LIFT 2007
Sugata Mitra: Kids can teach themselves
苏伽特·米特拉展示儿童如何自我教学
Filmed:
Readability: 3.8
1,777,799 views
在LIFT 2007的演讲中，苏伽特·米特拉介绍了他的“墙中洞”项目（Hole in the Wall）。在该项目中，儿童能够揣摩如何使用个人电脑，并且将方法教给其他儿童。米特拉问道，儿童还能教会自己什么呢？
Sugata Mitra - Education researcher
Educational researcher Sugata Mitra is the winner of the 2013 TED Prize. His wish: Build a School in the Cloud, where children can explore and learn from one another. Full bio
Educational researcher Sugata Mitra is the winner of the 2013 TED Prize. His wish: Build a School in the Cloud, where children can explore and learn from one another. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I have a tough job to do.
0
0
3000
我今天的任务很艰巨。
00:19
You know, when I looked at the profile of the audience here,
1
3000
6000
因为我看了在座各位的档案介绍，
00:25
with their connotations and design, in all its forms,
2
9000
7000
知道各位都来自不同的背景
00:32
and with so much and so many people working
3
16000
2000
经验丰富，而且都与很多人一起
00:34
on collaborative and networks, and so on, that I wanted to tell you,
4
18000
5000
相互合作，构建网络等等，我想告诉大家，
00:39
I wanted to build an argument for primary education
5
23000
5000
我想从一个非常具体的方面
00:44
in a very specific context.
6
28000
2000
来和大家讨论初等教育。
00:46
In order to do that in 20 minutes, I have to bring out four ideas --
7
30000
4000
在仅有的20分钟里，我要提出四点内容
00:50
it's like four pieces of a puzzle.
8
34000
3000
它们就像四块拼图一样。
00:53
And if I succeed in doing that,
9
37000
3000
如果我成功的阐述了这四点，
00:56
maybe you would go back with the thought
10
40000
3000
你们可能回头会考虑
00:59
that you could build on, and perhaps help me do my work.
11
43000
3000
贡献一些力量或者帮助我完成我的工作。
01:06
The first piece of the puzzle is remoteness
12
50000
3000
那么首先第一块拼图是
01:09
and the quality of education.
13
53000
2000
偏远程度和教育质量之间的关系。
01:11
Now, by remoteness, I mean two or three different kinds of things.
14
55000
5000
偏远程度的意思不止一个。
01:16
Of course, remoteness in its normal sense, which means
15
60000
3000
当然，它通常是指
01:19
that as you go further and further away
16
63000
3000
比如说，当你从闹市区开始走，
01:22
from an urban center, you get to remoter areas.
17
66000
5000
越走越远，那么你就到了相对而言更远的区域。
01:27
What happens to education?
18
71000
3000
这会对教育有什么影响？
01:30
The second, or a different kind of remoteness
19
74000
2000
偏远地区的第二个或者另一种意思是
01:32
is that within the large metropolitan areas all over the world,
20
76000
5000
在世界各地的大城市里，
01:37
you have pockets, like slums, or shantytowns, or poorer areas,
21
81000
5000
都有贫民窟，贫民区，
01:42
which are socially and economically remote
22
86000
4000
它们从社会地位和经济情况来看，
01:46
from the rest of the city, so it's us and them.
23
90000
3000
相对城市其它地区较为落后，也就是贫富悬殊。
01:49
What happens to education in that context?
24
93000
2000
从这点意义上看，教育又会受到什么影响？
01:51
So keep both of those ideas of remoteness.
25
95000
8000
请记住这两个关于偏远程度的定义。
01:59
We made a guess. The guess was that schools in remote areas
26
103000
3000
我们做了个猜测。这个猜测是
02:02
do not have good enough teachers.
27
106000
3000
偏远地区的学校没有合格的教师。
02:05
If they do have, they cannot retain those teachers.
28
109000
2000
即使有，学校也很难留住这些教师；
02:07
They do not have good enough infrastructure.
29
111000
3000
他们缺乏良好的基础设施。
02:10
And if they had some infrastructure,
30
114000
2000
即使有一些设施，
02:12
they have difficulty maintaining it.
31
116000
2000
学校也很难维护这些设施。
02:14
But I wanted to check if this is true. So what I did last year was
32
118000
5000
我想验证这个猜测是否与事实相符。所以去年，
02:19
we hired a car, looked up on Google,
33
123000
5000
我们租了一辆车，在Google上
02:24
found a route into northern India from New Delhi
34
128000
5000
查到一条从新德里到印度北部地区的路线。
02:29
which, you know, which did not cross any big cities
35
133000
5000
这条路不经过任何大城市，
02:34
or any big metropolitan centers. Drove out about 300 kilometers,
36
138000
6000
或都市中心。我们开沿路了300公里，
02:40
and wherever we found a school, administered a set of standard tests,
37
144000
5000
每当找到一个学校，我们就进行一套标准测试，
02:45
and then took those test results and plotted them on a graph.
38
149000
6000
将测试结果制成图表。
02:51
The graph was interesting, although you need to consider it carefully.
39
155000
4000
这张图很有意思，当然，你需要很仔细地斟酌。
02:55
I mean, this is a very small sample; you should not generalize from it.
