TEDxLSU
Juliet Brophy: How a new species of ancestors is changing our theory of human evolution
Džulijet Brofi (Juliet Brophy): Kako nova vrsta pretka menja našu teoriju o evoluciji čoveka
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Godine 2013, veliko otkriće neobičnih fosila je pronađeno u pećini u Južnoj Africi, a istraživači su ubrzo shvatili da su ovo ostaci nove vrste ljudskog pretka. Paleoantropološkinja Džulijet Brofi nas uvodi u otkriće Homo naledija, objašnjavajući kako nas ovaj misteriozni predak tera da ponovo razmislimo odakle potičemo i šta znači biti čovek.
Juliet Brophy - Paleoanthropologist
Juliet Brophy explores human evolution in southern Africa. Full bio
Juliet Brophy explores human evolution in southern Africa. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Human origins.
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Ljudsko poreklo.
00:15
Who are we?
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Ko smo mi?
00:16
Where do we come from,
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Odakle potičemo
00:18
and how do we know?
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i kako da znamo?
00:20
In my field, paleoanthropology,
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U mojoj struci, paleoantropologiji,
00:22
we explore human origins --
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istražujemo ljudsko poreklo -
00:24
the "who" and "where" questions --
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pitanja „ko“ i „gde“ -
00:26
by analyzing fossils that date back
thousands and even millions of years.
thousands and even millions of years.
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analizirajući fosile koji su stari
hiljade, čak i milione godina.
hiljade, čak i milione godina.
00:32
In 2015, a team of colleagues and I
named a new species in the genus Homo --
named a new species in the genus Homo --
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Godine 2015, tim kolega i ja
imenovali smo novu vrstu roda Homo -
imenovali smo novu vrstu roda Homo -
00:37
our genus --
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našeg roda -
00:39
Homo naledi.
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Homo naledi.
Hajde da se vratimo korak unazad
i da stavimo to u kontekst.
i da stavimo to u kontekst.
00:42
Let's take a step back
and put that into context.
and put that into context.
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00:47
The last common ancestors
between humans and chimps
between humans and chimps
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Poslednji zajednički predak
između ljudi i šimpanza
između ljudi i šimpanza
00:50
date somewhere between six
and eight million years.
and eight million years.
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je star negde između
šest i osam miliona godina.
šest i osam miliona godina.
00:54
The earliest hominins,
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Najraniji hominini,
00:56
or earliest human ancestors,
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ili najraniji ljudski preci,
00:57
evolved into a group
known as the australopithecines.
known as the australopithecines.
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su se razvili u grupu
poznatu kao austalopitekusi.
poznatu kao austalopitekusi.
01:01
The australopithecines
evolved into the genus Homo
evolved into the genus Homo
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Australopitekusi su se razvili u rod Homo
01:05
and eventually modern humans -- us.
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i na kraju u moderne ljude - nas.
01:09
With each new fossil discovery,
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Sa svakim novim otkrićem fosila,
01:11
we get a little bit closer
to better understanding who we are
to better understanding who we are
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približavamo se boljem razumevanju
toga ko smo i odakle potičemo.
01:15
and where we came from.
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01:17
With these new fossil finds,
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Sa tim novim otkrićima fosila,
01:19
we realize we now have to make
changes to this tree.
changes to this tree.
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sad shvatamo da moramo
da unesemo izmene u genetsko stablo.
da unesemo izmene u genetsko stablo.
01:24
Until this discovery,
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Sve do ovog otkrića,
01:26
we thought we had a pretty good idea
about the patterns of evolutionary change.
about the patterns of evolutionary change.
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mislili smo da imamo prilično dobru ideju
o obrascima evolutivnih promena.
o obrascima evolutivnih promena.
01:31
Current fossil evidence suggests
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Trenutni fosilni ostaci ukazuju
01:33
that the earliest populations
of the genus Homo evolved in Africa
of the genus Homo evolved in Africa
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da su se najranije populacije
roda Homo razvile u Africi,
roda Homo razvile u Africi,
01:36
somewhere between two
and three million years.
and three million years.
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pre oko dve i tri miliona godina.
01:39
Fast-forward to approximately
300,000 years to where we see the origins
300,000 years to where we see the origins
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Premotajmo vreme
do pre približno 300 000 godina,
do pre približno 300 000 godina,
kad vidimo početke prvih modernih ljudi.
01:43
of the first modern humans.
