TEDxRainier
Rob Harmon: How to keep rivers and streams flowing
Rob Harmon：如何利用市場機制讓河川暢流不息
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過度用水造成溪流和河川乾涸，Rob Harmon建構了一個巧妙的市場機制，讓河川回復暢流。啤酒公司和農民們發現，他們的命運交織在耐人尋味的仙人掌球溪的百年故事之中。
Rob Harmon - Natural resources expert
Rob Harmon is an expert on energy and natural resources policy -- looking at smart ways to manage carbon, water and the energy we use every day. Full bio
Rob Harmon is an expert on energy and natural resources policy -- looking at smart ways to manage carbon, water and the energy we use every day. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
This is a river.
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這是一條河
00:20
This is a stream.
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這是一條溪
00:23
This is a river.
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這也是一條河
00:25
This is happening all over the country.
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全國到處都發生這種情況
00:28
There are tens of thousands of miles
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美國的河川溪流
00:30
of dewatered streams in the United States.
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有數萬英里沒有水
00:33
On this map,
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在這張地圖上
00:35
the colored areas represent water conflicts.
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著色區塊表示有用水衝突的問題
00:39
Similar problems are emerging in the east as well.
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美國東部也有類似的問題
00:42
The reasons vary state to state,
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各州的原因雖然不同
00:44
but mostly in the details.
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但差別大多在於細節
00:46
There are 4,000 miles of dewatered streams
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單單蒙大拿這一州
00:49
in Montana alone.
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缺水的河流就有4千英里
00:52
They would ordinarily support fish and other wildlife.
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原本提供魚類和野生動物生息
00:56
They're the veins of the ecosystem,
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原本是生態系統血脈的
00:58
and they're often empty veins.
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河流如今經常乾涸了
01:02
I want to tell you the story
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我想告訴各位
01:04
of just one of these streams
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其中一條河流的故事
01:06
because it's an archetype for the larger story.
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因為它將是一個更大故事的雛形
01:09
This is Prickly Pear Creek.
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這條溪叫仙人掌球溪
01:11
It runs through a populated area
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流經居住地區
01:13
from East Helena to Lake Helena.
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從東海倫娜流到海倫娜湖裡
01:16
It supports wild fish
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它提供野生魚類生息
01:18
including cutthroat, brown
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割喉鱒、褐鱒
01:20
and rainbow trout.
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還有虹鱒
01:22
Nearly every year
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一百多年來
01:24
for more than a hundred years,
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這條河幾乎每年夏天
01:27
it's looked like this in the summer.
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看起來都像這樣
01:30
How did we get here?
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怎會變成這樣的呢？
01:32
Well, it started back in the late 1800s
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話說19世紀末期
01:35
when people started settling in places like Montana.
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有人開始移居像蒙大拿這樣的地方
01:39
In short, there was a lot of water
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簡單來說，當時水源豐沛
01:41
and there weren't very many people.
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居民也不多
01:44
But as more people showed up wanting water,
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但用水的人越來越多
01:46
the folks who were there first got a little concerned,
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先到者開始有點擔心
01:49
and in 1865, Montana passed its first water law.
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1865年蒙大拿通過第一部水資源法
01:53
It basically said, everybody near the stream
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基本上說，凡居住河流附近者
01:56
can share in the stream.
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皆有權共享河流的水
01:58
Oddly, a lot of people showed up wanting to share the stream,
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怪的是許多人都來要共享河水
02:01
and the folks who were there first
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先到者感到憂慮
02:03
got concerned enough to bring out their lawyers.
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便找來律師
02:05
There were precedent-setting suits
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於是1870和1872年
02:07
in 1870 and 1872,
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發生了兩樁訴訟先例
02:09
both involving Prickly Pear Creek.
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都與仙人掌球溪有關
02:11
And in 1921,
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1921年
02:13
the Montana Supreme Court
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蒙大拿最高法院
02:15
ruled in a case involving Prickly Pear
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裁定了一樁有關仙人掌球溪的案子
02:18
that the folks who were there first
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凡先到該地區的居住者
02:20
had the first, or "senior water rights."