40
159000
4000
我是说，这只是一个很小的样本；我们不能以偏概全。
02:59
But it was quite obvious, quite clear,
41
163000
2000
但这张图很清楚，让人一目了然，
03:01
that for this particular route that I had taken,
42
165000
4000
在我所选择的这条路线上，
03:05
the remoter the school was, the worse its results seemed to be.
43
169000
5000
学校越偏远，测试的结果越差。
03:10
That seemed a little damning,
44
174000
2000
这挺让人担忧的。
03:12
and I tried to correlate it with things like infrastructure,
45
176000
5000
我试图将结果与一些因素联系起来，比如基础设施
03:17
or with the availability of electricity, and things like that.
46
181000
3000
或者电力供应等等。
03:20
To my surprise, it did not correlate.
47
184000
3000
出乎意料的是，这些因素与测试结果并无关系。
03:23
It did not correlate with the size of classrooms.
48
187000
3000
测试结果与班级人数，
03:26
It did not correlate with the quality of the infrastructure.
49
190000
5000
基础设施，
03:31
It did not correlate with the poverty levels. It did not correlate.
50
195000
4000
贫穷程度无关。完全没有关系。
03:35
But what happened was that when I administered a questionnaire
51
199000
4000
后来，我在每个学校都做了一个问卷调查。
03:39
to each of these schools, with one single question for the teachers -- which was,
52
203000
4000
问卷上只问老师们一个问题：
03:43
"Would you like to move to an urban, metropolitan area?" --
53
207000
5000
你愿意搬到城市去吗？
03:48
69 percent of them said yes. And as you can see from that,
54
212000
5000
从图上可以看出，69%的人做出了肯定的回答，
03:53
they say yes just a little bit out of Delhi,
55
217000
6000
教师表示愿意去距离德里稍远一点的地区，
03:59
and they say no when you hit the rich suburbs of Delhi --
56
223000
3000
而对于德里富裕的近郊，教师们表示不愿意 --
04:02
because, you know, those are relatively better off areas --
57
226000
3000
因为，你知道，那些郊区的条件相对很好。
04:05
and then from 200 kilometers out of Delhi, the answer is consistently yes.
58
229000
4000
然后，德里开外200公里的范围内，答案一直是“愿意”。
04:09
I would imagine that a teacher who comes or walks into class
59
233000
3000
我可以想像得到，一位老师走进教室，
04:12
every day thinking that, I wish I was in some other school,
60
236000
4000
心里每天都盼望着自己是在另一个更好的学校工作，
04:16
probably has a deep impact on what happens to the results.
61
240000
4000
这很可能会严重影响教学的质量。
04:20
So it looked as though teacher motivation and teacher migration
62
244000
5000
由此看来，教师的工作动力和人员流动
04:25
was a powerfully correlated thing with what was happening in primary schools,
63
249000
5000
相对于孩子是否能吃饱穿暖，
04:30
as opposed to whether the children have enough to eat,
64
254000
3000
与班级人数超员等因素而言
04:33
and whether they are packed tightly into classrooms
65
257000
2000
对于小学教育有着更加深远影响。
04:35
and that sort of thing. It appears that way.
66
259000
4000
事情看似如此。
04:39
When you take education and technology, then I find in the literature that,
67
263000
5000
当谈到教育和科技，我在资料上读到过，
04:44
you know, things like websites, collaborative environments --
68
268000
3000
网站，协作环境 --
04:47
you've been listening to all that in the morning --
69
271000
2000
你每天早上都在听 --
04:49
it's always piloted first in the best schools, the best urban schools,
70
273000
6000
总是在最好的学校，或城里最好的学校，进行试点。
04:55
and, according to me, biases the result.
71
279000
3000
在我看来，这些都是片面看问题的结果。
04:58
The literature -- one part of it, the scientific literature --
72
282000
4000
这些资料 -- 其中有一些是科学著作，
05:02
consistently blames ET as being over-hyped and under-performing.
73
286000
5000
不停指责教育科技太浮躁，没有发挥作用。
05:07
The teachers always say, well, it's fine, but it's too expensive for what it does.
74
291000
6000
老师们经常说，恩，还行吧，但是教育科技的性价比太低了。
05:13
Because it's being piloted in a school where the students are already getting,
75
297000
3000
因为，事实证明，学生在学校里原本能得到
05:16
let's say, 80 percent of whatever they could do.
76
300000
3000
比如说，八十分。
05:19
You put in this new super-duper technology, and now they get 83 percent.
77
303000
4000
采用了这种高新科技之后，他们可以考到八十三分。
05:23
So the principal looks at it and says,
78
307000
2000
结果校长看了以后说：
05:25
3 percent for 300,000 dollars? Forget it.
79
309000
3000
三十万美元就换来百分之三的提高？算了吧。
05:28
If you took the same technology and piloted it into one of those remote schools,
80
312000
5000
如果将同样的技术运用在那些偏远地区的学校里，
05:33
where the score was 30 percent, and, let's say, took that up to 40 percent --
81
317000
5000
让学生的分数从三十分提高到，比如，四十分，
05:38
that will be a completely different thing.
