TED2004
James Howard Kunstler: The ghastly tragedy of the suburbs
詹姆斯·霍华德·昆斯特勒解析市郊
Filmed:
Readability: 3.7
2,071,596 views
在詹姆斯·霍华德·昆斯特勒眼中，公共空间应该是市民生活的灵感体现及公共利益的传达。然而，他表明，美国俨然已成了不值得关心的地方。
James Howard Kunstler - Social critic
James Howard Kunstler may be the world’s most outspoken critic of suburban sprawl. He believes the end of the fossil fuels era will soon force a return to smaller-scale, agrarian communities -- and an overhaul of the most destructive features of postwar society. Full bio
James Howard Kunstler may be the world’s most outspoken critic of suburban sprawl. He believes the end of the fossil fuels era will soon force a return to smaller-scale, agrarian communities -- and an overhaul of the most destructive features of postwar society. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:26
The immersive ugliness
0
1000
3000
我们每日的生活环境
00:29
of our everyday environments in America
1
4000
5000
正因为僵硬的标准
00:34
is entropy made visible.
2
9000
3000
而日益沦为丑陋的世界
00:38
We can't overestimate the amount of despair
3
13000
4000
我们不能低估这样的地方
00:42
that we are generating with places like this.
4
17000
4000
给我们带来的绝望
00:47
And mostly, I want to persuade you that we have to do better
5
22000
4000
我在这儿最想传达的是：如果我们还想继续在美国这片土地上
00:51
if we're going to continue the project of civilization in America.
6
26000
5000
延续文明，我们必须做得更好
00:57
By the way, this doesn't help.
7
32000
3000
顺便说一句，这个不管用
01:00
Nobody's having a better day down here because of that.
8
35000
7000
它可不会让下面经过的人更愉快
01:07
There are a lot of ways you can describe this.
9
42000
2000
有很多定义这个现状的方法，
01:09
You know, I like to call it "the national automobile slum."
10
44000
3000
我喜欢把它叫做“国家机动车陋街”
01:12
You can call it suburban sprawl.
11
47000
3000
还可以管它叫“蔓延的市郊”
01:15
I think it's appropriate to call it
12
50000
2000
我觉得它还可以被确切的称作
01:17
the greatest misallocation of resources in the history of the world.
13
52000
5000
世界史上最烂的资源分配效果
01:22
You can call it a technosis externality clusterfuck.
14
57000
5000
也可以把它叫做露馅的垃圾技术聚会
01:27
And it's a tremendous problem for us.
15
62000
5000
它是我们面临一大难题
01:33
The outstanding -- the salient problem about this for us
16
68000
4000
最明显的——这带来的最突出的问题在于
01:37
is that these are places that are not worth caring about.
17
72000
3000
这些地方已经沦为了不值得关注的地方
01:40
We're going to talk about that some more.
18
75000
3000
就这点我们可以再多说几句
01:43
A sense of place:
19
78000
2000
“感知空间”
01:45
your ability to create places that are meaningful and places of quality and character
20
80000
7000
创造有意义、高质量的个性空间的能力
01:52
depends entirely on your ability to define space with buildings,
21
87000
5000
完全取决于你心中建筑物之于空间的定义
01:57
and to employ the vocabularies, grammars,
22
92000
4000
并选择建筑领域中合适的词汇、语法、
02:01
syntaxes, rhythms and patterns of architecture
23
96000
4000
语序、韵律以及建筑模式
02:05
in order to inform us who we are.
24
100000
2000
以此向我们传达“我们是谁”
02:08
The public realm in America has two roles:
25
103000
6000
美国的公共空间有两个用途：
02:14
it is the dwelling place of our civilization and our civic life,
26
109000
5000
社会文明在那儿继续，市民生活在那里进行，
02:19
and it is the physical manifestation of the common good.
27
114000
5000
那儿同样也是大众利益的集中体现
02:24
And when you degrade the public realm,
28
119000
3000
当公共空间的级别降低时，
02:27
you will automatically degrade the quality of your civic life
29
122000
3000
市民生活的质量，以及公共、社会生活
02:30
and the character of all the enactments of your public life and communal life that take place there.
30
125000
9000
的所有内容就自然而然的降级了
02:39
The public realm comes mostly in the form of the street in America
31
134000
5000
在美国，最常见的公共空间就是街道，
02:44
because we don't have the 1,000-year-old cathedral plazas
32
139000
4000
因为我们没有那些古老文明所有的千年大教堂广场
02:48
and market squares of older cultures.
33
143000
4000
以及露天市场
02:52
And your ability to define space and to create places that are worth caring about
34
147000
8000
我们定义空间、并创造出值得关注的地方的能力
03:00
all comes from a body of culture that we call the culture of civic design.
