TEDGlobal 2013
Chrystia Freeland: The rise of the new global super-rich
克里斯蒂娅•弗里兰: 世界新富豪之兴起
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高端的技术正在日新月异地发展，经济失衡也越演越烈，作家克里斯蒂娅•弗里兰称。在这激动人心的演讲中，她描述了正在崛起的一代新富豪(极端的财富赋予他们极端的势力)，同时阐述了全球化和技术革新不但没有缩小贫富差距，反而加剧了贫富悬殊。 Freeland 阐述了富豪统治的三个问题以及一线希望。
Chrystia Freeland - Plutocracy chronicler
In "Plutocrats," Chrystia Freeland explores the growing gap between the working poor and the increasingly disconnected mega-rich. Full bio
In "Plutocrats," Chrystia Freeland explores the growing gap between the working poor and the increasingly disconnected mega-rich. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
So here's the most important economic fact of our time.
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当今最重要的经济现状是
00:17
We are living in an age of surging income inequality,
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我们生活在一个收入差异加巨的年代
00:21
particularly between those at the very top
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特别是处于顶层的人士收入远高于
00:24
and everyone else.
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其它阶层
00:26
This shift is the most striking in the U.S. and in the U.K.,
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这种现象在英美最为显著
00:30
but it's a global phenomenon.
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但全球皆然
00:32
It's happening in communist China,
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包括社会主义制度的中国
00:35
in formerly communist Russia,
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前共产主义苏联
00:36
it's happening in India, in my own native Canada.
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印度和我的祖国加拿大
00:40
We're even seeing it in cozy social democracies
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甚至在最适宜居住的社会民主国家
00:43
like Sweden, Finland and Germany.
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像瑞典，芬兰和德国都是如此
00:46
Let me give you a few numbers to place what's happening.
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我以几个数字为例，大家就会明白
00:50
In the 1970s, the One Percent
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在70年代的美国
00:53
accounted for about 10 percent of the national income
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(最富有的)1%的人的所得
00:57
in the United States.
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占据了10%的国民收入
00:59
Today, their share has more than doubled
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如今，这部分人的收入占有率增加了一倍多
01:02
to above 20 percent.
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超过20%
01:05
But what's even more striking
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更让人震惊的是
01:07
is what's happening at the very tippy top
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顶层中的顶层们
01:10
of the income distribution.
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的收入分配
01:12
The 0.1 percent in the U.S.
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那0.1%尖端人士
01:15
today account for more than eight percent
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拥有全美8%以上的
01:18
of the national income.
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国民收入
01:20
They are where the One Percent was 30 years ago.
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这是30年前顶端1%的占有率
01:24
Let me give you another number to put that in perspective,
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让我再举一个数字来审视这个问题
01:27
and this is a figure that was calculated in 2005
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这是2005年的统计数据
01:31
by Robert Reich,
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由Robert Reich 提供
01:32
the Secretary of Labor in the Clinton administration.
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他是克林顿政府的劳工部长
01:35
Reich took the wealth of two admittedly very rich men,
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Reich以两个无可厚非的巨富
01:40
Bill Gates and Warren Buffett,
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比尔.盖茨和沃伦.巴菲特的财富为例
01:43
and he found that it was equivalent to the wealth
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发现这个总和
01:46
of the bottom 40 percent of the U.S. population,
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相当于全美最底层的40%的全部财富
01:51
120 million people.
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即1.2亿人的总和
01:53
Now, as it happens,
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碰巧的是
01:56
Warren Buffett is not only himself a plutocrat,
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沃伦 · 巴菲特不仅自己是个富豪
01:59
he is one of the most astute observers of that phenomenon,
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同时是此现象最敏锐的观察者之一
02:02
and he has his own favorite number.
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他有自己最偏好的数据
02:06
Buffett likes to point out that in 1992,
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巴菲特指出，在1992年
02:10
the combined wealth of the people
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福布斯400强
02:12
on the Forbes 400 list --
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的财富总和
02:14
and this is the list of the 400 richest Americans --
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即最富有的400个美国人
02:17
was 300 billion dollars.
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总价值3000 亿美金
02:20
Just think about it.
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试想一下
02:21
You didn't even need to be a billionaire
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不用十亿美金
02:23
to get on that list in 1992.