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01:46
While the fossil record
between these time frames in Africa
between these time frames in Africa
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Iako su zapisi fosila
između ovih vremenskih okvira u Africi
između ovih vremenskih okvira u Africi
relativno retki,
01:49
is relatively sparse,
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01:51
the fossils nonetheless
demonstrated certain trends
demonstrated certain trends
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fosili su i pored toga
pokazali određene karakteristike
pokazali određene karakteristike
01:54
from our earliest ancestors
to modern humans.
to modern humans.
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od naših najranijih predaka
sve do modernih ljudi.
sve do modernih ljudi.
01:58
For example, our brains
were becoming larger
were becoming larger
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Na primer, naši mozgovi su postajali veći
02:01
relative the rest of our body.
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u odnosu na ostatak tela.
02:03
Our pelves were becoming more bowl-shaped,
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Naše karlice su postajale više okruglaste,
02:06
and our hand-wrist morphology, or form,
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a morfologija, ili oblik,
naših ručnih zglobova,
naših ručnih zglobova,
02:09
suggested a change in our grip
as we began to make and use stone tools
as we began to make and use stone tools
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je ukazivala na promenu u stisku
čim smo počeli da pravimo
čim smo počeli da pravimo
i koristimo kameno oruđe,
a manje provodimo vreme na drveću.
a manje provodimo vreme na drveću.
02:13
and spend less time in the trees.
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02:16
These new fossils disrupt everything
we thought we knew about these trends
we thought we knew about these trends
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Ovi novi fosili su poremetili sve što smo
mislili da znamo o ovim karakteristikama
mislili da znamo o ovim karakteristikama
02:22
and force us to change the way
that we think about human evolution.
that we think about human evolution.
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i naterali nas da promenimo način
na koji razmišljamo o evoluciji čoveka.
na koji razmišljamo o evoluciji čoveka.
02:28
South Africa in general,
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Južna Afrika uopšteno,
02:30
but the Cradle of Humankind in particular,
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ali Kolevka čovečanstva naročito,
02:32
contains numerous sites where hundreds
of thousands of fossils have been found.
of thousands of fossils have been found.
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sadrži brojna nalazišta
na kojima je nađeno
stotine hiljada fosila.
stotine hiljada fosila.
02:36
As an undergraduate student,
I fell in love with one of them ...
I fell in love with one of them ...
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Kao student, zaljubila sam se
u jednog od njih...
u jednog od njih...
02:40
Mrs. Ples.
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Gospođu Ples.
02:41
The skull of a 2.1-million-year-old
early human ancestor.
early human ancestor.
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Lobanju ranog ljudskog pretka
staru 2,1 miliona godina.
staru 2,1 miliona godina.
02:45
From that point on,
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Od tog trenutka,
02:46
I was determined to go to South Africa
and study human evolution.
and study human evolution.
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bila sam odlučna da odem u Južnu Afriku
i da izučavam ljudsku evoluciju.
i da izučavam ljudsku evoluciju.
02:50
I first traveled there in 2003,
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Prvi put sam otišla tamo 2003. godine,
02:52
and I did get to see my beloved Mrs. Ples.
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i dobila sam priliku
da vidim moju voljenu Gospođu Ples.
da vidim moju voljenu Gospođu Ples.
02:55
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
02:56
But words can hardly convey my excitement
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Reči teško mogu da prenesu moje uzbuđenje
02:59
when I was chosen
as an early career scientist
as an early career scientist
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kada me je kao mladog naučnika odabrao
03:02
by Lee Berger,
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Li Berger,
03:04
a world-renowned paleoanthropologist,
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svetski poznat paleoantropolog,
03:06
to be one of the primary analysts
of recently excavated unpublished fossils.
of recently excavated unpublished fossils.
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da budem jedan od glavnih analitičara
nedavno otkopanih neobjavljenih fosila.
nedavno otkopanih neobjavljenih fosila.
03:13
This treasure trove of fossils
was being recovered from a new site
was being recovered from a new site
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Veliko otkriće fosila
je otkriveno na novom nalazištu
je otkriveno na novom nalazištu
03:18
called the Dinaledi Chamber
in the Rising Star cave system.
in the Rising Star cave system.
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zvano Odaja Dinaledi
u sistemu pećina „Zvezda u usponu".
u sistemu pećina „Zvezda u usponu".