82
322000
2000
那就完全是另一回事了。
05:40
So the relative change that ET, Educational Technology, would make,
83
324000
4000
这样，教育科技，
05:44
would be far greater at the bottom of the pyramid than at the top,
84
328000
3000
在金字塔底部所能发挥的作用，比在顶端的效果更为显著。
05:47
but we seem to be doing it the other way about.
85
331000
3000
但是，我们却反其道而行之。
05:50
So I came to this conclusion that ET should reach
86
334000
3000
于是，我得出结论：教育科技
05:53
the underprivileged first, not the other way about.
87
337000
3000
应当首先照顾弱势群体，而不是优势群体。
05:56
And finally came the question of, how do you tackle teacher perception?
88
340000
3000
最终的问题是，如何转变教师的思想观念？
05:59
Whenever you go to a teacher and show them some technology,
89
343000
2000
当你向一位老师展示某样新科技，
06:01
the teacher's first reaction is,
90
345000
2000
她（他）的第一反应肯定是：
06:03
you cannot replace a teacher with a machine -- it's impossible.
91
347000
6000
你不能用一台机器来取代老师 -- 绝对不可能。
06:09
I don't know why it's impossible, but, even for a moment,
92
353000
2000
我不知道为什么不可能，但是，
06:11
if you did assume that it's impossible -- I have a quotation from Sir Arthur C. Clarke,
93
355000
5000
即使你认为这不可能 -- 我想引用Sir Arthur C. Clarke的一句话，
06:16
the science fiction writer whom I met in Colombo,
94
360000
4000
他是我在斯里兰卡首都科伦坡遇到的一位科幻小说作家，
06:20
and he said something which completely solves this problem.
95
364000
4000
他的这句话回答了这个问题。
06:24
He said a teacher than can be replaced by a machine, should be.
96
368000
6000
他说，如果一个老师连机器都不如，那么就该被机器代替。
06:30
So, you know, it puts the teacher into a tough bind, you have to think.
97
374000
6000
这就给老师们敲响了警钟，你得伤脑筋了。
06:36
Anyway, so I'm proposing that an alternative primary education,
98
380000
3000
总之，我认为我们需要一套选择性初等教育，
06:39
whatever alternative you want, is required where schools don't exist,
99
383000
5000
这种教育方式满足各种需求，帮助没有学校、
06:44
where schools are not good enough, where teachers are not available
100
388000
3000
学校条件差、教师资源缺乏、
06:47
or where teachers are not good enough, for whatever reason.
101
391000
3000
或是师资质量不够好的地区，应对各种情况。
06:50
If you happen to live in a part of the world where none of this applies,
102
394000
4000
如果你所在的地区不符合上述任何情况，
06:54
then you don't need an alternative education.
103
398000
2000
那么你就不需要这样的补救措施了。
06:56
So far I haven't come across such an area, except for one case. I won't name the area,
104
400000
6000
到目前为止，我只见到过一个地方不属于那些情况。是哪我就不说了。
07:02
but somewhere in the world people said, we don't have this problem,
105
406000
3000
总之，在这么一个地方，有人告诉我，这里没有这些个问题，
07:05
because we have perfect teachers and perfect schools.
106
409000
4000
因为我们的老师和学校都是十全十美的。
07:09
There are such areas, but -- anyway, I'd never heard that anywhere else.
107
413000
6000
这样的地方的确存在，但是 -- 我在其他地方从来没有听人这么说过。
07:15
I'm going to talk about children and self-organization,
108
419000
3000
我现在来谈谈儿童与自我组织能力，
07:18
and a set of experiments which sort of led to this idea
109
422000
4000
以及一系列实验
07:22
of what might an alternative education be like.
110
426000
4000
来阐释什么是选择性教学。
07:26
They're called the hole-in-the-wall experiments.
111
430000
2000
这些实验被称为“墙中洞实验”。
07:28
I'll have to really rush through this. They're a set of experiments.
112
432000
5000
我必须一口气把它介绍完。这是一系列实验。
07:33
The first one was done in New Delhi in 1999.
113
437000
6000
第一个实验是1999年在新德里进行的。
07:39
And what we did over there was pretty much simple.
114
443000
4000
我们在那里的工作非常简单。
07:43
I had an office in those days which bordered a slum, an urban slum,
115
447000
4000
我当时的办公室在一个城市贫民窟旁边，
07:47
so there was a dividing wall between our office and the urban slum.
116
451000
4000
办公室和贫民窟之间隔着一道墙。
07:51
They cut a hole inside that wall --
117
455000
2000
墙上开了一个洞 --
07:53
which is how it has got the name hole-in-the-wall --
118
457000
2000
顾名思义"墙中洞" --
07:55
and put a pretty powerful PC into that hole, sort of embedded into the wall
119
459000
5000
在洞里安装一台强大的个人电脑，电脑就这样被嵌在墙上。
08:00
so that its monitor was sticking out at the other end,
120
464000
3000
它的监视器从墙的另一侧露出来，
08:03
a touchpad similarly embedded into the wall,
121
467000
3000
一个触控平板也被嵌在墙上，
08:06
put it on high-speed Internet, put the Internet Explorer there,
122
470000
6000
电脑链接着高速互联网，上面还有网络浏览器，
08:12
put it on Altavista.com -- in those days -- and just left it there.
