TED@BCG Milan
Karen Lloyd: This deep-sea mystery is changing our understanding of life
Keren Lojd (Karen Lloyd): Ova misterija morske dubine menja naše razumevanje života
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Koliko duboko u Zemlju možemo ići i i dalje naći život? Morski mikrobiolog, Karen Lojd, nas upoznaje sa mikrobima iz dubokog podzemlja: sitnim organizmima koji žive zakopani metrima duboko u okeanskom blatu i koji su bili na Zemlji mnogo pre životinja. Saznajte više o ovim misterioznim mikrobima, koji odbijaju da rastu u laboratoriji i izgleda da imaju fundamentalno drugačiji odnos s vremenom i energijom nego mi.
Karen Lloyd - Marine microbiologist
Karen Lloyd studies novel groups of microbes in Earth's deep surface biosphere, collecting them from disparate remote places such as Arctic fjords, volcanoes in Costa Rica, even deep in mud in the Marianas Trench Full bio
Karen Lloyd studies novel groups of microbes in Earth's deep surface biosphere, collecting them from disparate remote places such as Arctic fjords, volcanoes in Costa Rica, even deep in mud in the Marianas Trench Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
I'm an ocean microbiologist
at the University of Tennessee,
at the University of Tennessee,
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Ja sam okeanski mikrobiolog
na Univerzitetu u Tenesiju,
na Univerzitetu u Tenesiju,
00:16
and I want to tell you guys
about some microbes
about some microbes
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i želim da vam pričam o nekim mikrobima
00:19
that are so strange and wonderful
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koji su toliko čudni i divni
00:22
that they're challenging our assumptions
about what life is like on Earth.
about what life is like on Earth.
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da izazivaju naše pretpostavke
o tome kakav je život na Zemlji.
o tome kakav je život na Zemlji.
00:26
So I have a question.
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Imam pitanje.
00:27
Please raise your hand
if you've ever thought it would be cool
if you've ever thought it would be cool
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Podignite ruku ako ste ikada
pomislili da bi bilo super
pomislili da bi bilo super
00:30
to go to the bottom
of the ocean in a submarine?
of the ocean in a submarine?
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ići na dno okeana u podmornici.
00:34
Yes.
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Da.
00:35
Most of you, because
the oceans are so cool.
the oceans are so cool.
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Većina vas, jer su okeani tako super.
00:37
Alright, now -- please raise your hand
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U redu, sada - podignite ruku
00:40
if the reason you raised your hand
to go to the bottom of the ocean
to go to the bottom of the ocean
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ako je razlog zašto ste podigli ruku
da idete na dno okeana
da idete na dno okeana
00:44
is because it would get you
a little bit closer
a little bit closer
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taj što bi vas to dovelo malo bliže
00:46
to that exciting mud that's down there.
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tom uzbudljivom mulju koji je tamo dole.
00:49
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
00:50
Nobody.
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Niko.
00:51
I'm the only one in this room.
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Jedino ja u ovoj prostoriji.
00:53
Well, I think about this all the time.
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Pa, ja o tome mislim sve vreme.
00:55
I spend most of my waking hours
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Provodim veći deo svojih budnih sati
00:57
trying to determine
how deep we can go into the Earth
how deep we can go into the Earth
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pokušavajući da odredim
koliko duboko možemo ići u Zemlju
koliko duboko možemo ići u Zemlju
01:01
and still find something,
anything, that's alive,
anything, that's alive,
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i i dalje naći nešto,
bilo šta što je živo,
bilo šta što je živo,
01:05
because we still don't know
the answer to this very basic question
the answer to this very basic question
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jer još uvek ne znamo
odgovor na ovo vrlo bazično pitanje
odgovor na ovo vrlo bazično pitanje
01:08
about life on Earth.
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o životu na Zemlji.
01:09
So in the 1980s, a scientist
named John Parkes, in the UK,
named John Parkes, in the UK,
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Tako je u 1980-im naučnik
po imenu Džon Parks, u UK-u,
po imenu Džon Parks, u UK-u,
01:13
was similarly obsessed,
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bio slično opsednut,
01:15
and he came up with a crazy idea.
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i pala mu je na pamet luda ideja.
01:17
He believed that there was a vast,
deep, and living microbial biosphere
deep, and living microbial biosphere
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Verovao je da postoji ogromna,
duboka i živa mikrobiološka biosfera
duboka i živa mikrobiološka biosfera
01:23
underneath all the world's oceans
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ispod svih svetskih okeana
01:25
that extends hundreds of meters
into the seafloor,
into the seafloor,
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koja se prostire stotinama metara
u morskom dnu,
u morskom dnu,
01:27
which is cool,
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što je super,
01:28
but the only problem
is that nobody believed him,
is that nobody believed him,
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ali je jedini problem bio
što mu niko nije verovao,
što mu niko nije verovao,
01:32
and the reason that nobody believed him
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a razlog što mu niko nije verovao
01:34
is that ocean sediments
may be the most boring place on Earth.
may be the most boring place on Earth.
