim fekalnim perjanicama,
velikim fekalnim perjanicama,
07:33
huge explosions of poop right across the surface waters,
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što su ogromne eksplozije kake
direktno preko površine vode,
direktno preko površine vode,
07:37
up in the photic zone, where there's enough light
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u eufotičnoj zoni,
gde ima dovoljno svetla
gde ima dovoljno svetla
07:41
to allow photosynthesis to take place,
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za obavljanje fotosinteze,
07:44
and those great plumes of fertilizer
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i te velike kugle đubriva
07:47
stimulate the growth of phytoplankton,
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stimulišu rast fitoplanktona,
07:49
the plant plankton at the bottom of the food chain,
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planktonske bilje na dnu
lanca ishrane,
lanca ishrane,
07:51
which stimulate the growth of zooplankton,
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koja podstiče rast zooplanktona,
07:53
which feed the fish and the krill and all the rest of it.
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koji hrani ribe i krilove
i ostatak vrsta.
i ostatak vrsta.
07:55
The other thing that whales do is that,
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Druga stvar koju kitovi čine je da,
07:57
as they're plunging up and down through the water column,
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dok zaranjaju i izranjaju kroz vodu,
08:00
they're kicking the phytoplankton
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izbijaju fitoplankton
08:02
back up towards the surface
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prema površini
08:04
where it can continue to survive and reproduce.
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gde može da nastavi da živi
i da se reprodukuju.
i da se reprodukuju.
08:07
And interestingly, well, we know
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Interesantno, znamo
08:10
that plant plankton in the oceans
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da biljka plankton u okeanima
08:13
absorb carbon from the atmosphere --
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1807
apsorbuje ugljenik iz atmosfere -
08:14
the more plant plankton there are,
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što je više planktona tu,
08:16
the more carbon they absorb --
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više ugljenika upijaju -
08:18
and eventually they filter down into the abyss
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i eventualno uvlače u dubine
08:21
and remove that carbon from the atmospheric system.
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i uklanjaju ugljenik
iz atmosferskog sistema.
iz atmosferskog sistema.
08:24
Well, it seems that when whales were at their historic populations,
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Čini se da kada su kitovi bili
u svojim istorijskim populacijama,
u svojim istorijskim populacijama,
08:28
they were probably responsible for sequestering
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verovatno su bili odgovorni
za oduzimanje
za oduzimanje
08:31
some tens of millions of tons of carbon
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desetine miliona tona ugljenika
08:35
every year from the atmosphere.
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iz atmosfere svake godine.
08:38
And when you look at it like that, you think,
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A kada sagledate to
kao takvo, mislite,
kao takvo, mislite,
08:41
wait a minute, here are the wolves
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čekaj malo, ovde su vukovi,
08:43
changing the physical geography of the Yellowstone National Park.
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menjaju fizičku geografiju
nacionalnog parka Jeloustoun.
nacionalnog parka Jeloustoun.
08:46
Here are the whales changing
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Ovde su kitovi, menjaju
08:48
the composition of the atmosphere.
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sastav atmosfere.
08:50
You begin to see that possibly,
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Počinjete da shvatate da verovatno,
08:53
the evidence supporting James Lovelock's Gaia hypothesis,
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dokazi koji podržavaju hipotezu
Džejmsa Lovloka Gaja
Džejmsa Lovloka Gaja
08:56
which conceives of the world as a coherent,
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2587
koja smatra svet kao koherentni,
08:59
self-regulating organism,
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527514
1930
samoregulišući organizam,
09:01
is beginning, at the ecosystem level, to accumulate.
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i počinje, na nivou ekosistema,
da se akumulira.
da se akumulira.
09:07
Trophic cascades
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Trofske kaskade
09:09
tell us that the natural world
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2061
nam govore da je prirodni svet
09:11
is even more fascinating and complex than we thought it was.
187
539507
4746
čak fascinantniji i kompleksniji
nego što smo mislili da jeste.
nego što smo mislili da jeste.
09:16
They tell us that when you take away the large animals,
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Govore nam da
kad sklonite velike životinje,
kad sklonite velike životinje,
09:19
you are left with a radically different ecosystem
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ostaju vam drastično
različiti ekosistemi
različiti ekosistemi
09:23
to one which retains its large animals.
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3172
od onih koji čuvaju svoje
velike životinje.
velike životinje.
09:26
And they make, in my view, a powerful case
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3281
A oni prave, po mom mišljenju,
snažan argument
snažan argument
09:29
for the reintroduction of missing species.