123
476000
3000
连接上了当时热门的网站Altavista.com -- 然后守株待兔。
08:15
And this is what we saw.
124
479000
5000
这是当时的情景。
08:20
So that was my office in IIT. Here's the hole-in-the-wall.
125
484000
9000
那是我的办公室。那个就是“墙中洞”。
08:29
About eight hours later, we found this kid.
126
493000
6000
大概过了八个小时，我们发现了这个孩子。
08:35
To the right is this eight-year-old child who --
127
499000
5000
右边的那个孩子八岁大 --
08:40
and to his left is a six-year-old girl, who is not very tall.
128
504000
5000
他旁边的小个子女孩是六岁。
08:45
And what he was doing was, he was teaching her to browse.
129
509000
4000
他正在教她如何浏览网页。
08:49
So it sort of raised more questions than it answered.
130
513000
5000
这个情形非但没有解答疑惑，反而提出了更多新问题。
08:54
Is this real? Does the language matter,
131
518000
2000
这可能吗？语言不通会成问题吗，
08:56
because he's not supposed to know English?
132
520000
2000
因为他不懂英语啊？
08:58
Will the computer last, or will they break it and steal it
133
522000
3000
这台电脑能在那保存多久？他们会把它拆下来偷走吗？
09:01
-- and did anyone teach them?
134
525000
2000
-- 有其他人事先教过他们吗？
09:03
The last question is what everybody said, but you know,
135
527000
2000
最后这个问题都把我们问住了，
09:05
I mean, they must have poked their head over the wall
136
529000
2000
他们肯定要把头伸到墙的另一头
09:07
and asked the people in your office,
137
531000
2000
来问办公室里的人
09:09
can you show me how to do it, and then somebody taught him.
138
533000
3000
你能教我怎么操作吗，然后才会有人教他们。
09:12
So I took the experiment out of Delhi and repeated it,
139
536000
3000
于是，我离开德里，到其他地方进行同样的实验。
09:15
this time in a city called Shivpuri in the center of India,
140
539000
6000
这一次我们来到印度中部城市Chifpuri*。
09:21
where I was assured that nobody had ever taught anybody anything.
141
545000
5000
我听说所有当地人都是自学成才的。
09:26
(Laughter)
142
550000
4000
（笑声）
09:30
So it was a warm day, and the hole in the wall
143
554000
5000
当天天气很热，“墙中洞”
09:35
was on that decrepit old building. This is the first kid who came there;
144
559000
5000
被开在那座斑驳的老建筑上。这是第一个靠近的孩子。
09:40
he later on turned out to be a 13-year-old school dropout.
145
564000
2000
他后来在13岁的时候辍学了。
09:42
He came there and he started to fiddle around with the touchpad.
146
566000
6000
他走过来，开始随意摆弄触控板。
09:48
Very quickly, he noticed that when he moves his finger on the touchpad
147
572000
3000
很快，他注意到，当手指在触控板上滑动时，
09:51
something moves on the screen --
148
575000
1000
屏幕上的一个东西也在跟着动 --
09:52
and later on he told me, "I have never seen a television
149
576000
3000
后来他告诉我，我从来没有见过
09:55
where you can do something."
150
579000
1000
这样一台能够受人摆弄的电视机。
09:56
So he figured that out. It took him over two minutes
151
580000
3000
他找出规律了。只花了两分钟，
09:59
to figure out that he was doing things to the television.
152
583000
3000
他就明白了自己在控制这台电视机。
10:02
And then, as he was doing that, he made an accidental click
153
586000
3000
正当这时，他不小心点击了
10:05
by hitting the touchpad -- you'll see him do that.
154
589000
7000
触控板 -- 你们可以在屏幕上看到。
10:12
He did that, and the Internet Explorer changed page.
155
596000
6000
他点击了触控板，结果网络浏览器变换了网页。
10:18
Eight minutes later, he looked from his hand to the screen,
156
602000
4000
八分钟以后，他看了看手，又看了看屏幕，
10:22
and he was browsing: he was going back and forth.
157
606000
4000
他正在浏览网页：游刃有余。
10:26
When that happened, he started calling all the neighborhood children,
158
610000
5000
接着，他开始把邻居家的孩子招来，
10:31
like, children would come and see what's happening over here.
159
615000
7000
这些孩子都过来凑热闹。
10:38
And by the evening of that day, 70 children were all browsing.
160
622000
4000
到了傍晚，共有70个孩子在上网。
10:42
So eight minutes and an embedded computer
161
626000
4000
这样看来，在这个地方我们只需
10:46
seemed to be all that we needed there.
162
630000
4000
八分钟的时间和一台嵌入式电脑就足够了。
10:50
So we thought that this is what was happening:
163
634000
3000
我们得出这样的结论：
10:53
that children in groups can self-instruct themselves
164
637000
3000
一群儿童能够使用电脑和网络
10:56
to use a computer and the Internet. But under what circumstances?