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je što su okeanski sedimenti
možda najdosadnije mesto na Zemlji.
možda najdosadnije mesto na Zemlji.
01:39
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:40
There's no sunlight, there's no oxygen,
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Nema sunčeve svetlosti, nema kiseonika,
01:43
and perhaps worst of all,
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i možda najgore od svega,
01:44
there's no fresh food deliveries
for literally millions of years.
for literally millions of years.
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nema isporuke sveže hrane
bukvalno milionima godina.
bukvalno milionima godina.
01:49
You don't have to have a PhD in biology
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Ne morate biti doktor biologije
01:50
to know that that is a bad place
to go looking for life.
to go looking for life.
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da biste znali da je to loše mesto
za traženje života.
za traženje života.
01:53
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:54
But in 2002, [Steven D'Hondt] had
convinced enough people
convinced enough people
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Ali 2002. godine, Stiven D'Hont je
ubedio dovoljno ljudi
ubedio dovoljno ljudi
01:57
that he was on to something
that he actually got an expedition
that he actually got an expedition
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da je na tragu nečega
da je zapravo dobio ekspediciju
da je zapravo dobio ekspediciju
02:01
on this drillship,
called the JOIDES Resolution.
called the JOIDES Resolution.
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na ovu bušilicu,
pod nazivom JOIDES Rezolucija.
pod nazivom JOIDES Rezolucija.
02:05
And he ran it along with
Bo Barker Jørgensen of Denmark.
Bo Barker Jørgensen of Denmark.
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I sproveo ju je zajedno sa
Boom Barkerom Jorgensenom iz Danske.
Boom Barkerom Jorgensenom iz Danske.
02:08
And so they were finally able to get
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Tada su konačno mogli da prikupe
02:09
good pristine deep subsurface samples
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dobre čiste uzorke iz dubokog podzemlja,
02:13
some really without contamination
from surface microbes.
from surface microbes.
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neke zaista bez kontaminacije
od površinskih mikroba.
od površinskih mikroba.
02:16
This drill ship is capable of drilling
thousands of meters underneath the ocean,
thousands of meters underneath the ocean,
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Ova bušilica je sposobna za bušenje
hiljadama metara ispod okeana,
hiljadama metara ispod okeana,
02:21
and the mud comes up in sequential cores,
one after the other --
one after the other --
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a mulj se pojavljuje u sekvencijalnim
jezgrima, jedno za drugim -
jezgrima, jedno za drugim -
02:24
long, long cores that look like this.
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duga, duga jezgra koja izgledaju ovako.
02:27
This is being carried by scientists
such as myself who go on these ships,
such as myself who go on these ships,
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Ovo sprovode naučnici
poput mene koji idu na ove brodove,
poput mene koji idu na ove brodove,
02:31
and we process the cores on the ships
and then we send them home
and then we send them home
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obrađujemo jezgra na tim brodovima,
a zatim ih šaljemo kući
a zatim ih šaljemo kući
02:34
to our home laboratories
for further study.
for further study.
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našim laboratorijama na dalje proučavanje.
02:36
So when John and his colleagues
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Kada su Džon i njegove kolege
02:38
got these first precious
deep-sea pristine samples,
deep-sea pristine samples,
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dobili te prve dragocene
duboko morske čiste uzorke,
duboko morske čiste uzorke,
02:41
they put them under the microscope,
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stavili su ih pod mikroskop,
02:43
and they saw images
that looked pretty much like this,
that looked pretty much like this,
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i videli slike koje su izgledale
prilično poput ovoga,
prilično poput ovoga,
02:47
which is actually taken
from a more recent expedition
from a more recent expedition
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što je zapravo napravio
na novijoj ekspediciji
na novijoj ekspediciji
02:50
by my PhD student, Joy Buongiorno.
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moj student doktorskih studija,
Džoj Bonđorno.
Džoj Bonđorno.
02:52
You can see the hazy stuff
in the background.
in the background.
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Možete videti nejasne stvari u pozadini.
02:54
That's mud. That's deep-sea ocean mud,
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To je blato. To je duboko okeansko blato,
02:57
and the bright green dots
stained with the green fluorescent dye
stained with the green fluorescent dye
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a sjajne zelene tačke obojene
fluorescentnom zelenom bojom
fluorescentnom zelenom bojom
03:01
are real, living microbes.
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su pravi, živi mikrobi.
03:05
Now I've got to tell you
something really tragic about microbes.
something really tragic about microbes.
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Sada vam moram reći
nešto zaista tragično o mikrobima.
nešto zaista tragično o mikrobima.
03:08
They all look the same under a microscope,
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Svi izgledaju isto pod mikroskopom,
03:10
I mean, to a first approximation.