35
155000
5000
都来自我们称作“城市环境设计”这个领域
03:05
This is a body of knowledge, method, skill and principle
36
160000
5000
这是一个集知识、方法、技能、原则为一体的整体，
03:10
that we threw in the garbage after World War II
37
165000
5000
而二战之后，我们把它打入了冷宫
03:15
and decided we don't need that anymore; we're not going to use it.
38
170000
3000
决定我们再也不需要它了，我们不会再用到它
03:18
And consequently, we can see the result all around us.
39
173000
4000
这带来的后果，我们在周围就可以看到
03:23
The public realm has to inform us not only where we are geographically,
40
178000
5000
公共空间不仅有提示我们所处地理位置的职能，
03:28
but it has to inform us where we are in our culture.
41
183000
4000
同时也提醒我们，我们的文化所处的位置
03:32
Where we've come from, what kind of people we are, and it needs to,
42
187000
5000
我们文化的源头在哪儿，我们是怎样的民族——公共空间
03:37
by doing that, it needs to afford us a glimpse to where we're going
43
192000
6000
需要以这种方式使得我们窥见一丝未来的方向，
03:43
in order to allow us to dwell in a hopeful present.
44
198000
5000
给当下的我们带来一线希望
03:48
And if there is one tremendous --
45
203000
2000
如果说有巨大的灾难——
03:50
if there is one great catastrophe about the places that we've built,
46
205000
3000
如果说我们已建的东西带来了什么灾难的话
03:53
the human environments we've made for ourselves in the last 50 years,
47
208000
4000
那就是我们近50年来给自己营造的居住环境
03:57
it is that it has deprived us of the ability to live in a hopeful present.
48
212000
9000
剥夺了我们对在希望中生活的能力
04:06
The environments we are living in, more typically, are like these.
49
221000
4000
我们比较典型的生活环境是这样的：
04:10
You know, this happens to be the asteroid belt of architectural garbage two miles north of my town.
50
225000
6000
这正巧是我住的地方以北两英里处的垃圾建筑行星带
04:16
And remember, to create a place of character and quality,
51
231000
4000
还记得吗，创造一个有个性和质量的空间
04:20
you have to be able to define space.
52
235000
2000
你首先需要有定义空间的能力
04:22
So how is that being accomplished here?
53
237000
2000
看看这是如何在这个国家实现的
04:24
If you stand on the apron of the Wal-Mart over here
54
239000
3000
如果你站在这边沃尔玛的停车场上
04:27
and try to look at the Target store over here,
55
242000
2000
试着看那边儿的Target商店
04:29
you can't see it because of the curvature of the Earth. (Laughter)
56
244000
6000
由于地球的曲率，你根本看不着（笑）
04:35
That's nature's way of telling you that you're doing a poor job of defining space.
57
250000
6000
那是大自然告诉你“你干得很烂”的方式
04:41
Consequently, these will be places that nobody wants to be in.
58
256000
3000
结果是，人们渐渐地再也不想到这些地方来
04:44
These will be places that are not worth caring about.
59
259000
4000
这些地方将要成为不值得关注爱护的地方
04:48
We have about, you know, 38,000 places
60
263000
3000
在美国，大概有38000个类似的地方
04:51
that are not worth caring about in the United States today.
61
266000
2000
不值得我们爱护
04:53
When we have enough of them, we're going to have a nation that's not worth defending.
62
268000
6000
等我们有足够多的这样的地方，我们就将要拥有一个不值得保卫的国家了！
04:59
And I want you to think about that when you think about
63
274000
4000
我希望你们在想到这个的时候，
05:03
those young men and women who are over in places like Iraq,
64
278000
2000
想想还在伊拉克之类地方的那些青年男女们，
05:05
spilling their blood in the sand,
65
280000
2000
他们的血正洒在沙子里
05:07
and ask yourself, "What is their last thought of home?"
66
282000
5000
问问自己他们对家的最后的记忆的什么？
05:12
I hope it's not the curb cut between the Chuck E. Cheese and the Target store
67
287000
4000
我可不希望是查克芝士店和Target商店间的路牙子！
05:16
because that's not good enough for Americans to be spilling their blood for. (Applause)
68
291000
6000
因为那不值得美国人为之洒热血（掌声）
05:22
We need better places in this country.
69
297000
2000
这个国家必须有更好的公共空间
05:25
Public space. This is a good public space.
70
300000
2000
公共空间，这就是个不错的例子
05:27
It's a place worth caring about. It's well defined.
71
302000
3000
它值得我们爱护，有意义，
05:30
It is emphatically an outdoor public room.
72
305000
3000
它是一个强有力的室外房间
05:33
It has something that is terribly important --
73
308000
3000
最重要的是——
05:36
it has what's called an active and permeable membrane around the edge.
74
311000
3000
它包着一层所谓的活跃的、可渗透的薄膜
05:39
That's a fancy way of saying it's got shops, bars, bistros, destinations --
75
314000
5000
就是说，周围有商店、酒吧、小酒馆、各种去处——
05:44
things go in and out of it. It's permeable.
