TEDxRainier
Rob Harmon: How to keep rivers and streams flowing
罗布·哈蒙：市场是如何让溪水流动的
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过度使用导致溪水和河流干涸，罗布·哈蒙实现了一种能恢复水流的灵活的市场机制。农民和啤酒公司发现他们的命运交织在迷人的一个世纪的仙人掌果溪的故事之中。
Rob Harmon - Natural resources expert
Rob Harmon is an expert on energy and natural resources policy -- looking at smart ways to manage carbon, water and the energy we use every day. Full bio
Rob Harmon is an expert on energy and natural resources policy -- looking at smart ways to manage carbon, water and the energy we use every day. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
This is a river.
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这是一条河。
00:20
This is a stream.
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这是条小溪。
00:23
This is a river.
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这是一条河。
00:25
This is happening all over the country.
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国内到处都是这样的情形。
00:28
There are tens of thousands of miles
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在美国有数以万计英里长的
00:30
of dewatered streams in the United States.
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干涸的溪流。
00:33
On this map,
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在这张地图上，
00:35
the colored areas represent water conflicts.
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彩色的区域表示水资源冲突。
00:39
Similar problems are emerging in the east as well.
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同样的问题也正出现在东方。
00:42
The reasons vary state to state,
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原因各有不同，
00:44
but mostly in the details.
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但主要是细节上的差异。
00:46
There are 4,000 miles of dewatered streams
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仅在蒙大拿州就有4000英里
00:49
in Montana alone.
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干涸的溪流。
00:52
They would ordinarily support fish and other wildlife.
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通常它们会滋养鱼类和其他野生动物。
00:56
They're the veins of the ecosystem,
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它们是生态系统的血管，
00:58
and they're often empty veins.
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它们通常是干涸的血管。
01:02
I want to tell you the story
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我想给大家讲讲
01:04
of just one of these streams
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这些溪流其中一条的故事，
01:06
because it's an archetype for the larger story.
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因为它是整个故事的原型。
01:09
This is Prickly Pear Creek.
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这是仙人掌果溪。
01:11
It runs through a populated area
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它穿过一个人类聚集区域，
01:13
from East Helena to Lake Helena.
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从东赫勒拿到赫勒拿湖。
01:16
It supports wild fish
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其中有各种野生鱼类，
01:18
including cutthroat, brown
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包括切喉鳟、褐鳟
01:20
and rainbow trout.
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和虹鳟。
01:22
Nearly every year
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几乎在过去
01:24
for more than a hundred years,
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一百年中的每一年里,
01:27
it's looked like this in the summer.
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它在夏天看起来都是这样。
01:30
How did we get here?
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我们是怎样走到今天这一步的呢？
01:32
Well, it started back in the late 1800s
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好的，回到十九世纪末期，
01:35
when people started settling in places like Montana.
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那时人们开始在如蒙大拿这样的地方定居。
01:39
In short, there was a lot of water
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总之，那儿有很多的水
01:41
and there weren't very many people.
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而且没多少人。
01:44
But as more people showed up wanting water,
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但随着更多渴求水源的人出现，
01:46
the folks who were there first got a little concerned,
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最先定居于此的人们开始有点担心，
01:49
and in 1865, Montana passed its first water law.
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在1865年，蒙大拿通过了第一部水资源法。
01:53
It basically said, everybody near the stream
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简单的说，每个临水而居的人
01:56
can share in the stream.
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都能分享水源。
01:58
Oddly, a lot of people showed up wanting to share the stream,
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奇妙地是，许多人都表现地愿意分享水源，
02:01
and the folks who were there first
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最先定居于此的人们
02:03
got concerned enough to bring out their lawyers.
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对此非常关注，还带来了他们的律师。
02:05
There were precedent-setting suits
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在1870年和1872年
02:07
in 1870 and 1872,
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有这样的先例，
02:09
both involving Prickly Pear Creek.
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都涉及仙人掌果溪。
02:11
And in 1921,
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而在1921年，
02:13
the Montana Supreme Court
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蒙大拿最高法院
02:15
ruled in a case involving Prickly Pear
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裁定的一个案件中涉及仙人掌果溪，
02:18
that the folks who were there first
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其中裁定最先定居的人们
02:20
had the first, or "senior water rights."