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mislim, do prve procene.
03:11
You can take the most fascinating
organisms in the world,
organisms in the world,
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Možete uzeti najfascinantnije
organizme na svetu,
organizme na svetu,
03:15
like a microbe that literally
breathes uranium,
breathes uranium,
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poput mikroba koji bukvalno udiše uranijum
03:19
and another one that makes rocket fuel,
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i drugi koji pravi raketno gorivo,
03:21
mix them up with some ocean mud,
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pomešajte ih sa malo okeanskog mulja,
03:23
put them underneath a microscope,
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stavite ih pod mikroskop,
03:25
and they're just little dots.
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i oni su samo tačkice.
03:27
It's really annoying.
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Zaista je iritirajuće.
03:28
So we can't use their looks
to tell them apart.
to tell them apart.
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Prema tome ne možemo ih
razlikovati po izgledu.
razlikovati po izgledu.
03:31
We have to use DNA, like a fingerprint,
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Moramo koristiti DNK, poput otiska prsta,
03:33
to say who is who.
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da bismo rekli ko je ko.
03:35
And I'll teach you guys
how to do it right now.
how to do it right now.
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I sada ću vas naučiti kako da to uradite.
03:37
So I made up some data, and I'm going
to show you some data that are not real.
to show you some data that are not real.
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Izmislila sam neke podatke i pokazaću vam
neke podatke koji nisu istiniti.
neke podatke koji nisu istiniti.
03:41
This is to illustrate
what it would look like
what it would look like
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Ovo služi da ilustruje kako bi izgledalo
03:43
if a bunch of species
were not related to each other at all.
were not related to each other at all.
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da mnoge vrste nisu nikako
povezane jedna sa drugom.
povezane jedna sa drugom.
03:47
So you can see each species
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Možete videti da svaka vrsta
03:50
has a list of combinations
of A, G, C and T,
of A, G, C and T,
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ima niz kombinacija A, G, C i T,
03:55
which are the four sub-units of DNA,
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što su 4 podjedinice DNK,
03:56
sort of randomly jumbled,
and nothing looks like anything else,
and nothing looks like anything else,
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nasumično pomešane,
i ništa ne liči ni na šta,
i ništa ne liči ni na šta,
04:00
and these species
are totally unrelated to each other.
are totally unrelated to each other.
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i ove vrste apsolutno nisu
povezane jedna sa drugom.
povezane jedna sa drugom.
04:03
But this is what real DNA looks like,
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Ali ovako izgleda prava DNK,
04:05
from a gene that these species
happen to share.
happen to share.
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iz gena koje ove vrste igrom slučaja dele.
04:08
Everything lines up nearly perfectly.
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Sve se uklapa skoro savršeno.
04:11
The chances of getting
so many of those vertical columns
so many of those vertical columns
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Šanse da se dobije toliko
tih vertikalnih kolona
tih vertikalnih kolona
04:14
where every species has a C
or every species has a T,
or every species has a T,
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gde svaka vrsta ima C
ili svaka vrsta ima T,
ili svaka vrsta ima T,
04:18
by random chance, are infinitesimal.
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sasvim slučajno, su beskonačne.
04:21
So we know that all those species
had to have had a common ancestor.
had to have had a common ancestor.
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Znamo da su sve te vrste morale
da imaju zajedničkog pretka.
da imaju zajedničkog pretka.
04:26
They're all relatives of each other.
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Svi su rođaci jedni drugima.
04:28
So now I'll tell you who they are.
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A sada ću vam reći ko su oni.
04:30
The top two are us and chimpanzees,
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Prve dve smo mi i šimpanze,
04:32
which y'all already knew were related,
because, I mean, obviously.
because, I mean, obviously.
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već znate da smo u srodstvu,
jer, mislim, očigledno je.
jer, mislim, očigledno je.
04:36
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
04:38
But we're also related to things
that we don't look like,
that we don't look like,
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Ali smo takođe u srodstvu
sa stvarima na koje ne ličimo,
sa stvarima na koje ne ličimo,
04:40
like pine trees and Giardia,
which is that gastrointestinal disease
which is that gastrointestinal disease
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poput borova i giardioze, što je ono
gastrointestinalno oboljenje
gastrointestinalno oboljenje
04:45
you can get if you don't filter
your water while you're hiking.
your water while you're hiking.
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koje možete dobiti ako ne filtrirate
vodu dok planinarite.
vodu dok planinarite.
04:48
We're also related to bacteria
like E. coli and Clostridium difficile,
like E. coli and Clostridium difficile,
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Takođe smo u srodstvu sa bakterijama
poput E.coli i Clostridium difficile,
poput E.coli i Clostridium difficile,
04:53
which is a horrible, opportunistic
pathogen that kills lots of people.
pathogen that kills lots of people.
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što je grozni, oportunistički
patogen koji ubija mnogo ljudi.
patogen koji ubija mnogo ljudi.