03:23
Species are often named
based on a skull, a lower jaw,
based on a skull, a lower jaw,
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Vrste često dobijaju nazive
na osnovu lobanja, donje vilice,
na osnovu lobanja, donje vilice,
03:27
or, very rarely,
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ili, veoma retko, na osnovu
03:28
a handful of postcranial,
or below-the-neck, elements.
or below-the-neck, elements.
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nekoliko postkranijalnih elemenata,
odnosno delova koji se nalaze ispod vrata.
odnosno delova koji se nalaze ispod vrata.
03:32
The fossils from Dinaledi
were another story altogether.
were another story altogether.
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Fosili iz Dinaledija su priča za sebe.
03:36
An unprecedented
approximately 1800 specimens --
approximately 1800 specimens --
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Jedinstvenih približno 1 800 uzoraka -
03:40
so far --
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do sada -
03:41
have been excavated
from the Rising Star system,
from the Rising Star system,
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je bilo iskopano
iz sistema „Zvezde u usponu",
iz sistema „Zvezde u usponu",
03:44
representing at least
15 individual skeletons.
15 individual skeletons.
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a koji su predstavljali
barem 15 zasebnih skeleta.
barem 15 zasebnih skeleta.
03:50
The research team
that I was invited to join
that I was invited to join
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Istraživački tim u koji sam pozvana
03:52
was tasked with describing,
comparing and analyzing the fossils,
comparing and analyzing the fossils,
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je dobio zadatak da opisuje,
upoređuje i analizira fosile,
upoređuje i analizira fosile,
03:56
with the difficult goal of identifying
to what species the fossils belonged.
to what species the fossils belonged.
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sa teškim ciljem da identifikuje
kojoj vrsti su fosili pripadali.
kojoj vrsti su fosili pripadali.
04:01
We were divided up
into our different areas of expertise.
into our different areas of expertise.
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Bili smo podeljeni
na različita stručna polja.
na različita stručna polja.
Takođe, bili smo podeljeni
u različite delove laboratorije.
u različite delove laboratorije.
04:04
We were divided up
in different areas of the lab, too.
in different areas of the lab, too.
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04:07
So there was "Hand Land,"
for the fossil hand people,
for the fossil hand people,
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Dakle, postojala je „Zemlja ruku”,
za ljude koji istražuju ruke fosila,
za ljude koji istražuju ruke fosila,
04:11
"Hip Heaven" for the pelvis ...
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„Raj kukova” za karlicu...
04:13
I was in the "Tooth Booth."
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Ja sam bila u „Štandu zuba".
04:15
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
04:16
And after long, intense days in the lab,
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Nakon dugih, intenzivnih dana
u laboratoriji,
u laboratoriji,
04:19
the different teams would meet up at night
and discuss our findings,
and discuss our findings,
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različiti timovi bi se sastajali noću
i diskutovali o zaključcima,
i diskutovali o zaključcima,
04:22
still consumed by questions
from our analyses.
from our analyses.
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i dalje obuzeti pitanjima
iz naših analiza.
iz naših analiza.
04:25
It was incredible how different
the interpretations were.
the interpretations were.
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Bilo je neverovatno
koliko su tumačenja bila različita.
koliko su tumačenja bila različita.
04:29
Each body part seemed to come
from a different species,
from a different species,
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Izgledalo je kao da svaki deo tela
pripada drugačijoj vrsti,
pripada drugačijoj vrsti,
na osnovu onoga što znamo
iz zapisa o fosilima.
iz zapisa o fosilima.
04:32
based on what we knew
from the fossil record.
from the fossil record.
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04:35
The suite of characteristics we were
seeing didn't match any known species.
seeing didn't match any known species.
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Nizovi karakteristika nisu se slagali
ni sa jednom poznatom vrstom.
ni sa jednom poznatom vrstom.
04:40
And if we had only recovered the skull,
we might have called it one thing;
we might have called it one thing;
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Da smo otkrili samo lobanju,
možda bismo je zvali na jedan način;
možda bismo je zvali na jedan način;
04:44
if we had only recovered the pelvis,
we might have called it another.
we might have called it another.
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da smo otkrili samo karlicu,
možda bismo je nazvali drugačije.
možda bismo je nazvali drugačije.
04:48
The anatomy of the skeletons
didn't make sense
didn't make sense
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Anatomija skeleta
nije imala smisla u odnosu
nije imala smisla u odnosu
04:51
with the framework of what we thought
we knew of human evolution.
we knew of human evolution.