165
640000
8000
进行自我教学。但是，这需要哪些条件呢？
11:04
At this time there was a -- the main question was about English.
166
648000
6000
现在，我们主要的问题在于英语。
11:10
People said, you know, you really ought to have this in Indian languages.
167
654000
4000
有人说，你们应该弄个印度语版本的电脑和网络，
11:14
So I said, have what, shall I translate the Internet
168
658000
3000
我说，什么，要我把整个互联网
11:17
into some Indian language? That's not possible.
169
661000
3000
翻译成印度语？那怎么可能。
11:20
So, it has to be the other way about.
170
664000
2000
所以，必须想出另一个办法。
11:22
But let's see, how do the children tackle the English language?
171
666000
4000
我们来看看，这些孩子们是怎么克服不会英语这一难题的。
11:26
I took the experiment out to northeastern India,
172
670000
3000
这一次的实验被放在印度东部
11:29
to a village called Madantusi,
173
673000
2000
一个叫做Madantusi的村庄。
11:31
where, for some reason, there was no English teacher,
174
675000
4000
这里，不知为什么，没有英文教师，
11:35
so the children had not learned English at all.
175
679000
3000
这里的孩子一点英文都不懂。
11:38
And I built a similar hole-in-the-wall.
176
682000
4000
我设了一个“墙中洞”。
11:42
One big difference in the villages, as opposed to the urban slums:
177
686000
2000
与城市中的贫民窟不同的是，在这个村里，
11:44
there were more girls than boys who came to the kiosk.
178
688000
4000
来看“墙中洞”的女孩比男孩多。
11:48
In the urban slums, the girls tend to stay away.
179
692000
4000
而在城市贫民窟，女孩们通常躲得远远的。
11:52
I left the computer there with lots of CDs -- I didn't have any Internet --
180
696000
5000
我把一些CD撂在电脑那里 -- 没有连接网络 --
11:57
and came back three months later.
181
701000
4000
过了三个月再回来。
12:01
So when I came back there, I found these two kids,
182
705000
4000
我回来之后，看到这两个孩子。
12:05
eight- and 12-year-olds, who were playing a game on the computer.
183
709000
4000
一个八岁，一个十二岁，他们在用电脑打游戏。
12:09
And as soon as they saw me they said,
184
713000
4000
他们一看到我就说：
12:13
"We need a faster processor and a better mouse."
185
717000
3000
“我们需要一个更快的处理器和一个好一点的鼠标。”
12:16
(Laughter)
186
720000
4000
(笑声)
12:20
I was real surprised.
187
724000
2000
我大吃一惊。
12:22
You know, how on earth did they know all this?
188
726000
3000
他们到底怎么琢磨出来的啊？
12:25
And they said, "Well, we've picked it up from the CDs."
189
729000
2000
他们说，咳，我们就是跟CD学的。
12:27
So I said, "But how did you understand what's going on over there?"
190
731000
3000
我又问，但是你们怎么明白上面说的是什么呢？
12:30
So they said, "Well, you've left this machine
191
734000
2000
他们说，你把这台机器放在这里，
12:32
which talks only in English, so we had to learn English."
192
736000
3000
它只显示英语，那我们就只好去学英语啦。
12:35
So then I measured, and they were using 200 English words with each other
193
739000
4000
后来我数了一下，他们大约用了两百的英文单词，你教我，我教你
12:39
-- mispronounced, but correct usage --
194
743000
3000
-- 虽然单词的发音不标准，但是，他们都用对了 --
12:42
words like exit, stop, find, save, that kind of thing,
195
746000
6000
像退出，停止，找到，保存，这些字眼，
12:48
not only to do with the computer but in their day-to-day conversations.
196
752000
3000
他们不仅在玩电脑的时候使用，而且还把它们用在日常对话中。
12:51
So, Madantusi seemed to show that language is not a barrier;
197
755000
4000
由此看来，Madantusi 的孩子们似乎证明了，语言并不是一个障碍。
12:55
in fact they may be able to teach themselves the language
198
759000
2000
他们实际上有能力自学新的语言，
12:57
if they really wanted to.
199
761000
3000
只要他们真的想学。
13:00
Finally, I got some funding to try this experiment out
200
764000
5000
终于，我筹到了足够的资金来做这个实验，
13:05
to see if these results are replicable, if they happen everywhere else.
201
769000
4000
看看在其它地方，会不会得到相同的结果。
13:09
India is a good place to do such an experiment in,
202
773000
3000
印度是做这个实验的好地方，
13:12
because we have all the ethnic diversities, all the -- you know,
203
776000
3000
因为，我们这里集合了民族多样性，
13:15
the genetic diversity, all the racial diversities,
204
779000
3000
基因多样性，种族多样性，
13:18
and also all the socio-economic diversities.
205
782000
2000
另外，还有社会经济多样性。
13:20
So, I could actually choose samples to cover a cross section
206
784000
5000
所以，我可以找到能够代表
13:25
that would cover practically the whole world.
207
789000
4000
世界各地情况的实验样本。
13:29
So I did this for almost five years, and this experiment
208
793000
4000
我在上面花了近五年的时间，这项实验
13:33
really took us all the way across the length and breadth of India.