76
319000
3000
——人们进进出出。随时可以融入
05:47
The beer goes in and out, the waitresses go in and out,
77
322000
3000
啤酒端进端出，服务生进进出出，
05:50
and that activates the center of this place and makes it a place that people want to hang out in.
78
325000
5000
这些将这个地方激活，让人们喜欢上那儿待着
05:55
You know, in these places in other cultures,
79
330000
4000
在其他文明中的这类地方，
05:59
people just go there voluntarily because they like them.
80
334000
4000
人们自愿去那儿，因为他们喜欢这些地方
06:03
We don't have to have a craft fair here to get people to come here. (Laughter)
81
338000
3000
我们不需要在这儿办个手工艺品展览吸引人们来（笑）
06:06
You know, you don't have to have a Kwanzaa festival.
82
341000
3000
也不必举行宽扎节
06:09
People just go because it's pleasurable to be there.
83
344000
4000
人们自然回去，因为待在那儿是种享受
06:13
But this is how we do it in the United States.
84
348000
3000
这个是在我们美国的公共空间
06:17
Probably the most significant public space failure in America,
85
352000
3000
可能是美国最著名的失败的公共空间典型，
06:20
designed by the leading architects of the day, Harry Cobb and I.M. Pei:
86
355000
5000
由当代著名设计师设计，哈里·考铂和贝聿铭：
06:25
Boston City Hall Plaza.
87
360000
2000
波士顿市政大厅广场
06:27
A public place so dismal that the winos don't even want to go there. (Laughter)
88
362000
6000
这样阴沉的地方连酒鬼都不想去（笑）
06:33
And we can't fix it because I.M. Pei's still alive,
89
368000
3000
我们不能改进它，因为贝聿铭还活着呢
06:36
and every year Harvard and M.I.T. have a joint committee to repair it.
90
371000
3000
每年哈弗和麻省理工组织一个联合委员会试图修整它
06:39
And every year they fail to because they don't want to hurt I.M. Pei's feelings.
91
374000
4000
而每年他们都失败了，因为他们不想伤了贝聿铭的心
06:43
This is the other side of the building.
92
378000
2000
这是建筑的另一边
06:45
This was the winner of an international design award in, I think, 1966, something like that.
93
380000
5000
这是一个国际设计比赛的获奖作品，我想，好像是1966年
06:50
It wasn't Pei and Cobb, another firm designed this,
94
385000
3000
并不是贝和考铂，而是另一间公司的设计
06:53
but there's not enough Prozac in the world to make people feel OK about going down this block.
95
388000
9000
但是世界上没有足够的百忧解（治疗抑郁症的药物）能化解走过这个街区的沉重
07:04
This is the back of Boston City Hall,
96
399000
2000
这是波士顿市政厅的背面
07:06
the most important, you know, significant civic building in Albany -- excuse me -- in Boston.
97
401000
6000
最著名的，奥尔巴尼——不好意思——波士顿最重要的城市建筑
07:14
And what is the message that is coming,
98
409000
2000
它传递了什么信息？
07:16
what are the vocabularies and grammars that are coming, from this building
99
411000
3000
什么样的词汇、语法？
07:19
and how is it informing us about who we are?
100
414000
3000
它在怎样告诉我们“我们是谁？”
07:22
This, in fact, would be a better building if we put mosaic portraits
101
417000
4000
事实上，还不如挂上约瑟夫·斯大林，波尔布特和萨达姆·侯赛因
07:26
of Josef Stalin, Pol Pot, Saddam Hussein,
102
421000
5000
以及所有二十世纪暴君的马赛克肖像
07:31
and all the other great despots of the 20th century on the side of the building,
103
426000
3000
挂在外墙上
07:34
because then we'd honestly be saying what the building is really communicating to us.
104
429000
5000
因为那样我们至少能真正感觉它对我们说些什么
07:39
You know, that it's a despotic building;
105
434000
2000
你看，那真是一栋独裁者大楼
07:41
it wants us to feel like termites. (Laughter)
106
436000
8000
它想让我们觉得自己都是小白蚁（笑）
07:49
This is it on a smaller scale:
107
444000
2000
这里规模小点儿
07:51
the back of the civic center in my town, Saratoga Springs, New York.
108
446000
3000
这是我住的地方，纽约州萨拉托加矿泉城的市政厅背面
07:55
By the way, when I showed this slide to a group of Kiwanians in my town,
109
450000
5000
顺便说一下，我把幻灯片给城里的一伙基瓦尼成员看过
08:00
they all rose in indignation from their creamed chicken, (Laughter)
110
455000
5000
他们都愤然地将注意力从奶油鸡肉上转移了过来（笑）
08:05
and they shouted at me and said,
111
460000
3000
对我大叫说：
08:08
"It was raining that day when you took that picture!"