04:56
But there's of course good microbes too,
like Dehalococcoides ethenogenes,
like Dehalococcoides ethenogenes,
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Ali postoje naravno i dobri mikrobi,
poput Dehalococcoides etenogena,
poput Dehalococcoides etenogena,
05:01
which cleans up
our industrial waste for us.
our industrial waste for us.
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koji čiste naš industrijski otpad.
05:03
So if I take these DNA sequences,
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Ako uzmem ove DNK nizove,
05:06
and then I use them, the similarities
and differences between them,
and differences between them,
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i iskoristim ih, sličnosti i razlike
između njih,
između njih,
05:09
to make a family tree for all of us
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da napravim porodično stablo za sve nas
05:11
so you can see who is closely related,
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da biste videli ko je u bližem srodstvu,
05:13
then this is what it looks like.
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onda to izgleda ovako.
05:15
So you can see clearly, at a glance,
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I možete jasno videti, letimice,
05:17
that things like us and Giardia
and bunnies and pine trees
and bunnies and pine trees
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da su stvari poput nas i giardioze
i zečeva i borova
i zečeva i borova
05:23
are all, like, siblings,
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svi, kao, braća i sestre,
05:25
and then the bacteria
are like our ancient cousins.
are like our ancient cousins.
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a da su bakterije kao
naši prastari rođaci.
naši prastari rođaci.
05:28
But we're kin to every
living thing on Earth.
living thing on Earth.
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Ali mi smo u srodstvu sa
svakim živim bićem na Zemlji.
svakim živim bićem na Zemlji.
05:32
So in my job, on a daily basis,
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Na svom poslu, svakodnevno,
05:34
I get to produce scientific evidence
against existential loneliness.
against existential loneliness.
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stvaram naučne dokaze
protiv egzistencijalne usamnjenosti.
protiv egzistencijalne usamnjenosti.
05:39
So when we got these first DNA sequences,
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Kada smo dobili ove prve nizove DNK,
05:42
from the first cruise, of pristine samples
from the deep subsurface,
from the deep subsurface,
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sa prvog krstarenja, čistih uzoraka
duboko ispod površine,
duboko ispod površine,
05:46
we wanted to know where they were.
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želeli smo da znamo gde su bili.
05:48
So the first thing that we discovered
is that they were not aliens,
is that they were not aliens,
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Prva stvar koju smo otkrili
je da nisu bili vanzemaljci,
je da nisu bili vanzemaljci,
05:51
because we could get their DNA to line up
with everything else on Earth.
with everything else on Earth.
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jer smo njihovu DNK mogli da uskladimo
sa svim drugim na Zemlji.
sa svim drugim na Zemlji.
05:54
But now check out where they go
on our tree of life.
on our tree of life.
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Ali sada vidite gde su oni
na našem stablu života.
na našem stablu života.
05:59
The first thing you'll notice
is that there's a lot of them.
is that there's a lot of them.
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Prvo što ćete primetiti
je da ih ima mnogo.
je da ih ima mnogo.
06:02
It wasn't just one little species
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Nije samo jedna mala vrsta
06:04
that managed to live
in this horrible place.
in this horrible place.
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uspela da preživi na ovom groznom mestu.
06:06
It's kind of a lot of things.
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Zapravo je to mnogo stvari.
06:08
And the second thing that you'll notice,
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A druga stvar koju ćete primetiti,
06:10
hopefully, is that they're not
like anything we've ever seen before.
like anything we've ever seen before.
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nadam se, je da one nisu nalik
ničemu što smo ranije videli.
ničemu što smo ranije videli.
06:15
They are as different from each other
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Razlikuju se među sobom
06:17
as they are from anything
that we've known before
that we've known before
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koliko i od bilo čega
što smo ranije znali,
što smo ranije znali,
06:20
as we are from pine trees.
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koliko i mi od borova.
06:22
So John Parkes was completely correct.
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Tako da je Džon Parks bio potpuno u pravu.
06:26
He, and we, had discovered
a completely new and highly diverse
a completely new and highly diverse
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On, i mi, smo otkrili potpuno
novi i vrlo raznovrsni
novi i vrlo raznovrsni
06:30
microbial ecosystem on Earth
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mikrobiološki ekosistem na Zemlji
06:32
that no one even knew existed
before the 1980s.
before the 1980s.
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za koji niko nije ni znao
da postoji pre 1980-ih.
da postoji pre 1980-ih.
06:37
So now we were on a roll.
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Sada smo bili na dobrom putu.
06:38
The next step was to grow
these exotic species in a petri dish
these exotic species in a petri dish
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Sledeći korak je bio da gajimo
ove egzotične vrste u petrijevoj šolji
ove egzotične vrste u petrijevoj šolji
06:43
so that we could
do real experiments on them
do real experiments on them
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da bismo mogli da vršimo
prave eksperimente
prave eksperimente
06:45
like microbiologists are supposed to do.