209
797000
3000
带我们走边了印度的各个角落。
13:36
This is the Himalayas. Up in the north, very cold.
210
800000
3000
这里是喜马拉雅山区，在最北边，天寒地冻。
13:39
I also had to check or invent an engineering design
211
803000
3000
我必须找到或者开发一种合理的布局，
13:42
which would survive outdoors, and I was using regular, normal PCs,
212
806000
4000
它能让我使用的普通电脑适应各种户外条件，
13:46
so I needed different climates, for which India is also great,
213
810000
3000
我需要在各种气候条件下做实验，印度正好满足了我，
13:49
because we have very cold, very hot, and so on.
214
813000
3000
因为我们的有寒冷的气候，又有很热的气候。
13:52
This is the desert to the west. Near the Pakistan border.
215
816000
12000
这里是西部沙漠，靠近巴基斯坦边境。
14:04
And you see here a little clip of -- one of these villages --
216
828000
4000
这里有一小段视频 -- 其中一个村庄 --
14:08
the first thing that these children did was to find a website
217
832000
3000
这些孩子所做的第一件事便是找到一个网站
14:11
to teach themselves the English alphabet.
218
835000
4000
来自学英文字母。
14:15
Then to central India -- very warm, moist, fishing villages,
219
839000
4000
这是印度中部的一个渔村，这里气候闷热，
14:19
where humidity is a very big killer of electronics.
220
843000
4000
很可能让电子设备出故障。
14:23
So we had to solve all the problems we had
221
847000
3000
在没有空调，电力供应不足的情况下，
14:26
without air conditioning and with very poor power,
222
850000
2000
我们必须想办法克服所有困难。
14:28
so most of the solutions that came out used little blasts of air
223
852000
5000
最后，我们用风扇
14:33
put at the right places to keep the machines running.
224
857000
3000
作为动力带动机器的运转。
14:36
I want to just cut this short. We did this over and over again.
225
860000
5000
我想长话短说。我们在各个地方都做了同样的实验。
14:41
This sequence is also nice. This is a small child, a six-year-old,
226
865000
4000
这次实验很有成效。这是一个六岁的小男孩，
14:45
telling his eldest sister what to do.
227
869000
2000
他在教自己的姐姐。
14:47
And this happens very often with these computers,
228
871000
2000
一个年纪小的孩子用电脑
14:49
that the younger children are found teaching the older ones.
229
873000
6000
教比自己年纪大的孩子，这种情况比比皆是。
14:55
What did we find? We found that six- to 13-year-olds can self-instruct
230
879000
5000
结论是什么？我们发现，六岁到十三岁的孩子
15:00
in a connected environment,
231
884000
2000
能够在群体中自我教学,
15:02
irrespective of anything that we could measure.
232
886000
5000
但原因尚未明确。
15:07
So if they have access to the computer, they will teach themselves, including intelligence.
233
891000
5000
只要他们面前放着电脑，他们就能自我教学，包括学习智能信息。
15:12
I couldn't find a single correlation with anything, but it had to be in groups.
234
896000
5000
我找不出任何原因，但知道这必须发生在群体中。
15:17
And that may be of great, you know, interest to this group,
235
901000
4000
这对这个群体来说可能十分有利
15:21
because all of you are talking about groups.
236
905000
2000
因为你们大家都属于某个群体。
15:23
So here was the power of what a group of children can do,
237
907000
4000
现在大家看到一群孩子能够做什么了，
15:27
if you lift the adult intervention.
238
911000
3000
即使没有大人的干预。
15:30
Just a quick idea of the measurements.
239
914000
4000
我再简单介绍一下测量的方法。
15:34
We took standard statistical techniques, so I'm going to not talk about that.
240
918000
4000
我们使用的是标准数据统计技术，在这里就不多讲了。
15:38
But we got a clean learning curve,
241
922000
3000
我们绘制了一个清晰的学习进度曲线图，
15:41
almost exactly the same as what you would get in a school.
242
925000
3000
这和学生在学校里的学习进度几乎是一样的。
15:44
I'll leave it at that,
243
928000
2000
我就不多解释了，
15:46
because, I mean, it sort of says it all, doesn't it?
244
930000
3000
因为，这都一目了然了，不是吗？
15:49
What could they learn to do?
245
933000
2000
孩子们能自学什么？
15:51
Basic Windows functions, browsing, painting, chatting and email,
246
935000
5000
基本的操作，浏览，画图，聊天，电子邮件，
15:56
games and educational material, music downloads, playing video.
247
940000
3000
游戏，教学资料，下载音乐，播放视频。
15:59
In short, what all of us do.
248
943000
2000
一句话，我们会做的，他们都会。
16:01
And over 300 children will become computer literate
249
945000
4000
一台电脑在短短六个月时间里，能使超过三百名儿童
16:05
and be able to do all of these things in six months with one computer.
250
949000
5000
学会使用电脑和所有操作。
16:10
So, how do they do that?
251
954000
1000
他们怎么办到的呢？
16:11
If you calculated the actual time of access,
252
955000
2000
如果你对他们的使用时间进行计算，
16:13
it would work out to minutes per day,
253
957000
2000
会发现，平均每天才有几分钟时间。
16:15
so that's not how it's happening.