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na vremenski okvir za koji smo mislili
da znamo o evoluciji čoveka.
da znamo o evoluciji čoveka.
Je li je pripadao rodu Homo?
04:55
Did it belong in the genus Homo?
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Da li bi trebalo da bude australopitekus?
04:58
Should it be an australopithecine?
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05:00
Those bipedal, more apelike ancestors?
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Kao oni dvonožni preci nalik majmunima?
05:03
Or perhaps it should be its own species.
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Ili bi možda trebalo
da bude posebna vrsta.
da bude posebna vrsta.
05:06
Ultimately, after much deliberation,
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Na kraju, nakon mnogo promišljanja,
05:09
we decided the Rising Star specimens
did indeed warrant a new species,
did indeed warrant a new species,
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odlučili smo da uzorci
iz „Zvezde u usponu” garantuju novu vrstu,
iz „Zvezde u usponu” garantuju novu vrstu,
koju smo nazvali Homo naledi.
05:13
which we called "Homo naledi."
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05:16
From the head to the feet,
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Od glave do pete,
05:18
the fossils present a mosaic
of primitive, or ancestral,
of primitive, or ancestral,
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fosili predstavljaju
mozaik primitivnih, ili nasleđenih,
mozaik primitivnih, ili nasleđenih,
05:22
and derived or more modern-like features.
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i izvedenih karakteristika
koje su nalik modernim.
koje su nalik modernim.
05:25
The skull is quite derived,
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Lobanja je poprilično izvedena,
05:28
appearing most similar to early
representatives of the genus Homo,
representatives of the genus Homo,
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najsličnija ranom predstavniku roda Homo,
05:31
like Homo habilis and Homo erectus.
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kao npr. Homo habilisu i Homo erektusu.
05:35
However, the brain is scarcely
half the size of a modern human one.
half the size of a modern human one.
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Međutim, mozak je jedva jednak
polovini mozga modernog čoveka.
polovini mozga modernog čoveka.
05:39
One that is smaller than any other
early Homo that has ever been found.
early Homo that has ever been found.
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Manji je od mozga bilo kojeg ranog
pripadnika roda Homo koji je ikada nađen.
pripadnika roda Homo koji je ikada nađen.
05:45
As someone who studies teeth,
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Kao neko ko proučava zube,
05:47
I might argue these are the coolest
fossils found at the site.
fossils found at the site.
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mogla bih da tvrdim da su ovo
najbolji fosili koji su nađeni.
najbolji fosili koji su nađeni.
05:50
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
05:51
The assemblage consists of 190
whole or fragmentary teeth
whole or fragmentary teeth
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Montaža se sastoji
od 190 celih ili okrnjenih zuba
od 190 celih ili okrnjenih zuba
05:54
that range in age
from very old to very young.
from very old to very young.
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koji variraju u starosti
od veoma starog do veoma mladog.
od veoma starog do veoma mladog.
05:58
Like the skeletons,
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Kao i skeleti,
05:59
the teeth present a mix
of primitive and derived traits.
of primitive and derived traits.
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zubi predstavljaju mešavinu
primitivnih i izvedenih osobina.
primitivnih i izvedenih osobina.
06:03
In modern humans,
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Kod modernih ljudi,
06:04
the third molar is typically the smallest,
while the first molar is the biggest,
while the first molar is the biggest,
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umnjak je tipično najmanji,
dok je prvi kutnjak najveći,
dok je prvi kutnjak najveći,
06:09
but Homo naledi
has the primitive condition
has the primitive condition
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ali Homo naledi je u primitivnom stanju
06:11
where the third molar is the biggest
and the first molar is the smallest.
and the first molar is the smallest.
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gde je umnjak najveći,
a prvi kutnjak najmanji.
a prvi kutnjak najmanji.
06:16
The anterior teeth,
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Prednji zubi,
06:17
or the incisors and canines,
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sekutići i očnjaci,
06:19
are small for the genus Homo,
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su mali za rod Homo,
06:22
and the lower canine
has a cuspulid on it --
has a cuspulid on it --
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a donji očnjaci imaju na sebi šiljak -
06:25
an extra cuspule that gives it
a distinct mitten-like shape
a distinct mitten-like shape
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dodatan vrh koji im daje
karakterističan oblik rukavice
karakterističan oblik rukavice
06:29
that it shares with some specimens
of the early human, Homo erectus.
of the early human, Homo erectus.