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拥有首先、或更高的水资源权利。
02:24
These senior water rights are key.
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这种高级的水资源权利很重要。
02:27
The problem is that all over the west now
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问题是，整个西部现在
02:29
it looks like this.
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看起来都像这样。
02:31
Some of these creeks
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其中一些溪流
02:33
have claims for 50 to 100 times more water
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被超过其实际容量的
02:35
than is actually in the stream.
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50倍至100倍的索取水源。
02:38
And the senior water rights holders,
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而更高级的水资源权利拥有者，
02:40
if they don't use their water right,
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如果他们不主张他们的水资源权利，
02:43
they risk losing their water right,
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就会冒着失去水资源权利，
02:45
along with the economic value that goes with it.
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以及随之而来的经济价值的风险。
02:48
So they have no incentive to conserve.
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因此他们没有动力去保护水源。
02:52
So it's not just about the number of people;
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这不仅是一群人的事儿；
02:55
the system itself creates a disincentive to conserve
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系统本身抑制了保护水源，
02:58
because you can lose your water right if you don't use it.
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因为如果你主张水资源权利，就会失去它。
03:03
So after decades of lawsuits
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因此经历了几十年的诉讼
03:05
and 140 years, now, of experience,
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和拥有了现在140年的经验后，
03:07
we still have this.
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我们仍然拥有这个。
03:10
It's a broken system.
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这是个破碎的系统。
03:12
There's a disincentive to conserve,
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它抑制了对水源的保护，
03:14
because, if you don't use your water right,
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因为，你不主张你的水资源权利，
03:16
you can lose your water right.
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就会失去它。
03:18
And I'm sure you all know, this has created significant conflicts
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我确信大家都知道，这在农业团体
03:21
between the agricultural and environmental communities.
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和环保团体间制造了重大的冲突。
03:25
Okay. Now I'm going to change gears here.
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好了。现在我要改变一下方式。
03:28
Most of you will be happy to know
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各位中的多数会很开心地了解到
03:30
that the rest of the presentation's free,
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演讲剩下的部分是免费的。
03:33
and some of you'll be happy to know that it involves beer.
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而知道其中涉及啤酒一些人也会很开心。
03:36
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
03:39
There's another thing happening around the country,
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全国各地还发生了另一件事儿，
03:41
which is that companies are starting to get concerned
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那就是企业们开始关注
03:43
about their water footprint.
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他们的水足迹。
03:46
They're concerned about securing an adequate supply of water,
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他们关心用水的安全和充足，
03:49
they're trying to be really efficient with their water use,
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他们尝试在水源的使用上真正地有效率，
03:52
and they're concerned about how their water use
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他们关心他们如何使用水源
03:54
affects the image of their brand.
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所对他们的品牌形象造成的影响。
03:57
Well, it's a national problem,
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好的，这是个全国性问题，
03:59
but I'm going to tell you another story from Montana,
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但我想告诉大家蒙大拿州的另一个故事，
04:01
and it involves beer.
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涉及啤酒。
04:03
I bet you didn't know, it takes about 5 pints of water
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我打赌你们并不知道，生产1品脱啤酒
04:06
to make a pint of beer.
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需要消耗5品脱水。
04:08
If you include all the drain,
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如果算上所有排放的废水，
04:10
it takes more than a hundred pints of water to make a pint of beer.
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生产一品脱啤酒要消耗超过一百品脱的水。
04:13
Now the brewers in Montana
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现在蒙大拿的啤酒厂
04:15
have already done a lot
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已经做了许多措施
04:17
to reduce their water consumption,
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来减少水的消耗，
04:19
but they still use millions of gallons of water.
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但他们仍然要用数百万加仑的水。
04:21
I mean, there's water in beer.
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我的意思是，在啤酒中的水。
04:25
So what can they do
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那么对于这些
04:28
about this remaining water footprint
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遗留下来的会对生态系统
04:31
that can have serious effects
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造成严重影响的水足迹，
04:33
on the ecosystem?