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你就可以在1992年跻身福布斯400强
02:26
Well, today, that figure has more than quintupled
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现如今这个数字翻了五倍多
02:30
to 1.7 trillion,
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达到1.7万亿美金
02:33
and I probably don't need to tell you
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不用我说大家便知
02:36
that we haven't seen anything similar happen
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类似的增长并没发生在
02:38
to the middle class,
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中产阶级身上
02:39
whose wealth has stagnated if not actually decreased.
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他们的财富增长不是停滞就是减少
02:44
So we're living in the age of the global plutocracy,
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我们生活在全球财阀统治的时代
02:48
but we've been slow to notice it.
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但却久久才意识到这一点
02:50
One of the reasons, I think,
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我认为其中一个原因
02:52
is a sort of boiled frog phenomenon.
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类似于"温水青蛙"现象
02:55
Changes which are slow and gradual
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缓慢和逐步的变化
02:57
can be hard to notice
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很难被注意到
02:59
even if their ultimate impact is quite dramatic.
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即使最终的结果是致命的
03:02
Think about what happened, after all, to the poor frog.
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想想那只青蛙悲惨的结局吧
03:05
But I think there's something else going on.
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但我认为还有别的原因
03:08
Talking about income inequality,
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当谈到收入不平等时
03:10
even if you're not on the Forbes 400 list,
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即使不是福布斯400 强之列的巨富
03:13
can make us feel uncomfortable.
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也会另人感到很不舒服
03:15
It feels less positive, less optimistic,
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好似用消极、悲观的态度
03:18
to talk about how the pie is sliced
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来谈论如何切分蛋糕
03:21
than to think about how to make the pie bigger.
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而不是积极想办法使这块蛋糕变大
03:24
And if you do happen to be on the Forbes 400 list,
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如果你有幸跻身福布斯400强
03:26
talking about income distribution,
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当讨论收入分配
03:29
and inevitably its cousin, income redistribution,
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以及随之而来的收入再分配时
03:33
can be downright threatening.
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你可能会有彻底的威胁感
03:35
So we're living in the age of surging income inequality,
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我们生活在收入不平等加剧的年代
03:40
especially at the top.
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尤其是在顶端人群中
03:42
What's driving it, and what can we do about it?
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这背后的动因是什么？我们又能做些什么？
03:45
One set of causes is political:
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其中之一是政治原因
03:49
lower taxes, deregulation, particularly of financial services,
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降低税收，放松管制，特别是对金融服务业
03:55
privatization, weaker legal protections for trade unions,
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私有化，削弱法律对工会的保护
04:00
all of these have contributed
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这一切都造成
04:02
to more and more income going to the very, very top.
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越来越多的收入集中到社会顶层
04:06
A lot of these political factors can be broadly lumped
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很多这些政治因素可以大致归结为
04:10
under the category of "crony capitalism,"
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"裙带资本主义"
04:13
political changes that benefit a group
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政治变革使得
04:15
of well-connected insiders
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密切相关的圈内人士直接受益
04:17
but don't actually do much good for the rest of us.
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而对一般人意义了了
04:21
In practice, getting rid of crony capitalism
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在实践中，铲除裙带资本主义
04:24
is incredibly difficult.
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是非常困难的
04:26
Think of all the years reformers of various stripes
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以俄罗斯为例，多年来有多少
04:30
have tried to get rid of corruption in Russia, for instance,
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改革派想尽办法铲除腐败
04:33
or how hard it is to re-regulate the banks
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力尽艰辛重整银行系统
04:36
even after the most profound financial crisis
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即使是在大萧条以来最严重的
04:40
since the Great Depression,
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金融危机之后，依然见效不大。
04:41
or even how difficult it is to get the big multinational companies,
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再有，要求那些大型跨国公司
04:46
including those whose motto might be "don't do evil,"
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包括一些口口声声宣扬"为善"的公司
04:50
to pay taxes at a rate even approaching that
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根据中产阶级的税率来纳税
04:53
paid by the middle class.
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是多么困难重重
04:55
But while getting rid of crony capitalism in practice
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但尽管在实践中根除裙带资本主义
04:58
is really, really hard,
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实属不易
05:00
at least intellectually, it's an easy problem.
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但至少从理智上讲，那是个简单的问题
05:03
After all, no one is actually in favor of crony capitalism.