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koji deli sa nekim uzorcima
ranih ljudi, Homo erektusom.
ranih ljudi, Homo erektusom.
06:35
The overall shape of the teeth
looked odd to me,
looked odd to me,
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Uopšteno, oblici zuba
su mi izgledali čudno,
su mi izgledali čudno,
06:38
so I performed crown-shape analysis
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tako da sam odradila analizu krunice
06:41
on the occlusal surfaces
of deciduous teeth, or baby teeth --
of deciduous teeth, or baby teeth --
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na okluzalnim površinama
mlečnih zuba, ili bebećih zuba -
mlečnih zuba, ili bebećih zuba -
06:46
on your left --
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na vašoj levoj strani -
06:47
and the permanent premolars
and molars on your right.
and molars on your right.
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i trajnih pretkutnjaka i kutnjaka
na vašoj desnoj strani.
na vašoj desnoj strani.
06:51
The deciduous teeth are especially narrow,
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Mlečni zubi su naročito uski,
06:55
and the premolars are unique
in their outline shape
in their outline shape
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a pretkutnjaci su jedinstveni
po svojoj konturi
po svojoj konturi
06:58
compared to other hominids.
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u poređenju sa drugim hominidima.
07:00
In fact, when I compare the outlines,
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Zapravo, kad upoređujem konture,
07:03
when I lay them on top of each other,
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kad stavim jedan na drugi,
07:04
they look very similar.
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izgledaju veoma slično.
07:07
We say they have
"low intraspecific variations,"
"low intraspecific variations,"
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Kažemo da imaju
„niske intraspecifične varijacije”,
„niske intraspecifične varijacije”,
07:10
so the variation
within the species is low.
within the species is low.
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varijacija u samoj vrsti je mala.
07:12
When I compare this to groups
like the australopithecines,
like the australopithecines,
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Kad uporedim ovo sa grupom
poput australopitekusa,
poput australopitekusa,
07:15
the intraspecific variation
is much larger.
is much larger.
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intraspecifična varijacija je mnogo veća.
07:20
Postcranially, the team concluded
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Postkranijalno, tim je zaključio
07:22
that the position of the shoulders
suggesting naledi was a climber;
suggesting naledi was a climber;
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da položaj ramena ukazuje
da je naledi bio penjač;
da je naledi bio penjač;
07:25
the flared pelvis and curved fingers
are all primitive for the genus Homo.
are all primitive for the genus Homo.
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raširena karlica i zakrivljeni prsti
su primitivne karakteristike za rod Homo.
su primitivne karakteristike za rod Homo.
07:31
On the other hand,
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Sa druge strane,
07:33
the humanlike wrist,
long slender legs and modern feet
long slender legs and modern feet
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zglob poput čovekovog,
duge vitke noge i moderna stopala
duge vitke noge i moderna stopala
07:37
are all consistent
with other members of the genus.
with other members of the genus.
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su dosledni drugim članovima roda.
07:42
In 2017, we announced
more specimens of Homo naledi
more specimens of Homo naledi
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Godine 2017, najavili smo
više uzoraka Homo naledija
više uzoraka Homo naledija
07:47
from the nearby Lesedi Chamber,
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iz obližnje Odaje Lasedi,
07:49
also in the Rising Star cave system.
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1993
takođe u sistemu pećina „Zvezda u usponu”.
Dodatno, naš tim geologa
je uspeo da proceni godine.
je uspeo da proceni godine.
07:52
In addition, our geology team
managed to produce an age estimate.
managed to produce an age estimate.
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07:57
The date's a big deal
because, up until now,
because, up until now,
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Datum je velika stvar jer, sve do sada,
08:00
we had based our analysis solely
on the morphology of the specimens,
on the morphology of the specimens,
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zasnivali smo naše analize
jedino na morfologiji uzoraka,
jedino na morfologiji uzoraka,
08:04
without previous knowledge
of how old something is --
of how old something is --
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bez pređašnjeg znanja
koliko je nešto staro -
koliko je nešto staro -
08:07
something which could unconsciously
bias our interpretations.
bias our interpretations.
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što bi moglo nesvesno
loše da utiče na naša tumačenja.
loše da utiče na naša tumačenja.
08:11
With its small brain and flared pelvis,
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Sa njihovim malim mozgovima
i raširenim karlicama,
i raširenim karlicama,
08:14
we would not have been surprised
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ne bismo bili iznenađeni
08:16
if the fossils turned out to be
two million years old.
two million years old.