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4153
za vraćanje nestalih vrsta.
09:33
Rewilding, to me,
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2076
Odivljavanje, za mene
09:35
means bringing back some of the missing plants and animals.
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znači vraćanje nekih od nedostajućih
biljaka i životinja.
biljaka i životinja.
09:39
It means taking down the fences,
195
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1312
To znači spuštanje ograda,
09:40
it means blocking the drainage ditches,
196
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2024
blokiranje drenažnih jaraka,
09:42
it means preventing commercial fishing in some large areas of sea,
197
570493
3264
smanjenje komercijalnog pecanja
u nekim većim oblastima mora,
u nekim većim oblastima mora,
09:45
but otherwise stepping back.
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3414
ali i odstupanje.
09:49
It has no view as to what a right ecosystem
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Nema prikaza kako pravilni ekosistem
09:52
or a right assemblage of species looks like.
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2701
ili pravi skup vrsta izgleda.
09:55
It doesn't try to produce a heath or a meadow
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Ne pokušava da stvori stepu ili poljanu
09:59
or a rain forest or a kelp garden or a coral reef.
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kišnu šumu, zajednicu morskih algi
ili koralni greben.
ili koralni greben.
10:04
It lets nature decide,
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592147
2017
Ono prepušta prirodi da bira,
10:06
and nature, by and large, is pretty good at deciding.
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3819
i priroda je, uopšte uzev,
dobra u odlučivanju.
dobra u odlučivanju.
10:09
Now, I mentioned that there are two definitions
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Pomenuo sam da postoje
dve definicije
dve definicije
10:12
of rewilding that interest me.
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1846
odivljavanja koje me zanimaju.
10:14
The other one
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1257
Druga je
10:15
is the rewilding of human life.
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odivljavanje ljudskog života.
10:18
And I don't see this as an alternative
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2063
Ne vidim to kao alternativu
10:20
to civilization.
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1924
civilizaciji.
10:22
I believe we can enjoy the benefits of advanced technology,
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3400
Verujem da možemo da uživamo
benefite napredne tehnologije,
benefite napredne tehnologije,
10:25
as we're doing now, but at the same time, if we choose,
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a to i činimo, ali u isto vreme,
ako biramo
ako biramo
10:29
have access to a richer and wilder life of adventure
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5016
da imamo pristup bogatijem i divljem
životu avanture
životu avanture
10:34
when we want to because
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1583
kada poželimo, jer bi bilo
10:36
there would be wonderful, rewilded habitats.
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prelepo, kada bismo imali
odivljenija staništa.
odivljenija staništa.
10:40
And the opportunities for this
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1784
Prilike za to
10:42
are developing more rapidly than you might think possible.
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se razvijaju brže nego što mislite
da je moguće.
da je moguće.
10:47
There's one estimate which suggests that in the United States,
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2979
Postoji jedna procena koja navodi
da je u Sjedinjenim Državama
da je u Sjedinjenim Državama
10:50
two thirds of the land which was once forested and then cleared
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638359
3685
dve trećine zemlje koja je jednom
pošumljena, a potom ogoljena
pošumljena, a potom ogoljena
10:54
has become reforested as loggers and farmers have retreated,
220
642044
3503
postalo pošumljeno kad su
se drvoseče i frameri povukli
se drvoseče i frameri povukli
10:57
particularly from the eastern half of the country.
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3013
naročito sa istočne polovine zemlje.
11:00
There's another one which suggests
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1657
Postoji druga koja pretpostavlja
11:02
that 30 million hectares of land in Europe,
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650217
3463
da će 30 miliona hektara zemlje
u Evropi,
u Evropi,
11:05
an area the size of Poland,
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2507
oblasti veličine Poljske,
11:08
will be vacated by farmers
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1831
farmeri isprazniti
11:10
between 2000 and 2030.
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3322
između 2000. i 2030.
11:13
Now, faced with opportunities like that,
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Suočeni sa takvim mogućnostima,
11:16
does it not seem a little unambitious
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2171
zar ne deluje pomalo
neambiciozno
neambiciozno
11:19
to be thinking only of bringing back wolves, lynx,
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3714
razmišljati samo o vraćanju
vukova, risova,
vukova, risova,
11:22
bears, beavers, bison, boar, moose,
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3599
medveda, dabrova, bizona
veprova, losova,
veprova, losova,
11:26
and all the other species which are already beginning
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674360
1825
i svih ostalih vrsta
koje su uveliko počele
koje su uveliko počele
11:28
to move quite rapidly across Europe?