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što bi mikrobiolozi i trebalo da rade.
06:48
But no matter what we fed them,
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Ali bez obzira na hranu,
06:49
they refused to grow.
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odbijali su da rastu.
06:51
Even now, 15 years
and many expeditions later,
and many expeditions later,
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Čak i sada, 15 godina
i mnogo ekspedicija kasnije,
i mnogo ekspedicija kasnije,
06:55
no human has ever gotten a single one
of these exotic deep subsurface microbes
of these exotic deep subsurface microbes
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nijedan čovek nije naveo nijedan od ovih
egzotičnih dubokih podzemnih mikroba
egzotičnih dubokih podzemnih mikroba
07:01
to grow in a petri dish.
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da raste u petrijevoj šolji.
07:02
And it's not for lack of trying.
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I to ne zbog nepokušavanja.
07:05
That may sound disappointing,
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413185
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To može zvučati razočaravajuće,
07:07
but I actually find it exhilarating,
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ali ja to smatram uzbudljivim,
07:08
because it means there are so many
tantalizing unknowns to work on.
tantalizing unknowns to work on.
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jer to znači da postoji toliko mučnih
nepoznanica na kojima se može raditi.
nepoznanica na kojima se može raditi.
07:12
Like, my colleagues and I got
what we thought was a really great idea.
what we thought was a really great idea.
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Moje kolege i ja smo dobili ono što
smo mislili da je zaista dobra ideja.
smo mislili da je zaista dobra ideja.
07:16
We were going to read their genes
like a recipe book,
like a recipe book,
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Hteli smo da čitamo njihove gene
kao knjigu recepata,
kao knjigu recepata,
07:19
find out what it was they wanted to eat
and put it in their petri dishes,
and put it in their petri dishes,
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otkrijemo šta žele da jedu i stavimo
to u njihove petrijeve šolje,
to u njihove petrijeve šolje,
07:22
and then they would grow and be happy.
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430944
1911
i oni će rasti i biti srećni.
07:24
But when we looked at their genes,
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Ali kada smo pogledali njihove gene
07:26
it turns out that what they wanted to eat
was the food we were already feeding them.
was the food we were already feeding them.
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ispostavilo se da je ono što su želeli
da jedu bila hrana koju smo im već davali.
da jedu bila hrana koju smo im već davali.
07:30
So that was a total wash.
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To je bio totalni poraz.
07:32
There was something else
that they wanted in their petri dishes
that they wanted in their petri dishes
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Postojalo je nešto drugo što su
želeli u svojoj petrijevoj šolji
želeli u svojoj petrijevoj šolji
07:35
that we were just not giving them.
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što im nismo davali.
07:38
So by combining measurements
from many different places
from many different places
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3706
Kombinovanjem merenja
sa mnogo različitih mesta
sa mnogo različitih mesta
07:41
around the world,
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širom sveta,
07:43
my colleagues at the University
of Southern California,
of Southern California,
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moje kolege sa Univerziteta
Južne Kalifornije,
Južne Kalifornije,
07:46
Doug LaRowe and Jan Amend,
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Dag Larou i Jan Amend,
07:48
were able to calculate that each one
of these deep-sea microbial cells
of these deep-sea microbial cells
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su uspele da izračunaju da svaka
od ovih dubinskih mikrobioloških ćelija
od ovih dubinskih mikrobioloških ćelija
07:53
requires only one zeptowatt of power,
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zahteva samo jedan zeptovat snage,
07:56
and before you get your phones out,
a zepto is 10 to the minus 21,
a zepto is 10 to the minus 21,
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464694
3940
i pre nego što izvadite svoje telefone,
zepto je 10 do -21,
zepto je 10 do -21,
08:00
because I know I would want
to look that up.
to look that up.
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jer znam da bih ja volela
da vidim šta to znači.
da vidim šta to znači.
08:02
Humans, on the other hand,
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Ljudi, s druge strane,
08:04
require about 100 watts of power.
165
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zahtevaju oko 100 vati snage.
08:06
So 100 watts is basically
if you take a pineapple
if you take a pineapple
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100 vati je zapravo ako uzmete ananas
08:10
and drop it from about waist height
to the ground 881,632 times a day.
to the ground 881,632 times a day.
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i ispustite ga sa visine pojasa
na zemlju 881.632 puta na dan.
na zemlju 881.632 puta na dan.
08:16
If you did that
and then linked it up to a turbine,
and then linked it up to a turbine,
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Da ste to uradili,
a zatim ga povezali za turbinu,
a zatim ga povezali za turbinu,
08:19
that would create enough power
to make me happen for a day.
to make me happen for a day.
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to bi stvorilo dovoljno snage
da preživim jedan dan.
da preživim jedan dan.