112
463000
4000
“你拍照那天肯定下着雨！”
08:12
Because this was perceived to be a weather problem. (Laughter)
113
467000
10000
因为这竟然能被理解成了天气问题（笑）
08:24
You know, this is a building designed like a DVD player. (Laughter)
114
479000
5000
这座建筑被设计得像台DVD机（笑）
08:29
Audio jack, power supply --
115
484000
5000
音频插口，电源——
08:34
and look, you know these things are important architectural jobs for firms, right?
116
489000
5000
我们都认为这些对于建筑事务所来说是很重要的项目，对不？
08:39
You know, we hire firms to design these things.
117
494000
2000
我们雇佣一个公司来专门设计这些
08:41
You can see exactly what went on, three o'clock in the morning at the design meeting.
118
496000
4000
我们可以追踪工程进度：凌晨三点，设计讨论会上
08:45
You know, eight hours before deadline,
119
500000
2000
还有八个小时就要交工
08:47
four architects trying to get this building in on time, right?
120
502000
4000
四位建筑师努力地在赶工期
08:51
And they're sitting there at the long boardroom table
121
506000
3000
坐在那儿，大长会议桌边上
08:54
with all the drawings, and the renderings,
122
509000
2000
到处都是草图和效果图
08:56
and all the Chinese food caskets are lying on the table, and --
123
511000
4000
中餐外卖盒堆在桌上——
09:00
I mean, what was the conversation that was going on there? (Laughter)
124
515000
4000
我很好奇，那儿在进行着什么样的对话呢？（笑）
09:04
Because you know what the last word was, what the last sentence was of that meeting.
125
519000
5000
因为你知道最后一个词儿是什么
09:09
It was: "Fuck it." (Laughter) (Applause)
126
524000
7000
那个会议的最后一句话是：“去他妈的”。（笑+鼓掌♫♫）
09:16
That -- that is the message of this form of architecture.
127
531000
6000
那就是这个建筑外观传达的讯息
09:22
The message is: We don't give a fuck! We don't give a fuck.
128
537000
5000
那条讯息是：去他妈的，我们也烦不了那么多了
09:28
So I went back on the nicest day of the year, just to --
129
543000
3000
我在天气特别不错的一天回去，只是想——
09:31
you know -- do some reality testing,
130
546000
2000
你知道的，来点现状核实。
09:33
and in fact, he will not even go down there because (Laughter)
131
548000
4000
事实上，他根本不会去那儿，因为——
09:37
it's not interesting enough for his clients,
132
552000
2000
因为对于他的客户来说那个地方太无趣了
09:39
you know, the burglars, the muggers.
133
554000
3000
你知道的，小偷啦，强盗啦
09:42
It's not civically rich enough for them to go down there.
134
557000
4000
那儿太冷清了，他们没兴趣
09:47
OK.
135
562000
1000
好的
09:49
The pattern of Main Street USA --
136
564000
2000
美国中心大街的模式
09:52
in fact, this pattern of building downtown blocks, all over the world, is fairly universal.
137
567000
5000
实际上，建造市中心街区的模式是相当全球性的
09:57
It's not that complicated:
138
572000
2000
并不是那么复杂——
09:59
buildings more than one story high, built out to the sidewalk edge,
139
574000
6000
多层、高层建筑建在人行道边上
10:05
so that people who are, you know, all kinds of people can get into the building.
140
580000
3000
所以人们——各种人都可以自由进出
10:08
Other activities are allowed to occur upstairs,
141
583000
4000
其它活动可以在楼上进行
10:12
you know, apartments, offices, and so on.
142
587000
3000
也就是办公室、公寓等等
10:15
You make provision for this activity called shopping on the ground floor.
143
590000
4000
在一层为一种叫“购物”的活动提供条件
10:19
They haven't learned that in Monterey.
144
594000
2000
蒙特里没有采用这一模式
10:21
If you go out to the corner right at the main intersection right in front of this conference center,
145
596000
4000
如果你走到这个会议中心前的主路口处的那个拐角，
10:25
you'll see an intersection with four blank walls on every corner.
146
600000
3000
你就会发现路口的每个角上都有四面空白墙
10:28
It's really incredible.
147
603000
2000
真是神奇
10:30
Anyway, this is how you compose and assemble a downtown business building,
148
605000
4000
总之，这就是如何构造和展示市中心商业楼的方法
10:34
and this is what happened when in Glens Falls, New York,
149
609000
3000
这也是纽约洲格伦斯福尔斯的做法
10:37
when we tried to do it again, where it was missing, right?
150
612000
2000
我们想要复制它，因为它很不错，对吗？
10:39
So the first thing they do is they pop up the retail a half a story above grade to make it sporty.