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3264
da se pomeraju
prilično brzo preko Evrope?
prilično brzo preko Evrope?
11:31
Perhaps we should also start thinking
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679449
2524
Možda bi trebalo
da počnemo da mislimo
da počnemo da mislimo
11:33
about the return of some of our lost megafauna.
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681973
3989
na vraćanje nekih od naših
izgubljenih megafauna.
izgubljenih megafauna.
11:37
What megafauna, you say?
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685962
1932
Kakvih megafauna, reći ćete?
11:39
Well, every continent had one,
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2569
Svaki kontinent je imao jednu,
11:42
apart from Antarctica.
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1481
osim Antarktika.
11:43
When Trafalgar Square in London was excavated,
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3638
Kada su kopali
Trafalgar skver u Londonu,
Trafalgar skver u Londonu,
11:47
the river gravels there were found
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1755
rečni šljunak koji je tu pronađen
11:49
to be stuffed with the bones of hippopotamus,
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3550
bio je pun kostiju nilskih konja,
11:52
rhinos, elephants, hyenas, lions.
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4088
nosoroga, slonova, hijena, lavova.
11:56
Yes, ladies and gentlemen,
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1374
Da, dame i gospodo,
11:58
there were lions in Trafalgar Square
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2196
bilo je lavova na Trafalgar skveru,
12:00
long before Nelson's Column was built.
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3206
mnogo pre nego što je
Nelsonova statua podignuta.
Nelsonova statua podignuta.
12:03
All these species lived here
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711751
2251
Sve te vrste su živele tu
12:06
in the last interglacial period,
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2652
u poslednjem interglacialnom periodu,
12:08
when temperatures were pretty similar to our own.
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2861
kada su temperature bile
prilično slične našim.
prilično slične našim.
12:11
It's not climate, largely,
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2073
U većini slučajeva klima nije ta
12:13
which has got rid of the world's megafaunas.
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koja se rešila svetske megafaune.
12:17
It's pressure from the human population
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2104
To je pritisak ljudske populacije
12:19
hunting and destroying their habitats
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1836
koja je lovila i uništavala
njihova staništa
njihova staništa
12:21
which has done so.
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2051
i koja je kriva za to.
12:23
And even so, you can still see the shadows
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3788
I dalje čak možete videti senke
12:26
of these great beasts in our current ecosystems.
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734914
2708
ovih velikih zveri u našim
trenutnim ekosistemima.
trenutnim ekosistemima.
12:29
Why is it that so many deciduous trees
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2953
Zašto postoji
toliko listopadnog drveća
toliko listopadnog drveća
12:32
are able to sprout from whatever point the trunk is broken?
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740575
4558
koje može da nikne sa bilo koje tačke
na kojoj je stablo slomljeno?
na kojoj je stablo slomljeno?
12:37
Why is it that they can withstand the loss
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2069
Kako mogu da izdrže gubitak
12:39
of so much of their bark?
258
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1607
velike količine svoje kore?
12:40
Why do understory trees,
259
748809
2943
Zašto podsečeno drveće,
12:43
which are subject to lower sheer forces from the wind
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5093
koje je izloženo nižim
vazdušnim silama vetra
vazdušnim silama vetra
12:48
and have to carry less weight
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1731
i mora da nosi manje težine
12:50
than the big canopy trees,
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2402
nego velike krošnje drveća,
12:52
why are they so much tougher and harder to break
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3119
zašto je toliko snažnije
i teže za slamanje
i teže za slamanje
12:56
than the canopy trees are?
264
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4409
nego drveće sa krošnjama?
13:00
Elephants.
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1972
Slonovi.
13:02
They are elephant-adapted.
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2169
Prilagođeno je slonovima.
13:04
In Europe, for example,
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2288
U Evropi na primer,
13:06
they evolved to resist the straight-tusked elephant,
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3143
uspelo je da se odupre
šumskim slonovima sa ravnim kljovama,
šumskim slonovima sa ravnim kljovama,
13:10
elephas antiquus, which was a great beast.
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antičkim slonovima, koji su bili
velike životinje.
velike životinje.
13:12
It was related to the Asian elephant,
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2176
Bio je povezan sa azijskim slonom,
13:14
but it was a temperate animal, a temperate forest creature.
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2569
ali je bio temperamentna životinja,
temperamentno šumsko biće.
temperamentno šumsko biće.
13:17
It was a lot bigger than the Asian elephant.
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2530
Bio je mnogo veći od azijskog slona.