08:23
A zeptowatt, if you put it
in similar terms,
in similar terms,
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Zeptovat je, jednostavno rečeno,
08:25
is if you take just one grain of salt
171
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4083
ako uzmete jedno zrno soli
08:30
and then you imagine
a tiny, tiny, little ball
a tiny, tiny, little ball
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a zatim zamislite sitnu, sitnu, malu loptu
08:33
that is one thousandth of the mass
of that one grain of salt
of that one grain of salt
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koja je jedan hiljaditi deo mase
tog zrna soli
tog zrna soli
08:37
and then you drop it one nanometer,
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2809
a zatim ga ispustite jedan nanometar,
08:40
which is a hundred times smaller
than the wavelength of visible light,
than the wavelength of visible light,
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4182
što je sto puta manje
od dužine talasa vidljive svetlosti,
od dužine talasa vidljive svetlosti,
08:44
once per day.
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jednom dnevno.
08:46
That's all it takes
to make these microbes live.
to make these microbes live.
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3198
To je sve što ove mikrobe drži živima.
08:50
That's less energy than we ever thought
would be capable of supporting life,
would be capable of supporting life,
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5365
To je manje energije nego što smo ikada
mislili da može održati život,
mislili da može održati život,
08:56
but somehow, amazingly, beautifully,
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3074
ali je to nekako, zadivljujuće, predivno,
08:59
it's enough.
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527204
1190
dovoljno.
09:01
So if these deep-subsurface microbes
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Ako ovi dubinski podzemni mikrobi
09:03
have a very different relationship
with energy than we previously thought,
with energy than we previously thought,
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3552
imaju vrlo različit odnos sa energijom
nego što smo prethodno mislili,
nego što smo prethodno mislili,
09:06
then it follows that they'll have to have
183
534803
1964
onda sledi da će oni morati da imaju
09:08
a different relationship
with time as well,
with time as well,
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2157
različit odnos i sa vremenom,
09:10
because when you live
on such tiny energy gradients,
on such tiny energy gradients,
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3095
jer kada živite na tako malim
energetskim gradijentima,
energetskim gradijentima,
09:14
rapid growth is impossible.
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brzi rast je nemoguć.
09:15
If these things wanted
to colonize our throats and make us sick,
to colonize our throats and make us sick,
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3017
Da su ove stvari želele da kolonizuju
naša grla i razbole nas,
naša grla i razbole nas,
09:18
they would get muscled out
by fast-growing streptococcus
by fast-growing streptococcus
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2620
nadjačale bi ih brzorastuće streptokoke
09:21
before they could even
initiate cell division.
initiate cell division.
189
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2161
pre nego što bi i započele deobu ćelija.
09:23
So that's why we never
find them in our throats.
find them in our throats.
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2762
Zato ih nikada ne nalazimo u našim grlima.
09:27
Perhaps the fact that the deep
subsurface is so boring
subsurface is so boring
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555537
4175
Možda je činjenica da je duboko
ispod površine tako dosadno
ispod površine tako dosadno
09:31
is actually an asset to these microbes.
192
559736
2490
zapravo prednost za ove mikrobe.
09:34
They never get washed out by a storm.
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562250
2088
Nikada ih ne zbriše oluja.
09:36
They never get overgrown by weeds.
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Nikada ne zarastu u korov.
09:39
All they have to do is exist.
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3196
Sve što moraju da rade je da postoje.
09:42
Maybe that thing that we were missing
in our petri dishes
in our petri dishes
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4010
Možda ono što nam je nedostajalo
u petrijevoj šolji
u petrijevoj šolji
09:46
was not food at all.
197
574841
1721
uopšte nije bila hrana.
09:48
Maybe it wasn't a chemical.
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1478
Možda nije bila hemikalija.
09:50
Maybe the thing that they really want,
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1826
Možda je ono što oni zaista žele,
09:51
the nutrient that they want, is time.
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579938
2832
hranljivi sastojak
koji zaista žele, vreme.
koji zaista žele, vreme.
09:56
But time is the one thing
that I'll never be able to give them.
that I'll never be able to give them.
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Ali vreme je jedino što ja nikada
neću moći da im dam.
neću moći da im dam.
09:59
So even if I have a cell culture
that I pass to my PhD students,
that I pass to my PhD students,
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3214
Čak i da imam ćelijsku kulturu
koju prenosim na svoje studente,
koju prenosim na svoje studente,
10:02
who pass it to their
PhD students, and so on,
PhD students, and so on,
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2491
koji prenose na svoje studente, itd,
10:05
we'd have to do that
for thousands of years
for thousands of years
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2568
morali bismo to da radimo hiljadama godina
10:08
in order to mimic the exact conditions
of the deep subsurface,
of the deep subsurface,
205
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3231
kako bismo oponašali iste uslove
duboko ispod površine,
duboko ispod površine,
10:11
all without growing any contaminants.
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2319
sve bez uzgajanja kontaminanata.