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他们所能做些什么？
04:35
These ecosystems are really important
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这些生态系统确实对
04:37
to the Montana brewers and their customers.
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蒙大拿的啤酒厂和他们的顾客非常重要。
04:39
After all, there's a strong correlation
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毕竟，在水和渔业
04:41
between water and fishing,
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紧密相连。
04:43
and for some, there's a strong correlation
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而且某种程度上，渔业和啤酒
04:45
between fishing and beer.
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也紧密相连。
04:47
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
04:49
So the Montana brewers and their customers are concerned,
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因此蒙大拿的啤酒厂和他们的顾客开始担忧，
04:52
and they're looking for some way to address the problem.
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他们在寻找一些能解决问题的方案。
04:55
So how can they address this remaining water footprint?
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那么他们如何才能解决这一遗留下来的水足迹呢？
04:58
Remember Prickly Pear.
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回忆一下仙人掌果溪。
05:00
Up until now,
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到目前为止，
05:02
business water stewardship
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商业水源管理
05:04
has been limited to measuring and reducing,
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一直局限于测量和减少使用上，
05:08
and we're suggesting that the next step
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我们正在建议下一步
05:10
is to restore.
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是恢复。
05:12
Remember Prickly Pear.
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回忆一下仙人掌果溪。
05:14
It's a broken system.
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它是个破碎的系统。
05:16
You've got a disincentive to conserve,
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它抑制了对水源的保护，
05:18
because if you don't use your water right, you risk losing your water right.
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因为你不主张你的水资源权利，就会冒着失去它的风险。
05:21
Well, we decided to connect these two worlds --
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好了，我们决定把这两个世界连接起来 --
05:23
the world of the companies
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有着水足迹的
05:25
with their water footprints
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企业的世界
05:27
and the world of the farmers
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和对这些溪流
05:29
with their senior water rights on these creeks.
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有着更高级的水资源权利的农夫的世界。
05:31
In some states,
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在一些州，
05:33
senior water rights holders
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高级水资源权利拥有者
05:35
can leave their water in-stream
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能让他们的水留在溪流中
05:38
while legally protecting it from others
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同时合法的保护它
05:41
and maintaining their water right.
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并维护他们的水资源权利。
05:44
After all,
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毕竟，
05:46
it is their water right,
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这是他们的水资源权利，
05:48
and if they want to use that water right
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而如果他们想主张这一权利
05:50
to help the fish grow in the stream,
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来帮助水源中鱼类的成长，
05:52
it's their right to do so.
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他们有权这么做。
05:55
But they have no incentive to do so.
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但他们没有动力这么做。
05:59
So, working with local water trusts,
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因此，与当地水务部门合作，
06:02
we created an incentive to do so.
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我们建立了一种这样做的动机。
06:05
We pay them to leave their water in-stream.
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我们付钱给他们，让他们把水留在溪流中。
06:08
That's what's happening here.
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这就是所发生的一切。
06:10
This individual has made the choice
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这个人做出了选择，
06:13
and is closing this water diversion,
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他合上了这个水闸，
06:15
leaving the water in the stream.
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让水呆在溪流中。
06:17
He doesn't lose the water right,
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他并没有失去水资源权利，
06:19
he just chooses to apply that right,
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他只是选择应用这一权利，
06:22
or some portion of it,
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或是部分权利，
06:24
to the stream, instead of to the land.
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让水呆在溪流中，而不是流入田地。
06:27
Because he's the senior water rights holder,
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因为他是高级的水资源权利拥有者，
06:29
he can protect the water from other users in the stream.
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他能保护水源免受溪流的其他使用者的伤害。
06:33
Okay?
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对么？
06:35
He gets paid to leave the water in the stream.
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他受雇让水呆在溪流中的。
06:38
This guy's measuring the water
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他在测量保留
06:40
that this leaves in the stream.
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在溪流中的水流。
06:43
We then take the measured water,
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接着我们获取测量过的水源，
06:46
we divide it into thousand-gallon increments.
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我们把它分成数千加仑大小的等份。
06:49
Each increment gets a serial number and a certificate,
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每个等份有一个序列号和一个证书，
06:52
and then the brewers and others
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接着啤酒厂和其他人
06:54
buy those certificates
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购买这些证书，
06:56
as a way to return water
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作为向退化的生态系统
06:58
to these degraded ecosystems.