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毕竟，没有人是真正支持裙带资本主义的
05:09
Indeed, this is one of those rare issues
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事实上这个问题
05:11
that unites the left and the right.
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罕见地统一了左派和右派
05:15
A critique of crony capitalism is as central
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批判裙带资本主义对茶党
05:17
to the Tea Party as it is to Occupy Wall Street.
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和占领华尔街派而言同样重要
05:22
But if crony capitalism is, intellectually at least,
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但如果裙带资本主义从理智上讲
05:26
the easy part of the problem,
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是比较容易解决的部分
05:28
things get trickier when you look at the economic drivers
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那么经济因素催成的贫富相差巨增
05:31
of surging income inequality.
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就变得更为繁杂
05:34
In and of themselves, these aren't too mysterious.
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就经济本身而言，并无特别神秘之处
05:38
Globalization and the technology revolution,
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但全球化和技术革命
05:41
the twin economic transformations
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这一对经济转型
05:44
which are changing our lives
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正在改变我们的生活
05:45
and transforming the global economy,
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改变着全球经济
05:47
are also powering the rise of the super-rich.
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也催成超级富豪的崛起
05:51
Just think about it.
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试想一下
05:52
For the first time in history,
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有史以来第一次,
05:54
if you are an energetic entrepreneur
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如果你是一个充满活力的企业家
05:57
with a brilliant new idea
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有一个绝妙的新点子
05:59
or a fantastic new product,
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或神奇的新产品
06:01
you have almost instant, almost frictionless access
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你可以立即顺利地
06:05
to a global market of more than a billion people.
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进入超过 10 亿人的全球市场
06:09
As a result, if you are very, very smart
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因此，如果你非常非常的聪明
06:13
and very, very lucky,
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又非常非常的幸运
06:14
you can get very, very rich
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你可以
06:17
very, very quickly.
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顺间变成富豪
06:20
The latest poster boy for this phenomenon
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这种现象的最新代言人
06:23
is David Karp.
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是大卫 · 卡普
06:25
The 26-year-old founder of Tumblr
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这个26岁的Tumblr 创始人
06:28
recently sold his company to Yahoo
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最近把他的公司卖给了雅虎
06:30
for 1.1 billion dollars.
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成交价11 亿美金
06:33
Think about that for a minute:
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好好想一下
06:35
1.1 billion dollars, 26 years old.
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11 亿美金，26 岁
06:39
It's easiest to see how the technology revolution
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不难发现，技术革命
06:43
and globalization are creating this sort of superstar effect
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和全球化是如何创造这种超级巨星效应
06:46
in highly visible fields,
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在人人可见的领域内
06:48
like sports and entertainment.
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如体育界和娱乐圈
06:51
We can all watch how a fantastic athlete
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我们都能看到那些出色的运动员
06:54
or a fantastic performer can today leverage his or her skills
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或明星利用他们的能力
06:58
across the global economy as never before.
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在全球市场创造前所未有的价值
07:02
But today, that superstar effect
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但如今，这种巨星效应
07:04
is happening across the entire economy.
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发生在整个经济体系中
07:07
We have superstar technologists.
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我们有巨星技术专家
07:09
We have superstar bankers.
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有巨星银行家
07:11
We have superstar lawyers and superstar architects.
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巨星律师和巨星建筑师
07:14
There are superstar cooks
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有巨星厨师
07:16
and superstar farmers.
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和巨星农场主
07:17
There are even, and this is my personal favorite example,
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甚至有我个人最喜欢的例子
07:20
superstar dentists,
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巨星牙医
07:22
the most dazzling exemplar of whom
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其中最耀眼的
07:24
is Bernard Touati, the Frenchman who ministers
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是这个法国牙医 Bernard Touati
07:27
to the smiles of fellow superstars
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他保障其他巨星们的露齿一笑
07:30
like Russian oligarch Roman Abramovich
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其中包括俄罗斯寡头阿布拉莫维奇
07:32
or European-born American fashion designer
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欧裔美国时装设计师
07:35
Diane von Furstenberg.
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黛安 · 冯 · 弗斯滕伯格
07:37
But while it's pretty easy to see how globalization
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尽管显而易见全球化
07:40
and the technology revolution
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和技术革命正在
07:42
are creating this global plutocracy,
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创造世界超富
07:45
what's a lot harder is figuring out what to think about it.