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有優先使用該地水源的權利
02:24
These senior water rights are key.
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水源的優先使用權是關鍵
02:27
The problem is that all over the west now
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現在美國西部
02:29
it looks like this.
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也開始出現同樣的問題
02:31
Some of these creeks
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這些溪流當中
02:33
have claims for 50 to 100 times more water
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有些配出的用水權
02:35
than is actually in the stream.
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高達實有溪水的50到100倍以上
02:38
And the senior water rights holders,
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有優先用水權的人
02:40
if they don't use their water right,
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如果不行使他們的用水權
02:43
they risk losing their water right,
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可能就會失去用水權
02:45
along with the economic value that goes with it.
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也同時失去其他附帶的經濟價值
02:48
So they have no incentive to conserve.
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因此他們不受到節約用水的鼓勵
02:52
So it's not just about the number of people;
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這不只是用水人數的問題
02:55
the system itself creates a disincentive to conserve
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而是制度不鼓勵節約用水
02:58
because you can lose your water right if you don't use it.
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因為你不用水就會失去用水權
03:03
So after decades of lawsuits
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因此經過幾十年訴訟
03:05
and 140 years, now, of experience,
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累積了140年的經驗
03:07
we still have this.
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老問題還是沒有解決
03:10
It's a broken system.
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這是個失敗的制度
03:12
There's a disincentive to conserve,
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不能鼓勵節約用水
03:14
because, if you don't use your water right,
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因為不行使用水權
03:16
you can lose your water right.
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就會失去用水權
03:18
And I'm sure you all know, this has created significant conflicts
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我相信大家都知道
03:21
between the agricultural and environmental communities.
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這造成了農業和環保團體間的嚴重衝突
03:25
Okay. Now I'm going to change gears here.
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好，我現在換個方式來說
03:28
Most of you will be happy to know
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在座的各位大概都
03:30
that the rest of the presentation's free,
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會高興知道以下的演講是免費的
03:33
and some of you'll be happy to know that it involves beer.
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有些人還會高興知道這裡有供應啤酒
03:36
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
03:39
There's another thing happening around the country,
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全國到處還發生另一件事
03:41
which is that companies are starting to get concerned
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有些公司也開始憂慮
03:43
about their water footprint.
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他們的"水足跡"相關問題(水足跡指製作產品時消費地球水資源的程度)
03:46
They're concerned about securing an adequate supply of water,
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他們關心能否保有充足的水源
03:49
they're trying to be really efficient with their water use,
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他們試圖有效地利用水資源
03:52
and they're concerned about how their water use
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也關心自己的用水情況
03:54
affects the image of their brand.
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將如何影響到公司的形象
03:57
Well, it's a national problem,
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好，這是全國性的問題
03:59
but I'm going to tell you another story from Montana,
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不過我再說個蒙大拿州的故事
04:01
and it involves beer.
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這跟啤酒有關
04:03
I bet you didn't know, it takes about 5 pints of water
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我猜大家可能沒想到釀造一品脫的啤酒
04:06
to make a pint of beer.
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需要大約五品脫的水
04:08
If you include all the drain,
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所有的廢水都算進來
04:10
it takes more than a hundred pints of water to make a pint of beer.
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釀造一品脫啤酒需要用到超過一百品脫的水
04:13
Now the brewers in Montana
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當今蒙大拿州的釀酒商
04:15
have already done a lot
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已經盡了很大的努力
04:17
to reduce their water consumption,
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節約用水
04:19
but they still use millions of gallons of water.
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但還是用了數百萬加侖的水
04:21
I mean, there's water in beer.
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我是說啤酒裡不能沒有水
04:25
So what can they do
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那麼針對生態環境方面
04:28
about this remaining water footprint
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可能會造成嚴重影響的
04:31
that can have serious effects
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其他"水足跡"問題
04:33
on the ecosystem?