151
614000
6000
他们首先把零售店台高了半层，上去还要费神儿
10:45
OK. That completely destroys the relationship between the business and the sidewalk,
152
620000
6000
好，那完全毁掉了商店和虚拟行人走的
10:51
where the theoretical pedestrians are. (Laughter)
153
626000
3000
人行道的关系（笑）
10:54
Of course, they'll never be there, as long as this is in that condition.
154
629000
4000
当然，只要保持这个状况，行人是永远也不会来的
10:58
Then because the relationship between the retail is destroyed,
155
633000
4000
行人和商店的关系被毁了，
11:02
we pop a handicapped ramp on that,
156
637000
3000
我们就建一条方便残疾人的斜坡
11:05
and then to make ourselves feel better, we put a nature Band-Aid in front of it.
157
640000
4000
为了让自己感觉好点儿，我们再在前面贴上一条天然创口贴
11:09
And that's how we do it.
158
644000
2000
就是那么干的。
11:11
I call them "nature Band-Aids" because there's a general idea in America
159
646000
4000
我把它们叫做“天然创口贴”因为在美国，普遍看法是
11:15
that the remedy for mutilated urbanism is nature.
160
650000
5000
补救失败城市的良方是自然。
11:20
And in fact, the remedy for wounded and mutilated urbanism is good urbanism, good buildings.
161
655000
7000
事实上，真正的良方应该是好的城市设计，好的建筑
11:27
Not just flower beds, not just cartoons of the Sierra Nevada Mountains.
162
662000
6000
而不只是花坛，不只是内华达山脉的卡通画
11:33
You know, that's not good enough.
163
668000
1000
因为那些不够好
11:34
We have to do good buildings.
164
669000
2000
我们得建好的建筑
11:36
The street trees have really four jobs to do and that's it:
165
671000
3000
行道树有四项职能，仅此而已：
11:39
To spatially denote the pedestrian realm,
166
674000
3000
空间上划出人行道区域
11:42
to protect the pedestrians from the vehicles in the carriageway,
167
677000
5000
保护好行人不受机动车道上车的影响
11:47
to filter the sunlight onto the sidewalk,
168
682000
3000
过滤照到人行道上的阳光
11:50
and to soften the hardscape of the buildings
169
685000
2000
以及柔化建筑的人造生硬感
11:52
and to create a ceiling -- a vaulted ceiling -- over the street, at its best.
170
687000
4000
最好的话，形成一片天顶——一条街道上方的拱顶
11:56
And that's it. Those are the four jobs of the street trees.
171
691000
4000
就是这样，这是行道树的四项作用
12:00
They're not supposed to be a cartoon of the North Woods;
172
695000
3000
它们不应该是北部森林的漫画；
12:03
they're not supposed to be a set for "The Last of the Mohicans."
173
698000
5000
也不是《最后的莫希干人》的布景
12:08
You know, one of the problems with the fiasco of suburbia is that it destroyed our understanding
174
703000
8000
你知道吗，郊区的惨败最大的问题就是它毁掉了我们
12:16
of the distinction between the country and the town, between the urban and the rural.
175
711000
4000
对于乡村和城镇区别的界限，城市和田园的界限
12:20
They're not the same thing.
176
715000
2000
它们不是同一物
12:22
And we're not going to cure the problems of the urban by dragging the country into the city,
177
717000
4000
把乡村拉到城市里并不是解决问题的办法
12:26
which is what a lot of us are trying to do all the time.
178
721000
2000
而我们很多人一直以来都在这么做
12:28
Here you see it on a small scale -- the mothership has landed,
179
723000
4000
这是一个小规模的——母机登陆
12:32
R2-D2 and C-3PO have stepped out to test the bark mulch
180
727000
6000
R2-D2和C-3PO开始测试树皮覆盖物
12:38
to see if they can inhabit this planet. (Laughter)
181
733000
3000
看看能不能在这个星球上定居（笑）
12:43
A lot of this comes from the fact that the industrial city in America was such a trauma
182
738000
5000
这都是因为美国的工业化为我们带来如此大的伤害
12:48
that we developed this tremendous aversion for the whole idea of the city,
183
743000
4000
以至于我们形成了对城市、城市生活、
12:52
city life, and everything connected with it.
184
747000
2000
以及相关一切的极大厌恶
12:54
And so what you see fairly early, in the mid-19th century,
185
749000
5000
所以你可以看到早些时候，在19世纪中期
12:59
is this idea that we now have to have an antidote to the industrial city,
186
754000
4000
我们就要找到解决工业城市问题的解药
13:03
which is going to be life in the country for everybody.
187
758000
3000
那就是每个人都生活在乡间
13:06
And that starts to be delivered in the form of the railroad suburb:
188
761000
4000
这种想法是以铁路市郊的形式来实现的：
13:10
the country villa along the railroad line,
189
765000
3000
铁路沿线的乡村别墅，
13:13
which allows people to enjoy the amenity of the city,
190
768000
3000
可以让人们享受到城市的便捷设施的同时
13:16
but to return to the countryside every night.