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难解的是如何看待这一现象
07:49
And that's because,
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因为
07:51
in contrast with crony capitalism,
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与裙带资本主义相反
07:53
so much of what globalization and the technology revolution
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全球化和技术革命
07:57
have done is highly positive.
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带来的收益多是积极向上的
07:59
Let's start with technology.
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我们先从技术说起
08:01
I love the Internet. I love my mobile devices.
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我爱互联网。也爱移动设备
08:05
I love the fact that they mean that
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我喜欢
08:06
whoever chooses to will be able to watch this talk
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不管是谁在什么地方都能选择观看这个演讲
08:10
far beyond this auditorium.
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远远超出这个礼堂的范围
08:12
I'm even more of a fan of globalization.
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我更是全球化的粉丝
08:15
This is the transformation
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这种转型
08:17
which has lifted hundreds of millions
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使数亿
08:20
of the world's poorest people out of poverty
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世界上最贫穷的人民摆脱贫困
08:23
and into the middle class,
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进入中产阶级
08:24
and if you happen to live in the rich part of the world,
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如果你碰巧住在发达国家
08:27
it's made many new products affordable --
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这种转型让许多新产品变得物美价廉-
08:31
who do you think built your iPhone? —
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想想是谁生产的你的 iPhone?—
08:33
and things that we've relied on for a long time much cheaper.
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我们依赖已久的物品变得越来越便宜
08:37
Think of your dishwasher or your t-shirt.
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看看你的洗碗机或是你的 t 恤
08:40
So what's not to like?
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那还有什么不喜欢的呢？
08:42
Well, a few things.
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确实有一些
08:44
One of the things that worries me
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我担心的事情之一
08:46
is how easily what you might call meritocratic plutocracy
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是任人唯才的富豪统治
08:50
can become crony plutocracy.
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很容易成为裙带富豪统治
08:53
Imagine you're a brilliant entrepreneur
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假设你是一位出色的企业家
08:56
who has successfully sold that idea or that product
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成功地向全球数十亿人
08:59
to the global billions
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销售了新产品或新点子
09:00
and become a billionaire in the process.
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并一下子成为亿万富翁
09:03
It gets tempting at that point
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此时你经不住诱惑
09:05
to use your economic nous
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使用你的经济常识去
09:08
to manipulate the rules of the global political economy
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操作全球政治经济的游戏规则
09:13
in your own favor.
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为自己谋取暴利
09:15
And that's no mere hypothetical example.
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这并不只是个假设
09:17
Think about Amazon, Apple, Google, Starbucks.
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看看亚马逊、 苹果、 谷歌、 星巴克
09:22
These are among the world's most admired,
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这些都是属于世界上最受尊敬
09:24
most beloved, most innovative companies.
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最受喜爱，最具创新性的公司
09:27
They also happen to be particularly adept
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他们特别擅长
09:29
at working the international tax system
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利用国际税制的差别避税
09:32
so as to lower their tax bill very, very significantly.
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大大降低税额
09:36
And why stop at just playing the global political
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那为什么不继续利用现有
09:41
and economic system as it exists
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全球化政治经济体系
09:43
to your own maximum advantage?
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来获得最大利益呢?
09:45
Once you have the tremendous economic power
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因为一旦你拥有巨大的经济实力
09:49
that we're seeing at the very, very top of the income distribution
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像那些处于收入分配顶端的富豪们
09:52
and the political power that inevitably entails,
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以及相关的政治权力
09:55
it becomes tempting as well
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开始尝试改变游戏规则
09:58
to start trying to change the rules of the game
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以谋私利的想法
10:02
in your own favor.
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就会变得非常诱人
10:04
Again, this is no mere hypothetical.
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再次重申，这绝不是假设
10:06
It's what the Russian oligarchs did
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正如俄罗斯寡头们
10:08
in creating the sale-of-the-century privatization
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在前所未有的私有化过程中
10:12
of Russia's natural resources.
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出卖俄罗斯天然资源的所作所为一样
10:14
It's one way of describing what happened
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这也描绘了英美两国
10:15
with deregulation of the financial services
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放松对金融服务业管制
10:17
in the U.S. and the U.K.