13:19
But why is it that some of our common shrubs
273
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2817
Zašto neki od naših
običnih grmova
običnih grmova
13:22
have spines which seem to be over-engineered
274
790458
3184
imaju granje
koje je suviše skovano
koje je suviše skovano
13:25
to resist browsing by deer?
275
793642
2663
da odoli bršćenju jelena?
13:28
Perhaps because they evolved
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1814
Možda zato što su uspeli
13:30
to resist browsing by rhinoceros.
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3263
da odole bršćenju nosoroga.
13:33
Isn't it an amazing thought
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1924
Zar to nije fantastična misao
13:35
that every time you wander into a park
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2728
da svaki put
kada nabasate na park
kada nabasate na park
13:38
or down an avenue or through a leafy street,
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2847
ili aleju ili kroz ulicu punu lišća,
13:40
you can see the shadows of these great beasts?
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3611
možete videti senke
ovih ogromnih zveri?
ovih ogromnih zveri?
13:44
Paleoecology, the study of past ecosystems,
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Paleoekologija, izučavanje
prošlih ekosistema,
prošlih ekosistema,
13:48
crucial to an understanding of our own,
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4058
važno je za shvatanje nas samih,
13:52
feels like a portal through which you may pass
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izgleda kao portal
kroz koji možete ući
kroz koji možete ući
13:55
into an enchanted kingdom.
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2932
u začarano kraljevstvo.
13:58
And if we really are looking at areas of land
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3813
A ukoliko vidimo da oblasti zemlje,
14:02
of the sort of sizes I've been talking about becoming available,
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vrsta i veličina o kojima sam govorio,
postaju dostupne,
postaju dostupne,
14:06
why not reintroduce some of our lost megafauna,
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2715
zašto ne bismo vratili
neke od izgubljenih megafauna
neke od izgubljenih megafauna
14:09
or at least species closely related to those
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837632
1950
ili u najmanju ruku vrsta,
blisko povezanih onima
blisko povezanih onima
14:11
which have become extinct everywhere?
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2961
koje su svuda postale izumrle?
14:14
Why shouldn't all of us
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2309
Žašto ne bi svako od nas
14:16
have a Serengeti on our doorsteps?
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2953
imao Serengeti
na svom kućnom pragu?
na svom kućnom pragu?
14:19
And perhaps this is the most important thing
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2966
Ovo je možda najvažnija stvar
14:22
that rewilding offers us,
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1475
koju nam odivljavanje nudi,
14:24
the most important thing that's missing from our lives:
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3594
najvažnija stvar koja nam nedostaje
u našim životima:
u našim životima:
14:27
hope.
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2117
nada.
14:29
In motivating people to love and defend the natural world,
297
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U motivaciji ljudi
da vole i brane svet prirode,
da vole i brane svet prirode,
14:34
an ounce of hope is worth a ton of despair.
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4810
gram nade vredan je tonu beznađa.
14:39
The story rewilding tells us
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2639
Priča o odivljavanju nam govori
14:41
is that ecological change need not always proceed
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3640
da ekološka promena
ne mora uvek da raste
ne mora uvek da raste
14:45
in one direction.
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2463
u jednom pravcu.
14:47
It offers us the hope
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2436
Ona nam nudi nadu
14:50
that our silent spring
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2141
da bi naše tiho proleće
14:52
could be replaced by a raucous summer.
304
880483
2331
moglo biti zamenjeno
glasnim letom.
glasnim letom.
14:54
Thank you.
305
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Hvala vam.
14:56
(Applause)
306
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6011
(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
George Monbiot - Rewilding campaignerAs George Monbiot puts it: "I spend my life looking for ways to untangle the terrible mess we’ve got ourselves into."
Why you should listen
As a young man, George Monbiot spent six years working as an investigative journalist in West Papua, Brazil and East Africa, during which time he was shot at, shipwrecked, beaten up, stung into a poisoned coma by hornets, became lost for days in a rainforest, where he ate rats and insects to avert starvation and was (incorrectly) pronounced clinically dead in a hospital in northern Kenya. Today, he leads a less adventurous life as an author, columnist for the Guardian newspaper and environmental campaigner. Among his books and projects are Feral: Rewilding the Land, the Sea and Human Life; The Age of Consent and Heat: How to Stop the Planet from Burning, as well as the concept album Breaking the Spell of Loneliness. His latest book is Out of the Wreckage: A New Politics for an Age of Crisis. He has made a number of viral videos. One of them, How Wolves Change Rivers, has been watched 30m times on YouTube.
George Monbiot | Speaker | TED.com