191
771000
2000
能够每晚回到郊外
13:18
And believe me, there were no Wal-Marts or convenience stores out there then,
192
773000
3000
相信我，那时候那儿既没沃尔玛又没有便利店
13:21
so it really was a form of country living.
193
776000
2000
所以这是真正的乡居生活的一种方式
13:23
But what happens is, of course, it mutates over the next 80 years
194
778000
4000
但是接下来发生的是，我们都知道，接下来80年里就变异了
13:27
and it turns into something rather insidious.
195
782000
2000
变成了相当阴险的状况
13:29
It becomes a cartoon of a country house, in a cartoon of the country.
196
784000
5000
变成了漫画乡间中的漫画乡间别墅
13:34
And that's the great non-articulated agony of suburbia
197
789000
5000
那就是市郊最主要而又表达不清的困扰
13:39
and one of the reasons that it lends itself to ridicule.
198
794000
2000
也是它将自己变成笑柄的原因之一
13:41
Because it hasn't delivered what it's been promising for half a century now.
199
796000
5000
因为它并没有能够给予人们半个世纪以来向往的生活
13:46
And these are typically the kind of dwellings we find there, you know.
200
801000
4000
这些就是我们能在市郊找到的典型居所
13:50
Basically, a house with nothing on the side
201
805000
3000
基本上是四周空无一物的房子
13:53
because this house wants to state, emphatically,
202
808000
2000
因为这栋房子想要发出明确声明：
13:55
"I'm a little cabin in the woods. There's nothing on either side of me.
203
810000
3000
”我是林子里的一间小屋。周围什么也没有。
13:58
I don't have any eyes on the side of my head. I can't see."
204
813000
3000
我头上没长眼，我什么也看不见。”
14:02
So you have this one last facade of the house,
205
817000
2000
所以你还剩下房子的最后一面，
14:04
the front, which is really a cartoon of a facade of a house.
206
819000
3000
前面，其实是漫画般的房子的正面
14:07
Because -- notice the porch here.
207
822000
2000
因为——注意看这儿的门廊。
14:09
Unless the people that live here are Munchkins, nobody's going to be using that.
208
824000
7000
除非是莫西干人住在那儿，不然没人会用它。
14:16
This is really, in fact, a television broadcasting a show 24/7 called "We're Normal."
209
831000
6000
这真是像一台电视全天候播放一个叫做“我们很正常”的节目
14:22
We're normal, we're normal, we're normal, we're normal, we're normal.
210
837000
3000
我们很正常，我们很正常，我们很正常，我们很正常，我们很正常
14:25
Please respect us, we're normal, we're normal, we're normal.
211
840000
2000
请尊敬我们，我们很正常，我们很正常，我们很正常
14:27
But we know what's going on in these houses, you know.
212
842000
2000
但是我们知道这些房子里在上演着什么
14:29
We know that little Skippy is loading his Uzi down here,
213
844000
4000
我们知道小斯基皮正在这儿卸他的乌兹枪
14:33
getting ready for homeroom. (Laughter)
214
848000
4000
为当天的第一节课做好准备（笑）
14:37
We know that Heather, his sister Heather, 14 years old,
215
852000
3000
我们知道西瑟，他的姐姐西瑟，14岁
14:40
is turning tricks up here to support her drug habit.
216
855000
3000
在这儿卖身以维持自己的毒品供应
14:43
Because these places, these habitats,
217
858000
3000
因为这些地方，这些居所
14:46
are inducing immense amounts of anxiety and depression in children,
218
861000
5000
会给孩子带来极大的焦虑和忧郁
14:51
and they don't have a lot of experience with medication.
219
866000
4000
他们并不熟悉应对的方法
14:55
So they take the first one that comes along, often.
220
870000
2000
所以他们通常来什么用什么
14:57
These are not good enough for Americans.
221
872000
2000
这些对美国人来说不够好
14:59
These are the schools we are sending them to:
222
874000
3000
我们把孩子送进这样的学校：
15:02
The Hannibal Lecter Central School, Las Vegas, Nevada.
223
877000
6000
内华达州拉斯维加斯的汉尼拔莱克特中心学校
15:08
This is a real school!
224
883000
2000
这可是一所真的学校！
15:10
You know, but there's obviously a notion that if you let the inmates of this thing out,
225
885000
4000
但是肯定有人会想如果你放这里边的犯人出来
15:14
that they would snatch a motorist off the street and eat his liver.
226
889000
4000
他们就会把一个过路司机拽下车，吃了他的肝脏。
15:18
So every effort is made to keep them within the building.
227
893000
5000
所以只能尽力把它们关在楼里
15:23
Notice that nature is present. (Laughter)
228
898000
6000
看，大自然还眷顾这儿呢！（笑）
15:30
We're going to have to change this behavior whether we like it or not.