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他們能怎麼辦？
04:35
These ecosystems are really important
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對蒙大拿的釀酒商和顧客而言
04:37
to the Montana brewers and their customers.
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生態環境當然重要
04:39
After all, there's a strong correlation
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畢竟在水和釣魚之間
04:41
between water and fishing,
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兩者很有關聯
04:43
and for some, there's a strong correlation
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對某些人來說
04:45
between fishing and beer.
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釣魚和啤酒也很有關聯
04:47
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
04:49
So the Montana brewers and their customers are concerned,
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蒙大拿的釀酒商和顧客也開始關心
04:52
and they're looking for some way to address the problem.
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開始找尋能解決這個問題的方法
04:55
So how can they address this remaining water footprint?
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他們能如何解決剩餘的"水足跡"問題呢？
04:58
Remember Prickly Pear.
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請記得仙人掌球溪
05:00
Up until now,
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到目前為止
05:02
business water stewardship
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商業水資源管理
05:04
has been limited to measuring and reducing,
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一直局限在測量和減少水資源的利用
05:08
and we're suggesting that the next step
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而我們建議的下一步
05:10
is to restore.
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是恢復水資源
05:12
Remember Prickly Pear.
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請記得仙人掌球溪
05:14
It's a broken system.
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那是個失敗的制度
05:16
You've got a disincentive to conserve,
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它不能鼓勵節約用水
05:18
because if you don't use your water right, you risk losing your water right.
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因為不行使用水權就可能失去用水權
05:21
Well, we decided to connect these two worlds --
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我們決定連接這兩個世界
05:23
the world of the companies
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一邊是關心
05:25
with their water footprints
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"水足跡"的公司
05:27
and the world of the farmers
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另一邊是擁有溪流
05:29
with their senior water rights on these creeks.
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優先用水權的農民
05:31
In some states,
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在某些州裡
05:33
senior water rights holders
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有優先用水權的人可以
05:35
can leave their water in-stream
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把他們有權用的水留在溪裡
05:38
while legally protecting it from others
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同時法律保障不被他人佔用
05:41
and maintaining their water right.
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並保留他們的用水權
05:44
After all,
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畢竟
05:46
it is their water right,
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這是他們的用水權
05:48
and if they want to use that water right
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如果他們要行使用水權
05:50
to help the fish grow in the stream,
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來幫助溪流裡的魚類
05:52
it's their right to do so.
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那也是他們的權利
05:55
But they have no incentive to do so.
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但是他們並沒有意願這麼做
05:59
So, working with local water trusts,
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因此我們和當地水資源託管機構合作
06:02
we created an incentive to do so.
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創造出這麼做的獎勵辦法
06:05
We pay them to leave their water in-stream.
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我們付錢讓他們把水留在溪裡
06:08
That's what's happening here.
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就像這裡
06:10
This individual has made the choice
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這位居民做了決定
06:13
and is closing this water diversion,
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關閉引水道
06:15
leaving the water in the stream.
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讓水留在溪裡
06:17
He doesn't lose the water right,
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他沒有失去水資源
06:19
he just chooses to apply that right,
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他只是選擇運用這項權利
06:22
or some portion of it,
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或一部分的權利
06:24
to the stream, instead of to the land.
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讓水留在溪裡而不用到陸地上
06:27
Because he's the senior water rights holder,
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因為他有優先用水權
06:29
he can protect the water from other users in the stream.
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他的水受到保障，他人不得使用
06:33
Okay?
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了解嗎?
06:35
He gets paid to leave the water in the stream.
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他收錢讓水留在溪裡
06:38
This guy's measuring the water
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這個人正在測量
06:40
that this leaves in the stream.
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他留在溪裡的水量
06:43
We then take the measured water,
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然後我們把測到的水量
06:46
we divide it into thousand-gallon increments.
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分成一千加侖的增幅
06:49
Each increment gets a serial number and a certificate,
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每一增幅發給一組序號和證書
06:52
and then the brewers and others
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然後釀酒商或其他人
06:54
buy those certificates
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可以買這個證書
06:56
as a way to return water
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作為把水還給
06:58
to these degraded ecosystems.