254
959000
2000
所以这不能说明什么。
16:17
What you have, actually, is there is one child operating the computer.
255
961000
5000
实际情况是，一个孩子在操纵电脑，
16:22
And surrounding him are usually three other children,
256
966000
2000
他身边，有三四个孩子围着看，
16:24
who are advising him on what they should do.
257
968000
4000
告诉他该干什么。
16:28
If you test them, all four will get the same scores in whatever you ask them.
258
972000
4000
如果你测试他们，这四个孩子会得到同样的分数，不管回答什么问题。
16:32
Around these four are usually a group of about 16 children,
259
976000
4000
而围着这四个孩子的其他十六个孩子
16:36
who are also advising, usually wrongly,
260
980000
3000
也在提建议，但是
16:39
about everything that's going on on the computer.
261
983000
3000
他们对电脑操作建议往往是错的。
16:42
And all of them also will clear a test given on that subject.
262
986000
5000
他们的测试结果也是相同的。
16:47
So they are learning as much by watching as they learn by doing.
263
991000
4000
所以，他们通过旁观也学到了同样的学习效果。
16:51
It seems counter-intuitive to adult learning,
264
995000
3000
这看起来跟成人的学习方法相去甚远，
16:54
but remember, eight-year-olds live in a society
265
998000
2000
但是，别忘了，八岁的孩子们
16:56
where most of the time they are told, don't do this,
266
1000000
4000
生活在一个不由他们自己做决定的社会中，
17:00
you know, don't touch the whiskey bottle.
267
1004000
2000
比如当大人说，不许碰那瓶威士忌，
17:02
So what does the eight-year-old do?
268
1006000
2000
一个八岁的孩子会怎么做呢？
17:04
He observes very carefully how a whiskey bottle should be touched.
269
1008000
4000
他会仔细观察大人是怎么拿那瓶威士忌的。
17:08
And if you tested him,
270
1012000
1000
如果你测试他，
17:09
he would answer every question correctly on that topic.
271
1013000
2000
他能过正确回答每一个关于这个话题的问题。
17:11
So, they seem to be able to acquire very quickly.
272
1015000
6000
他们似乎学得很快。
17:17
So what was the conclusion over the six years of work?
273
1021000
3000
那么，这长达六年的研究告诉我们什么呢？
17:20
It was that primary education can happen on its own,
274
1024000
4000
它告诉我们，初等教育可以通过自学完成，
17:24
or parts of it can happen on its own.
275
1028000
2000
或者说，在一定程度上是这样的。
17:26
It does not have to be imposed from the top downwards.
276
1030000
4000
不一定非要至上而下灌输。
17:30
It could perhaps be a self-organizing system, so that was
277
1034000
6000
可以通过一套自主选择的系统，
17:36
the second bit that I wanted to tell you,
278
1040000
2000
这也就是我想说的第二点，
17:38
that children can self-organize and attain an educational objective.
279
1042000
4000
儿童可以通过自我学习实现某个教学目标。
17:42
The third piece was on values, and again, to put it very briefly,
280
1046000
6000
第三点和价值观有关系，简单的说，
17:48
I conducted a test over 500 children spread across all over India,
281
1052000
4000
我给印度各地超过五百名儿童做过一个测试。
17:52
and asked them -- I gave them about 68 different
282
1056000
3000
我问他们 -- 我给他们大约68个
17:55
values-oriented questions and simply asked them their opinions.
283
1059000
4000
关于价值观的问题，简单问了他们的观点。
17:59
We got all sorts of opinions. Yes, no or I don't know.
284
1063000
4000
他们的回答各种各样：对，错，或者我不知道。
18:03
I simply took those questions where I got 50 percent yeses and 50 percent noes --
285
1067000
6000
有一些地方，百分之五十的问题回答对，另外百分之五十回答错，
18:09
so I was able to get a collection of 16 such statements.
286
1073000
4000
我从中找出16句这样的回答。
18:13
These were areas where the children were clearly confused,
287
1077000
4000
有些地方的孩子对价值观的看法有些混乱
18:17
because half said yes and half said no.
288
1081000
2000
因为他们一半人说对，一半人说错。
18:19
A typical example being, "Sometimes it is necessary to tell lies."
289
1083000
4000
一个很典型的问题是：有时候，说谎是必要的。
18:23
They don't have a way to determine which way to answer this question;
290
1087000
5000
他们无法回答这个问题；
18:28
perhaps none of us do.
291
1092000
3000
也许我们也不知道答案。
18:31
So I leave you with this third question.
292
1095000
2000
我把第三个问题留给大家。
18:33
Can technology alter the acquisition of values?
293
1097000
4000
科技能够改变价值观的习得吗？
18:37
Finally, self-organizing systems,
294
1101000
2000
最后一点，自我教学系统，
18:39
about which, again, I won't say too much
295
1103000
2000
我不会多说，
18:41
because you've been hearing all about it.