10:13
It's just not possible.
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1298
Jednostavno nije moguće.
10:15
But maybe in a way we already have
grown them in our petri dishes.
grown them in our petri dishes.
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603637
3126
Ali možda na način na koji smo ih već
uzgajali u petrijevim šoljama.
uzgajali u petrijevim šoljama.
10:18
Maybe they looked at all that food
we offered them and said,
we offered them and said,
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606787
2810
Možda su gledali u svu tu hranu
koju smo im nudili i rekli:
koju smo im nudili i rekli:
10:21
"Thanks, I'm going to speed up so much
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1862
„Hvala, toliko ću ubrzati
10:23
that I'm going to make
a new cell next century.
a new cell next century.
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2240
da ću napraviti novu ćeliju
sledećeg veka.
sledećeg veka.
10:25
Ugh.
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1161
Ah“.
10:26
(Laughter)
213
614956
1039
(Smeh)
10:28
So why is it that the rest
of biology moves so fast?
of biology moves so fast?
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616019
5109
Zbog čega se onda ostatak
biologije kreće tako brzo?
biologije kreće tako brzo?
10:33
Why does a cell die after a day
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621152
1906
Zašto ćelija umire nakon jednog dana,
10:35
and a human dies
after only a hundred years?
after only a hundred years?
216
623082
2511
a ljudsko biće umire
nakon samo sto godina?
nakon samo sto godina?
10:37
These seem like really
arbitrarily short limits
arbitrarily short limits
217
625617
2441
Ovo izgleda kao stvarno
proizvoljno kratka granica
proizvoljno kratka granica
10:40
when you think about the total amount
of time in the universe.
of time in the universe.
218
628082
2999
kada pomislite na ukupnu količinu
vremena u univerzumu.
vremena u univerzumu.
10:43
But these are not arbitrary limits.
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631105
2811
Ali ovo nisu proizvoljne granice.
10:45
They're dictated by one simple thing,
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2891
Njih diktira jedna jednostavna stvar,
10:48
and that thing is the Sun.
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2059
a ta stvar je Sunce.
10:51
Once life figured out how to harness
the energy of the Sun
the energy of the Sun
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2750
Čim je život ukapirao kako
da upotrebi sunčevu energiju
da upotrebi sunčevu energiju
10:54
through photosynthesis,
223
642559
1162
kroz fotosintezu,
10:55
we all had to speed up
and get on day and night cycles.
and get on day and night cycles.
224
643745
2919
svi smo morali da ubrzamo
i uskočimo u cikluse dana i noći.
i uskočimo u cikluse dana i noći.
10:58
In that way, the Sun gave us
both a reason to be fast
both a reason to be fast
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3354
Na taj način nam je Sunce dalo
i razlog da budemo brzi
i razlog da budemo brzi
11:02
and the fuel to do it.
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1607
i gorivo da to uradimo.
11:03
You can view most of life on Earth
like a circulatory system,
like a circulatory system,
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2859
Većinu života na Zemlji možete
posmatrati kao cirkulatorni sistem,
posmatrati kao cirkulatorni sistem,
11:06
and the Sun is our beating heart.
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1690
a Sunce je naše srce koje kuca.
11:09
But the deep subsurface
is like a circulatory system
is like a circulatory system
229
657064
2833
Ali duboko podzemlje je
kao cirkulatorni sistem
kao cirkulatorni sistem
11:11
that's completely
disconnected from the Sun.
disconnected from the Sun.
230
659921
2435
potpuno nepovezan sa Suncem.
11:14
It's instead being driven
by long, slow geological rhythms.
by long, slow geological rhythms.
231
662380
4492
Umesto toga je vođen dugim,
sporim geološkim ritmovima.
sporim geološkim ritmovima.
11:19
There's currently no theoretical limit
on the lifespan of one single cell.
on the lifespan of one single cell.
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5388
Trenutno ne postoji teorijska granica
životnog veka jedne ćelije.
životnog veka jedne ćelije.
11:26
As long as there is at least
a tiny energy gradient to exploit,
a tiny energy gradient to exploit,
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674632
3968
Sve dok postoji bar mali energetski
gradijent koji se može iskoristiti,
gradijent koji se može iskoristiti,
11:30
theoretically, a single cell could live
234
678624
2184
teoretski, ćelija bi mogla da živi
11:32
for hundreds of thousands
of years or more,
of years or more,
235
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2142
stotinama hiljada godina i više,
11:34
simply by replacing
broken parts over time.
broken parts over time.
236
682998
2444
jednostavno vremenom zamenjujući
pokvarene delove.
pokvarene delove.