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ako ispadne da su fosili
stari dva miliona godina.
stari dva miliona godina.
08:19
Instead, the fossils dated
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Umesto toga, fosili su bili stari
08:21
to 235 to 336 thousand years,
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235 do 336 hiljada godina,
08:26
an incredibly young date
for such a small-brained individual.
for such a small-brained individual.
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što je neverovatno rano
za osobu sa malim mozgom.
za osobu sa malim mozgom.
Mislite o onom što sam rekla ranije:
08:29
So think back to what I said earlier:
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08:31
we thought that our brains were becoming
larger relative to the rest of our body.
larger relative to the rest of our body.
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mislili smo da su mozgovi postajali veći
u odnosu na ostatak tela.
u odnosu na ostatak tela.
08:35
Now we have a small-brained,
young individual complicating this idea.
young individual complicating this idea.
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Sada imamo mladog pojedinca
sa malim mozgom koji komplikuje ovu ideju.
sa malim mozgom koji komplikuje ovu ideju.
08:41
What does all this mean?
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Šta sve ovo znači?
08:44
Homo naledi has taught us
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Homo naledi nas je naučio
08:45
that we need to reassess
what it means to be in the genus Homo.
what it means to be in the genus Homo.
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da moramo preispitati
šta znači biti u rodu Homo.
šta znači biti u rodu Homo.
Moramo ponovo da razmišljamo
o tome šta znači biti čovek.
o tome šta znači biti čovek.
08:49
We need to rethink
what it means to be human.
what it means to be human.
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08:51
In fact, most of the characteristics
that we use to define the genus Homo,
that we use to define the genus Homo,
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U stvari, većinu karakteristika
koje koristimo da definišemo rod Homo,
koje koristimo da definišemo rod Homo,
08:56
such as brain size and hip morphology,
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poput veličine mozga i morfologije kuka,
08:58
are no longer valid.
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nisu više validni.
09:01
No other species exists with this mix
of primitive and derived traits.
of primitive and derived traits.
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Ne postoji nijedna druga vrsta
sa ovakvom mešavinom
primitivnih i izvedenih osobina.
primitivnih i izvedenih osobina.
09:07
Why is there so much morphological
variation in the genus Homo?
variation in the genus Homo?
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Zašto u rodu Homo postoji
toliko morfoloških varijacija?
toliko morfoloških varijacija?
09:10
And what force is driving that variation?
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I koja sila pobuđuje tu varijaciju?
09:14
Another implication for these fossils
is that for the first time,
is that for the first time,
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Druga naznaka ovih fosila
je da po prvi put
je da po prvi put
09:17
we have concrete evidence
of a species coexisting in Africa,
of a species coexisting in Africa,
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imamo konkretne dokaze
o koegzistenciji vrsta u Africi,
o koegzistenciji vrsta u Africi,
09:21
at 300,000 years,
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pre 300 000 godina,
09:23
with modern humans.
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sa modernim čovekom.
09:25
Until this discovery,
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Sve do ovog otkrića,
09:26
we only had large-brained
modern humans that existed in Africa.
modern humans that existed in Africa.
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znali smo samo za moderne ljude
sa velikim mozgovima u Africi.
sa velikim mozgovima u Africi.
09:33
Did they interbreed with each other?
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Da li su se mešali međusobno?
09:35
Did they compete with each other?
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Da li su se takmičili međusobno?
09:38
Another implication
that these fossils have
that these fossils have
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Druga naznaka koju ovi fosili imaju
09:42
is for the archaeologists
studying stone tools in South Africa.
studying stone tools in South Africa.
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je za arheologe koji proučavaju
kameno oruđe u Južnoj Africi.
kameno oruđe u Južnoj Africi.
09:45
Keep in mind that neither the Dinaledi
nor the Lesedi Chambers
nor the Lesedi Chambers
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Imajte na umu da
ni Dinaledi niti Odaja Lesedi
ni Dinaledi niti Odaja Lesedi
09:49
have any artifacts in them.
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nemaju nikakve predmete u njima.
09:51
However, they do overlap in time
with several stone-tool industries,
with several stone-tool industries,
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Međutim, oni se preklapaju sa vremenom
nekoliko industrija kamenog oruđa,
nekoliko industrija kamenog oruđa,
09:56
the makers of which are considered
to be either modern humans
to be either modern humans
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čiji su tvorci smatrani modernim čovekom
09:59
or direct human ancestors.