229
905000
2000
不论我们怎么想，都必须改掉这样的举动
15:32
We are entering an epochal period of change in the world, and -- certainly in America
230
907000
5000
我们正在迈入世界划时代的变革时期，而且——在美国毫无疑问
15:37
-- the period that will be characterized by the end of the cheap oil era.
231
912000
5000
——这个时期的特征将是低价石油时代的终结
15:42
It is going to change absolutely everything.
232
917000
4000
一切都将变化
15:46
Chris asked me not to go on too long about this, and I won't,
233
921000
3000
克里斯让我在这点上不要说太多，我就不多说。
15:49
except to say there's not going to be a hydrogen economy.
234
924000
3000
我只想说未来不会是个氢能源经济——
15:52
Forget it. It's not going to happen.
235
927000
2000
把它忘了吧，不会有的——
15:54
We're going to have to do something else instead.
236
929000
2000
我们必须向别的方向努力
15:56
We're going to have to down-scale, re-scale, and re-size
237
931000
5000
我们必须缩小规模、重新规划、重新调整
16:01
virtually everything we do in this country and we can't start soon enough to do it.
238
936000
4000
这个国家的一切，而且我们快来不及了
16:05
We're going to have -- (Applause) -- we're going to have to live closer to where we work.
239
940000
4000
我们必须——（鼓掌）——我们必须住到离工作更近的地方
16:09
We're going to have to live closer to each other.
240
944000
2000
我们必须住得离彼此更近
16:11
We're going have to grow more food closer to where we live.
241
946000
4000
我们必须在离住处更近的地方种粮食
16:15
The age of the 3,000 mile Caesar salad is coming to an end.
242
950000
5000
三千里外的凯撒沙拉时代即将终结
16:20
We're going to have to -- we have a railroad system that the Bulgarians would be ashamed of!
243
955000
5000
我们必须——保加利亚人都会为我们的铁路系统感到羞耻！
16:25
We gotta do better than that!
244
960000
2000
我们必须干得更好！
16:27
And we should have started two days before yesterday.
245
962000
3000
而且大前天我们就应该开始干
16:30
We are fortunate that the new urbanists were there, for the last 10 years,
246
965000
5000
我们应该庆幸新城市规划家们十年前就开始
16:35
excavating all that information that was thrown in the garbage
247
970000
4000
挖掘被我们的父辈在二战后
16:39
by our parents' generation after World War II.
248
974000
3000
扔进垃圾堆的信息
16:42
Because we're going to need it if we're going to learn how to reconstruct towns.
249
977000
2000
因为如果我们想要学习如何重新建造城镇就会需要它们
16:44
We're going to need to get back this body of methodology and principle and skill
250
979000
6000
我们将要回到方法论，以原则和技能为主题的时代
16:50
in order to re-learn how to compose meaningful places, places that are integral,
251
985000
6000
来重新学习如何构建有意义的空间——整体的空间
16:56
that allow -- that are living organisms in the sense that they contain all the organs of our civic life
252
991000
7000
那将是一个活跃的机体，是一个包含了市民生活、社区生活
17:03
and our communal life, deployed in an integral fashion.
253
998000
5000
所有功能的空间，一切都按整体布局
17:08
So that, you know, the residences make sense
254
1003000
3000
那样，居住才有了意义
17:11
deployed in relation to the places of business, of culture and of governance.
255
1006000
5000
在商业、文化、以及政府所在的空间展开
17:16
We're going to have to re-learn what the building blocks of these things are:
256
1011000
4000
我们必须重新学习建造这样的地方的基本组成部分
17:20
the street, the block, how to compose public space that's both large and small,
257
1015000
6000
街道，街区。如何营造大大小小的公共空间
17:26
the courtyard, the civic square
258
1021000
3000
天井，市民广场
17:29
and how to really make use of this property.
259
1024000
3000
而又如何利用这些资源
17:32
We can see some of the first ideas
260
1027000
3000
我们可以看看这些点子
17:35
for retro-fitting some of the catastrophic property that we have in America.
261
1030000
5000
来改造美国糟糕的建筑
17:40
The dead malls: what are we going to do with them?
262
1035000
3000
死去的购物中心。我们将如何利用它们呢？
17:43
Well, in point of fact, most of them are not going to make it.
263
1038000
2000
事实上，他们中的大多数撑不到以后
17:45
They're not going to be retro-fitted;
264
1040000
2000
它们不会被重新改造
17:47
they're going to be the salvage yards of the future.
265
1042000
2000
它们将要成为未来的回收厂
17:49
Some of them we're going to fix, though.
266
1044000
2000
然而有些我们要改造
17:51
And we're going to fix them by imposing back on them street and block systems
267
1046000
4000
我们要将街道、街区系统重新植入它们来完成改造
17:55
and returning to the building lot as the normal increment of development.