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所造成的后果
10:20
A second thing that worries me
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我担心的第二件事
10:22
is how easily meritocratic plutocracy
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就是任人唯才的富豪统治
10:24
can become aristocracy.
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很容易成为贵族统治
10:27
One way of describing the plutocrats
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形容这些富豪的一种方法
10:29
is as alpha geeks,
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可称他们为技术达人
10:31
and they are people who are acutely aware
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这些人敏锐地意识到
10:33
of how important highly sophisticated
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高度复杂的分析和计量能力
10:36
analytical and quantitative skills are in today's economy.
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在当今的经济社会是多么重要
10:40
That's why they are spending
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这就是为什么他们花
10:42
unprecedented time and resources
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大量的时间和金钱
10:45
educating their own children.
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在孩子的教育上
10:47
The middle class is spending more on schooling too,
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中产阶级们也在加大教育投资
10:50
but in the global educational arms race
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但在全球"教育军备竞赛"中
10:53
that starts at nursery school
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从幼儿园开始
10:54
and ends at Harvard, Stanford or MIT,
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到最终升入哈佛，斯坦福或麻省理工这样的顶尖大学
10:58
the 99 percent is increasingly outgunned
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99%的平民阶层
11:02
by the One Percent.
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越来越争不过那1%的特权子弟
11:03
The result is something that economists Alan Krueger
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结果就象经济学家艾伦 · 克鲁格
11:06
and Miles Corak call the Great Gatsby Curve.
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和迈尔斯.酷瑞克描绘的伟大的盖茨比曲线一样
11:10
As income inequality increases,
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随着收入失衡的增加
11:12
social mobility decreases.
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社会的流动性降低
11:15
The plutocracy may be a meritocracy,
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财阀统治可能是任人为才
11:18
but increasingly you have to be born
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但你必须出生在权贵之家
11:20
on the top rung of the ladder to even take part in that race.
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否则连参加角逐的机会都没有
11:25
The third thing, and this is what worries me the most,
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第三件事，也是我最担心的是
11:28
is the extent to which those same largely positive forces
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这股积极向上
11:32
which are driving the rise of the global plutocracy
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同时推动全球富豪崛起的力量
11:36
also happen to be hollowing out the middle class
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正在挖空西方发达国家
11:39
in Western industrialized economies.
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的中产阶级
11:42
Let's start with technology.
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我们先谈谈技术
11:44
Those same forces that are creating billionaires
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正在创造着亿万富翁的那股力量
11:47
are also devouring many traditional middle-class jobs.
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也在吞食许多传统的中产阶级的工作机会
11:51
When's the last time you used a travel agent?
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你最后一次使用旅行社是什么时候?
11:54
And in contrast with the industrial revolution,
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与工业革命相反
11:57
the titans of our new economy
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我们的新经济巨人
11:59
aren't creating that many new jobs.
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并沒有创造很多新的就业机会
12:02
At its zenith, G.M. employed hundreds of thousands,
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在其全盛时期，通用公司雇用数十万人
12:06
Facebook fewer than 10,000.
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而Facebook 的雇员少于一万
12:09
The same is true of globalization.
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全球化也正是如此
12:12
For all that it is raising hundreds of millions of people
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虽然它使数以百万计
12:15
out of poverty in the emerging markets,
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的发展中国家人民脱离贫困
12:17
it's also outsourcing a lot of jobs
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但它将西方国家中产阶级的工作机会
12:20
from the developed Western economies.
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向海外外包
12:22
The terrifying reality is
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更可怕的现实是
12:25
that there is no economic rule
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没有任何经济规则
12:27
which automatically translates
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能自动使
12:30
increased economic growth
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经济增长
12:32
into widely shared prosperity.
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转变成广泛共享的繁荣
12:34
That's shown in what I consider to be
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这体现了当今就我个人认为
12:37
the most scary economic statistic of our time.
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最可怕的经济统计数据.
12:41
Since the late 1990s, increases in productivity
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从九十年代后期，提高工作效率
12:45
have been decoupled from increases
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与增加工资
12:48
in wages and employment.
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和就业脱钩
12:49
That means that our countries are getting richer,
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这意味着，我们的国家越来越富有
12:52
our companies are getting more efficient,
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企业效率增长
12:55
but we're not creating more jobs
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但没有创造更多就业机会
12:57
and we're not paying people, as a whole, more.