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受損的生態環境的一種方式
07:00
The brewers pay
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釀酒商付錢
07:02
to restore water to the stream.
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讓水資源恢復到溪流裡
07:05
It provides a simple, inexpensive
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這提供了既簡單也不貴
07:07
and measurable way
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又能測量的方法
07:09
to return water to these degraded ecosystems,
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讓水回到受損的生態環境裡
07:12
while giving farmers an economic choice
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既給予農民們一個經濟上的選擇
07:15
and giving businesses concerned about their water footprints
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也讓關心"水足跡"的公司行號
07:18
an easy way to deal with them.
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有了方法應對問題
07:20
After 140 years of conflict
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經過140年的水資源衝突
07:23
and 100 years of dry streams,
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和100年來的河流乾涸
07:27
a circumstance that litigation and regulation
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在訴訟與調解下
07:29
has not solved,
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都沒能解決的問題
07:32
we put together a market-based,
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我們理出一個讓買賣雙方
07:34
willing buyer, willing seller solution --
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你情我願的市場解決機制
07:36
a solution that does not require litigation.
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這個解決方案無須訴訟
07:41
It's about giving
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這是讓關切
07:43
folks concerned about their water footprints
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"水足跡"的人們
07:46
a real opportunity
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有一個真正的機會
07:48
to put water where it's critically needed,
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把水放到迫切需要之處
07:50
into these degraded ecosystems,
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放回受到損害的生態系統裡
07:53
while at the same time
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於此同時也讓
07:55
providing farmers
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農民們在經濟上
07:57
a meaningful economic choice
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能在用水方面得到
07:59
about how their water is used.
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一個有意義的選擇
08:01
These transactions create allies, not enemies.
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這種交易創造出來的是盟友而非敵人
08:04
They connect people rather than dividing them.
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把人連結起來而非分開來
08:06
And they provide needed economic support for rural communities.
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而且為鄉村社區提供所需的經濟支持
08:09
And most importantly, it's working.
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最重要的是，這方法行得通
08:12
We've returned more than four billion gallons of water
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超過四十億加侖的水因而
08:14
to degraded ecosystems.
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返回受損的生態環境系統裡
08:16
We've connected senior water rights holders
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我們連結了有用水權者
08:18
with brewers in Montana,
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和蒙大拿的釀酒商
08:20
with hotels and tea companies in Oregon
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以及奧勒岡的飯店和茶葉公司
08:23
and with high-tech companies that use a lot of water in the Southwest.
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還有西南部用水需要量龐大的高科技公司
08:26
And when we make these connections,
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只要我們做這樣的連結
08:29
we can and we do
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我們能做到也確實做到
08:31
turn this into this.
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把這個樣子轉變成這個樣子
08:35
Thank you very much.
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非常謝謝各位
08:37
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Rob Harmon - Natural resources expertRob Harmon is an expert on energy and natural resources policy -- looking at smart ways to manage carbon, water and the energy we use every day.
Why you should listen
Taking the true measure of our environmental footprint is something that Rob Harmon has been doing for years. Starting as an energy auditor in Massachusetts, Harmon went on to manage an international marketing effort in the wind energy industry and, in 2000, develop and launch the first carbon calculator on the Internet.
Harmon joined Bonneville Environmental Foundation (BEF) in 1999, and is credited with developing their Green Tag program. In 2004, he was awarded the national Green Power Pioneer Award for his introduction of the retail Green Tag (Renewable Energy Certificates) and his ongoing efforts to build a thriving and credible Green Tag market in the United States. He also conceptualized and directed the development of BEF's national Solar 4R Schools program. His latest venture is the creation of BEF's Water Restoration Certificate business line, which utilizes voluntary markets to restore critically de-watered ecosystems. He recently contributed chapters to the book Voluntary Carbon Markets: A Business Guide to What They Are and How They Work. Rob left BEF in November 2010 to explore his next venture, ConvenientOpportunities.com.
Rob Harmon | Speaker | TED.com