296
1105000
4000
因为我已经说了很多了。
18:45
Natural systems are all self-organizing:
297
1109000
2000
自然界的各个系统都是有自成体系的：
18:47
galaxies, molecules, cells, organisms, societies --
298
1111000
3000
星系，分子，细胞，有机体，社会 --
18:50
except for the debate about an intelligent designer.
299
1114000
2000
智能设计虽然有争议
18:52
But at this point in time, as far as science goes,
300
1116000
3000
但是从目前看来，只要随着科学的发展，
18:55
it's self-organization.
301
1119000
2000
它还是自成体系的。
18:57
But other examples are traffic jams, stock market, society
302
1121000
3000
更多的例子有堵车，股市，
19:00
and disaster recovery, terrorism and insurgency.
303
1124000
6000
社会和灾后重建，恐怖主义和暴乱。
19:06
And you know about the Internet-based self-organizing systems.
304
1130000
4000
还有你们熟知的以互联网为基础的自我运行体系。
19:10
So here are my four sentences then.
305
1134000
2000
这是我的四点总结。
19:12
Remoteness affects the quality of education.
306
1136000
4000
偏远程度影响教学质量。
19:16
Educational technology should be introduced into remote areas first,
307
1140000
6000
我们应当首先在偏远地区引入教育科技，
19:22
and other areas later.
308
1146000
3000
然后再到其它地区。
19:25
Values are acquired; doctrine and dogma are imposed --
309
1149000
6000
价值观是后天习得的；教条是被灌输的 --
19:31
the two opposing mechanisms.
310
1155000
2000
这两者的本质是相反的。
19:33
And learning is most likely a self-organizing system.
311
1157000
5000
学习近似于一个有自我组织性的系统。
19:38
If you put all the four together, then it gives -- according to me --
312
1162000
5000
把这四句话放在一起 -- 我认为 --
19:43
it gives us a goal, a vision, for educational technology.
313
1167000
4000
这让我们为教育科技树立了一个目标，一个远景：
19:47
An educational technology and pedagogy that is digital, automatic,
314
1171000
6000
那就是数码化，自动化，容许出错，
19:53
fault-tolerant, minimally invasive, connected and self-organized.
315
1177000
6000
最低干扰，连接网络，自成一体的教育科技和教学方法。
19:59
As educationists, we have never asked for technology; we keep borrowing it.
316
1183000
4000
作为教育工作者，我们从来没有要求使用教育科技；我们只是一直在借用科技。
20:03
PowerPoint is supposed to be considered a great educational technology,
317
1187000
4000
幻灯片是很好的教育科技，
20:07
but it was not meant for education, it was meant for making boardroom presentations.
318
1191000
4000
但是它不专为教育服务，它的本意是用来做会议展示的。
20:11
We borrowed it. Video conferencing. The personal computer itself.
319
1195000
4000
我们把它借用过来。另外我们还借用了视频会议技术和个人电脑。
20:15
I think it's time that the educationists made their own specs,
320
1199000
3000
我认为教育工作者们是时候拥有属于自己的远见了，
20:18
and I have such a set of specs. This is a brief look at that.
321
1202000
4000
我就有一些这样的远见。在此简单浏览一下。
20:22
And such a set of specs should produce the technology
322
1206000
4000
这些远见应当制造出
20:26
to address remoteness, values and violence.
323
1210000
3000
能够解决偏远问题，价值观问题和暴力问题的科技。
20:29
So I thought I'd give it a name -- why don't we call it "outdoctrination."
324
1213000
6000
我给它起了个名字 -- 就叫它 “教条冲破体系”。
20:35
And could this be a goal for educational technology in the future?
325
1219000
5000
我们能否把它作为教育科技将来的发展目标？
20:40
So I want to leave that as a thought with you.
326
1224000
3000
我想把它留给大家来做决定。
20:43
Thank you.
327
1227000
1000
谢谢各位。
20:44
(Applause)
328
1228000
6000
（热烈掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sugata Mitra - Education researcherEducational researcher Sugata Mitra is the winner of the 2013 TED Prize. His wish: Build a School in the Cloud, where children can explore and learn from one another.
Why you should listen
In 1999, Sugata Mitra and his colleagues dug a hole in a wall bordering an urban slum in New Delhi, installed an Internet-connected PC and left it there, with a hidden camera filming the area. What they saw: kids from the slum playing with the computer and, in the process, learning how to use it -- then teaching each other. These famed “Hole in the Wall” experiments demonstrated that, in the absence of supervision and formal teaching, children can teach themselves and each other -- if they’re motivated by curiosity. Mitra, now a professor of educational technology at Newcastle University, called it "minimally invasive education."
Mitra thinks self-organized learning will shape the future of education. At TED2013, he made a bold TED Prize wish: Help me build a School in the Cloud where children can explore and learn on their own -- and teach one another -- using resouces from the worldwide cloud.
The School in the Cloud now includes seven physical locations -- five in India and two in the UK. At the same time, the School in the Cloud online platform lets students participate anywhere, with partner learning labs and programs in countries like Colombia, Pakistan and Greece. In 2016, Mitra held the first School in the Cloud conference in India. He shared that more than 16,000 SOLE sessions had taken place so far, with kids all around the world dipping their toes in this new education model.
Sugata Mitra | Speaker | TED.com