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注入水源的一种方式。
07:00
The brewers pay
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啤酒厂出钱
07:02
to restore water to the stream.
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恢复河流中的水源。
07:05
It provides a simple, inexpensive
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这提供了一个简单、廉价
07:07
and measurable way
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且可测的方式
07:09
to return water to these degraded ecosystems,
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来向这些退化的生态系统注入水源，
07:12
while giving farmers an economic choice
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同时给农夫一个经济补偿
07:15
and giving businesses concerned about their water footprints
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及让关心自己的水足迹的企业
07:18
an easy way to deal with them.
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一个简单易行的处理方法。
07:20
After 140 years of conflict
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在140年的冲突
07:23
and 100 years of dry streams,
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和100年的干涸之后，
07:27
a circumstance that litigation and regulation
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一个诉讼和监管
07:29
has not solved,
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没有解决的问题，
07:32
we put together a market-based,
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我们用一个基于市场的，
07:34
willing buyer, willing seller solution --
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你情我愿的买卖双方聚在一起的解决方案解决了 --
07:36
a solution that does not require litigation.
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这个解决方案并不需要诉讼。
07:41
It's about giving
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这就是给
07:43
folks concerned about their water footprints
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那些关心他们的水足迹的人们
07:46
a real opportunity
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一个真正的机会，
07:48
to put water where it's critically needed,
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把水送往急需的地方，
07:50
into these degraded ecosystems,
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送往退化的生态系统中，
07:53
while at the same time
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而与此同时
07:55
providing farmers
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为使用了水源
07:57
a meaningful economic choice
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而给农夫提供
07:59
about how their water is used.
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适当的经济补偿。
08:01
These transactions create allies, not enemies.
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这些交易使人们联合起来，而非敌对。
08:04
They connect people rather than dividing them.
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它们让人们联系起来而不是分开他们。
08:06
And they provide needed economic support for rural communities.
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这为农村社区提供了所需的经济支持。
08:09
And most importantly, it's working.
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最重要的是，这有效果。
08:12
We've returned more than four billion gallons of water
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我们向退化的生态系统回馈了超过
08:14
to degraded ecosystems.
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四十亿加仑的水。
08:16
We've connected senior water rights holders
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我们把高级级水资源权利拥有者
08:18
with brewers in Montana,
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与蒙大拿的啤酒厂，
08:20
with hotels and tea companies in Oregon
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俄勒冈州的旅馆和茶业公司，
08:23
and with high-tech companies that use a lot of water in the Southwest.
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西南部的耗水众多的高科技公司联系了起来。
08:26
And when we make these connections,
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而当我们建立起这些联系，
08:29
we can and we do
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我们就能，我们确实把
08:31
turn this into this.
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它这变成了这样。
08:35
Thank you very much.
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非常感谢。
08:37
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Rob Harmon - Natural resources expertRob Harmon is an expert on energy and natural resources policy -- looking at smart ways to manage carbon, water and the energy we use every day.
Why you should listen
Taking the true measure of our environmental footprint is something that Rob Harmon has been doing for years. Starting as an energy auditor in Massachusetts, Harmon went on to manage an international marketing effort in the wind energy industry and, in 2000, develop and launch the first carbon calculator on the Internet.
Harmon joined Bonneville Environmental Foundation (BEF) in 1999, and is credited with developing their Green Tag program. In 2004, he was awarded the national Green Power Pioneer Award for his introduction of the retail Green Tag (Renewable Energy Certificates) and his ongoing efforts to build a thriving and credible Green Tag market in the United States. He also conceptualized and directed the development of BEF's national Solar 4R Schools program. His latest venture is the creation of BEF's Water Restoration Certificate business line, which utilizes voluntary markets to restore critically de-watered ecosystems. He recently contributed chapters to the book Voluntary Carbon Markets: A Business Guide to What They Are and How They Work. Rob left BEF in November 2010 to explore his next venture, ConvenientOpportunities.com.
Rob Harmon | Speaker | TED.com