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总体工资水平没有增加
13:01
One scary conclusion you could draw from all of this
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综上所述,可以得到一个可怕的结论
13:05
is to worry about structural unemployment.
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那就是令人担扰的结构性失业
13:09
What worries me more is a different nightmare scenario.
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更令我担忧的是一个不同的噩梦般的场景
13:13
After all, in a totally free labor market,
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毕竟，在一个完全自由的劳动力市场里
13:15
we could find jobs for pretty much everyone.
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几乎每个人都能找到工作
13:18
The dystopia that worries me
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但我担心这反乌托邦社会
13:20
is a universe in which a few geniuses
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由发明了谷歌的天才
13:24
invent Google and its ilk
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和其同党们统治
13:26
and the rest of us are employed giving them massages.
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其他受雇于他们的只是打杂
13:31
So when I get really depressed about all of this,
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所以当我为这一切沮丧之极时
13:34
I comfort myself in thinking about the Industrial Revolution.
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我总用工业革命来安慰自己
13:38
After all, for all its grim, satanic mills,
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毕竟，对于那些冷酷、魔鬼般的工厂
13:42
it worked out pretty well, didn't it?
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结果都还可以不是吗?
13:44
After all, all of us here are richer, healthier, taller --
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毕竟，我们现在都更富有、 更健康、更高大-
13:51
well, there are a few exceptions —
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当然有几个例外 —
13:53
and live longer than our ancestors in the early 19th century.
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我们比19 世纪初的祖先要长寿
13:58
But it's important to remember
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但要切记
14:01
that before we learned how to share the fruits
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在我们学会
14:04
of the Industrial Revolution
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与社会大众
14:05
with the broad swathes of society,
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分享工业革命的硕果之前
14:08
we had to go through two depressions,
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我们不得不经历两个经济萧条
14:11
the Great Depression of the 1930s,
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1859
20 世纪 30 年代的大萧条
14:13
the Long Depression of the 1870s,
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和19世纪70年代的长期萧条
14:16
two world wars, communist revolutions
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两次世界大战
14:19
in Russia and in China,
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俄罗斯和中国的共产革命,
14:21
and an era of tremendous social
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和西方社会
14:24
and political upheaval in the West.
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和政治极端动荡的时代
14:26
We also, not coincidentally,
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绝非巧合
14:29
went through an era of tremendous
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现在我们也正在经历一个
14:32
social and political inventions.
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社会和政治变革的时代
14:34
We created the modern welfare state.
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我们创建了现代福利国家
14:36
We created public education.
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我们创建了公众教育
14:38
We created public health care.
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我们创建了公共卫生保障系统
14:40
We created public pensions.
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我们创建了公共养老金
14:42
We created unions.
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我们还创建了工会
14:44
Today, we are living through an era
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今天，我们生活在一个
14:46
of economic transformation
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经济转型的时代,
14:48
comparable in its scale and its scope
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其规模和范围
14:51
to the Industrial Revolution.
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可与工业革命相提并论
14:54
To be sure that this new economy benefits us all
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要确保这一新经济造福天下
14:57
and not just the plutocrats,
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而不仅仅是使富豪们受益
14:59
we need to embark on an era
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我们需要非常
15:01
of comparably ambitious social and political change.
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大胆的社会和政治变革
15:05
We need a new New Deal.
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我们需要一个新政
15:07
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Chrystia Freeland - Plutocracy chroniclerIn "Plutocrats," Chrystia Freeland explores the growing gap between the working poor and the increasingly disconnected mega-rich.
Why you should listen
Author Chrystia Freeland looks under the hood of global capitalism to expose the technological, economic and structural inequalities pushing society in unforeseen directions. Along the way, she takes the temperature of a rising caste -- the super rich -- and shows how the creation of vast fortunes at the top hollow out the middle class in western industrialised countries. This rising income inequality, she argues, has a structural character, and is becoming a cultural and social issue, with consequences for social cohesion and social mobility.
Freeland began her career as an “accidental journalist” with frontline bulletins from the Ukraine in the heat of the Soviet collapse. She is now an editor at Thomson Reuters, and is frequently featured on media outlets ranging from the International Herald Tribune to The Colbert Report.
Chrystia Freeland | Speaker | TED.com