11:38
To ask a microbe that lives like that
to grow in our petri dishes
to grow in our petri dishes
237
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4333
Pitati mikrob koji tako živi
da raste u našoj petrijevoj šolji,
da raste u našoj petrijevoj šolji,
11:42
is to ask them to adapt to our frenetic,
Sun-centric, fast way of living,
Sun-centric, fast way of living,
238
690404
5063
je pitati ih da se prilagode našem
pomamnom, Sunčanom, brzom životu,
pomamnom, Sunčanom, brzom životu,
11:47
and maybe they've got
better things to do than that.
better things to do than that.
239
695491
2493
a možda oni imaju pametnija posla.
11:50
(Laughter)
240
698008
1309
(Smeh)
11:51
Imagine if we could figure out
how they managed to do this.
how they managed to do this.
241
699341
4277
Zamislite da možemo dokučiti
kako su uspeli da to urade.
kako su uspeli da to urade.
11:55
What if it involves some cool,
ultra-stable compounds
ultra-stable compounds
242
703642
3286
Šta ako to uključuje neke super,
ultra stabilne smese
ultra stabilne smese
11:58
that we could use
to increase the shelf life
to increase the shelf life
243
706952
2261
koje možemo koristiti
da povećamo rok trajanja
da povećamo rok trajanja
12:01
in biomedical or industrial applications?
244
709237
2587
u biomedicinske i industrijske svrhe?
12:03
Or maybe if we figure out
the mechanism that they use
the mechanism that they use
245
711848
2556
Ili ako shvatimo mehanizme pomoću kojih
12:06
to grow so extraordinarily slowly,
246
714428
3118
oni rastu tako izuzetno sporo,
12:09
we could mimic it in cancer cells
and slow runaway cell division.
and slow runaway cell division.
247
717570
3350
mogli bismo da prenesemo to
na ćelije raka i usporimo deobu ćelija.
na ćelije raka i usporimo deobu ćelija.
12:13
I don't know.
248
721928
1190
Ne znam.
12:15
I mean, honestly, that is all speculation,
249
723142
3031
Mislim, iskreno, ovo je sve spekulacija,
12:18
but the only thing I know for certain
250
726197
2449
ali jedino što zasigurno znam
12:20
is that there are
a hundred billion billion billlion
a hundred billion billion billlion
251
728670
4073
je da postoji sto
milijardi milijardi milijardi
milijardi milijardi milijardi
12:24
living microbial cells
252
732767
2104
živih mikrobioloških ćelija
12:26
underlying all the world's oceans.
253
734895
2198
ispod svih svetskih okeana.
12:29
That's 200 times more than the total
biomass of humans on this planet.
biomass of humans on this planet.
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737117
4365
To je 200 puta više nego ukupna
biomasa svih ljudi na ovoj planeti.
biomasa svih ljudi na ovoj planeti.
12:33
And those microbes have
a fundamentally different relationship
a fundamentally different relationship
255
741966
3706
A ti mikrobi imaju fundamentalno
različit odnos
različit odnos
12:37
with time and energy than we do.
256
745696
1865
sa vremenom i energijom od nas.
12:39
What seems like a day to them
257
747989
2242
Ono što njima izgleda kao jedan dan
12:42
might be a thousand years to us.
258
750255
2317
za nas može biti hiljadu godina.
12:45
They don't care about the Sun,
259
753072
2019
Oni ne mare za Sunce,
12:47
and they don't care about growing fast,
260
755115
2211
i nije ih briga da rastu brzo,
12:49
and they probably don't give a damn
about my petri dishes ...
about my petri dishes ...
261
757350
2897
i verovatno ih boli uvo
za moje petrijeve šolje...
za moje petrijeve šolje...
12:52
(Laughter)
262
760271
1023
(Smeh)
12:53
but if we can continue to find
creative ways to study them,
creative ways to study them,
263
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3926
ali ako nastavimo da nalazimo
kreativne načine da ih izučavamo,
kreativne načine da ih izučavamo,
12:57
then maybe we'll finally figure out
what life, all of life, is like on Earth.
what life, all of life, is like on Earth.
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onda ćemo možda shvatiti
kakav je život, sav život, na Zemlji.
kakav je život, sav život, na Zemlji.
13:04
Thank you.
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Hvala.
13:05
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Karen Lloyd - Marine microbiologistKaren Lloyd studies novel groups of microbes in Earth's deep surface biosphere, collecting them from disparate remote places such as Arctic fjords, volcanoes in Costa Rica, even deep in mud in the Marianas Trench
Why you should listen
Karen G. Lloyd applies molecular biological techniques to environmental samples to learn more about microbes that have thus far evaded attempts to be cultured in a laboratory. She has adapted novel techniques to quantify and characterize these mysterious microbes while requiring minimal changes to their natural conditions. Her work centers on deep oceanic subsurface sediments, deep-sea mud volcanoes and cold seeps, terrestrial volcanoes and hot springs, serpentinizing springs, Arctic marine fjord sediments and ancient permafrost. She is currently an Assistant Professor at the University of Tennessee.
Karen Lloyd | Speaker | TED.com