268
1050000
5000
还原以建筑块为单位的正常发展建设
18:01
And if we're lucky, the result will be revivified town centers and neighborhood centers
269
1056000
6000
如果我们幸运的话，结果将是已有的城镇中
18:07
in our existing towns and cities.
270
1062000
2000
复活的城镇中心和居民区中心
18:09
And by the way, our towns and cities are where they are, and grew where they were
271
1064000
5000
顺便说一点，我们的城镇之所以在它们所在的地方成长
18:14
because they occupy all the important sites.
272
1069000
2000
是因为那儿有所有的重要地点
18:16
And most of them are still going to be there,
273
1071000
3000
而且它们大多都会留在那儿
18:19
although the scale of them is probably going to be diminished.
274
1074000
5000
尽管它们的规模可能会缩小
18:24
We've got a lot of work to do.
275
1079000
2000
有很多工作在等着我们去做
18:26
We're not going to be rescued by the hyper-car; we're not going to be rescued by alternative fuels.
276
1081000
5000
我们既不会被氢动力汽车拯救，也不会被替代燃料拯救
18:31
No amount or combination of alternative fuels
277
1086000
3000
没有任何一种或几种替代燃料
18:34
is going to allow us to continue running what we're running, the way we're running it.
278
1089000
4000
能够将我们的生活花费以现在的水平维持下去
18:38
We're going to have to do everything very differently.
279
1093000
3000
我们必须彻底改变
18:41
And America's not prepared.
280
1096000
2000
而美国还没准备好
18:43
We are sleepwalking into the future.
281
1098000
3000
我们正在梦游着走向未来
18:46
We're not ready for what's coming at us.
282
1101000
3000
我们对即将面临的挑战还没准备好
18:49
So I urge you all to do what you can.
283
1104000
3000
所以我强烈要求你们大家尽己所能
18:52
Life in the mid-21st century is going to be about living locally.
284
1107000
7000
21世纪中期的生活将是本地生活
18:59
Be prepared to be good neighbors.
285
1114000
2000
准备好做好邻居
19:02
Be prepared to find vocations that make you useful
286
1117000
5000
准备好找到让你能对你的邻居和其他市民
19:07
to your neighbors and to your fellow citizens.
287
1122000
2000
有所裨益的才能
19:09
One final thing -- I've been very disturbed about this for years,
288
1124000
3000
最有一点——我一直被这点困扰多年
19:12
but I think it's particularly important for this audience.
289
1127000
3000
但我觉得这对这儿的观众尤其重要
19:15
Please, please, stop referring to yourselves as "consumers." OK?
290
1130000
5000
请你们，请你们，停止称自己为“消费者”，行吗？
19:21
Consumers are different than citizens.
291
1136000
2000
消费者与市民不同
19:23
Consumers do not have obligations, responsibilities and duties
292
1138000
5000
消费者对于其他人类个体
19:28
to their fellow human beings.
293
1143000
2000
没有职责、责任和义务
19:30
And as long as you're using that word consumer in the public discussion,
294
1145000
3000
只要你继续在公共对话中用“消费者”这个词
19:33
you will be degrading the quality of the discussion we're having.
295
1148000
4000
你就给我们的对话质量降了一个档次
19:37
And we're going to continue being clueless
296
1152000
3000
我们就会继续像没头的苍蝇
19:40
going into this very difficult future that we face.
297
1155000
3000
跌跌撞撞进入我们面对的艰难未来
19:43
So thank you very much.
298
1158000
1000
非常感谢
19:44
Please go out and do what you can to make this a land full of places that are worth caring about
299
1159000
6000
请在外面的世界做你力所能及的事情，将这里变得值得爱护
19:50
and a nation that will be worth defending. (Applause)
300
1165000
3000
让这个国家值得捍卫。（掌声♫♪）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
James Howard Kunstler - Social criticJames Howard Kunstler may be the world’s most outspoken critic of suburban sprawl. He believes the end of the fossil fuels era will soon force a return to smaller-scale, agrarian communities -- and an overhaul of the most destructive features of postwar society.
Why you should listen
James Howard Kunstler calls suburban sprawl "the greatest misallocation of resources the world has ever known." His arguments bring a new lens to urban development, drawing clear connections between physical spaces and cultural vitality.
Geography of Nowhere, published in 1993, presented a grim vision of America in decline -- a nation of cookie-cutter strip malls, vacuous city centers, and dead spaces wrought by what Kunstler calls the ethos of Happy Motoring: our society-wide dependence on the automobile.
The Long Emergency (2005) takes a hard look at energy dependency, arguing that the end of the fossil fuels era will force a return to smaller-scale, agrarian-focused communities and an overhaul of many of the most prominent and destructive features of postwar society.
His confrontational approach and propensity for doomsday scenarios make Kunstler a lightning rod for controversy and critics. But his magnificent rants are underscored with logic and his books are widely read, particularly by architectural critics and urban planners.
James Howard Kunstler | Speaker | TED.com