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ili direktnim čovekovim pretkom.
10:02
This begs the question:
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To podstiče pitanje:
10:04
Who made the stone tools of South Africa?
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ko je napravio kameno oruđe
u Južnoj Africi?
u Južnoj Africi?
Veličina mozga je istorijski
imala ključnu ulogu
imala ključnu ulogu
10:07
Brain size has historically
played a key role
played a key role
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10:09
in identifying a species as a tool user.
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u identifikaciji vrste
kao korisnika alata.
kao korisnika alata.
10:12
The idea is that you need
to have a large brain
to have a large brain
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Ideja je da treba da imate veliki mozak
10:14
to have even the capacity
to make stone tools.
to make stone tools.
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da imate sposobnost
da napravite kameno oruđe.
da napravite kameno oruđe.
10:17
But that notion has been questioned.
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Ali ta ideja je dovedena u pitanje.
10:19
Furthermore, Homo naledi,
even with its small brain size,
even with its small brain size,
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Osim toga, Homo naledi,
čak i sa svojom malom veličinom mozga,
čak i sa svojom malom veličinom mozga,
10:22
has a hand-wrist morphology
similar to other species
similar to other species
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ima morfologiju ručnog zgloba
sličnu drugim vrstama
sličnu drugim vrstama
10:25
that did make and use stone tools,
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koje su pravile i koristile kameno oruđe,
10:28
suggesting it had the capability.
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što ukazuje da su imali sposobnost.
10:31
With two species coexisting
in Africa at 300,000 years,
in Africa at 300,000 years,
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Sa dve vrste koje su koegzistirale
u Africi pre 300 000 godina,
u Africi pre 300 000 godina,
10:35
we can no longer assume
we know the maker of tools
we know the maker of tools
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ne možemo više da pretpostavljamo
da znamo tvorce oruđa
da znamo tvorce oruđa
10:38
at sites with no associated species.
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na nalazištima koje nemaju veze
ni sa jednom vrstom.
ni sa jednom vrstom.
10:43
So where does Homo naledi fit
in our human evolutionary lineage?
in our human evolutionary lineage?
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Gde se Homo naledi uklapa
u lozu evolucije čoveka?
u lozu evolucije čoveka?
10:47
Who is it most closely related to?
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Kome je najviše blizak?
10:49
Who did it evolve from?
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Od koga je evoluirao?
10:51
We're still trying to figure all that out.
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I dalje pokušavamo to da otkrijemo.
10:53
It's ironic, because
paleoanthropologists are renowned
paleoanthropologists are renowned
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Ovo je ironično,
jer paleoantropolozi su poznati
jer paleoantropolozi su poznati
10:56
for having small sample sizes.
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po tome što imaju mali uzorak.
10:58
We now have a large sample size,
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Sada imamo veliki uzorak,
11:00
and more questions than answers.
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a više pitanja nego odgovora.
11:02
Homo naledi has taught us,
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Homo naledi nas je naučio,
11:04
has brought us a little bit closer
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približio nas
11:06
to better understanding
our evolutionary past.
our evolutionary past.
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boljem razumevanju
naše evolutivne prošlosti.
naše evolutivne prošlosti.
11:10
So while Mrs. Ples will always hold
a special place in my heart,
a special place in my heart,
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Mada će Gospođa Ples uvek imati
posebno mesto u mom srcu,
posebno mesto u mom srcu,
11:14
she now shares that space
with several thousand others.
with several thousand others.
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ona sada deli taj prostor
sa nekoliko hiljada drugih.
sa nekoliko hiljada drugih.
11:16
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
11:18
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
11:19
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Juliet Brophy - PaleoanthropologistJuliet Brophy explores human evolution in southern Africa.
Why you should listen
Juliet Brophy's research interests involve using morphometric analyses of fossil teeth to examine taxonomic differences among Plio-Pleistocene fossil human ancestors (hominins) and to evaluate their evolutionary relationships. Her most recent focus investigates the teeth of Australopithecus sediba and Homo naledi from South Africa. Her ongoing research helped establish the phylogenetic position of these fossils.
Brophy also documents the paleoenvironments associated with the South African hominins and assesses how changes in these environments might have influenced human evolution. She works as an assistant professor biological anthropologist with a specialization in paleoanthropology in the Department of Geography and Anthropology at Louisiana State University.
Juliet Brophy | Speaker | TED.com