TEDxMidAtlantic
Anna Rothschild: Why you should love gross science
安娜 · 罗斯柴尔德: 为什么应该喜爱恶心的科学？
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我们可以从生命中黏滑，难闻的一面中学到什么呢？在这个幽默的演讲中，科学记者安娜 · 罗斯柴尔德向我们展示了恶心科学的潜在魅力，同时解释了为什么对自然，医学和科技中令人毛骨悚然的部分阻碍了我们接触健康和世界重要的知识资源。罗斯柴尔德说过：“当我们探索生命中恶心的一面时，就理解了未知的观念，甚至发现了从未发现的美丽。”
Anna Rothschild - Science journalist
Anna Rothschild makes videos about science for the young and the young at heart. Full bio
Anna Rothschild makes videos about science for the young and the young at heart. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Did you know that one
of the first fertility drugs
of the first fertility drugs
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你知道世界上第一例催孕药
00:16
was made from the pee of Catholic nuns,
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是用天主教修女的尿合成的，
00:21
and that even the Pope got involved?
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甚至与大主教也有关系？
00:24
So, this is totally true.
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这是真实的事件。
20世纪50年代，科学家们
发现当女人进入更年期时，
发现当女人进入更年期时，
00:25
Back in the 1950s, scientists knew
that when women enter menopause,
that when women enter menopause,
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她们的尿液中便开始
出现含量极高的生殖激素。
出现含量极高的生殖激素。
00:31
they start releasing high levels
of fertility hormones in their urine.
of fertility hormones in their urine.
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但有位布鲁诺 · 卢内费尔德医生
00:36
But there was this doctor
named Bruno Lunenfeld,
named Bruno Lunenfeld,
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想知道，他是否能
将那些激素从尿液中分离，
将那些激素从尿液中分离，
00:39
who wondered if he could actually
isolate those hormones from the urine
isolate those hormones from the urine
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并用其帮助不孕不育的妇女们。
00:43
and use it to help women
who are having trouble getting pregnant.
who are having trouble getting pregnant.
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问题很明显：为试验
这一想法，他需要搜集
这一想法，他需要搜集
00:46
Obviously, the problem with this
was that in order to test this idea,
was that in order to test this idea,
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00:50
he needed a lot of pee from older women.
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许多年长妇女的尿液。
00:55
And that is not an easy thing to find.
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然而那绝非易事。
00:57
So he and his colleagues
got special permission from the Pope
got special permission from the Pope
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他和他的同行获得了大主教的许可，
01:03
to collect gallons and gallons of urine
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从几百名年长的天主教修女那里
收集了若干加仑的尿液。
01:07
from hundreds of older Catholic nuns.
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01:11
And in doing so,
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这样一来，
01:13
he actually isolated hormones
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他就将那些仍利于今天的妇女
01:15
that are still used to help women
get pregnant today,
get pregnant today,
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怀孕的激素分离了出来。
01:18
though now, they can be
synthesized in a lab,
synthesized in a lab,
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虽然现在，这种生殖激素
可以在实验室合成，
可以在实验室合成，
并且也不再需要大量的尿液。
01:21
and gallons of pee aren't necessary.
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01:24
So why am I standing up here,
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那么，为什么我要站在这里，
01:26
telling this wonderfully
intellectual audience about nun pee?
intellectual audience about nun pee?
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向在座的各位精英讲述修女的尿液呢？
01:33
Well, I'm a science journalist
and multimedia producer,
and multimedia producer,
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事实上，我是一名总是
痴迷于研究恶心事物的
痴迷于研究恶心事物的
01:36
who has always been
fascinated by gross stuff.
fascinated by gross stuff.
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科学记者兼多媒体制作人。
01:41
So fascinated, in fact,
that I started a weekly YouTube series
that I started a weekly YouTube series
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这种痴迷驱使我在一周前
创立了一个名为“恶心科学”的
创立了一个名为“恶心科学”的
01:45
called "Gross Science,"
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每周Youtube视频系列，
01:46
all about the slimy, smelly,
creepy underbelly
creepy underbelly
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展示了自然，医药和科技中
所有黏滑的，难闻的，
所有黏滑的，难闻的，
01:51
of nature, medicine and technology.
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令人毛骨悚然的部分。
01:54
Now, I think most of us would agree
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我认为大多数人会承认
01:56
that there's something
a little gross about pee.
a little gross about pee.
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尿液有点恶心。
01:59
You know, it's something
that we don't really like to talk about,
that we don't really like to talk about,
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尿液属于一些我们不喜欢谈论的事物，
而我们会将其控制得极其私密。
02:02
and we keep the act
of doing it very private.
of doing it very private.
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02:05
But when Lunenfeld
peered into the world of pee,
peered into the world of pee,
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但当卢内费尔德仔细观察了尿液的世界，
02:09
he discovered something
deeply helpful to humanity.
deeply helpful to humanity.
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他发现了使人类受益匪浅的东西。
02:12
And after a year and a half
of making my show,
of making my show,
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从我制作节目以来的一年半中，
我可以告诉各位，当我们
探索生命中恶心的部分时，
探索生命中恶心的部分时，
02:16
I can tell you that very often
when we explore the gross side of life,
when we explore the gross side of life,
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02:21
we find insights that we never
would have thought we'd find,
would have thought we'd find,
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我们经常会获得意料之外的洞察，
02:24
and we even often reveal beauty
that we didn't think was there.
that we didn't think was there.
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甚至经常揭示一些出乎意料的美。
02:28
I think it's important for us to talk
about gross things for a few reasons.
about gross things for a few reasons.
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我认为谈论恶心的事物
对我们来说很重要，有这么几个原因。
对我们来说很重要，有这么几个原因。
02:33
So, first of all,
talking about gross stuff
talking about gross stuff
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首先，谈论恶心的事物
02:35
is a great tool for education,
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堪称教育的利器，
02:38
and it's an excellent way
to preserve curiosity.
to preserve curiosity.
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也是保持好奇心的绝妙方法。
02:42
To explain what I mean,
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为了解释我的意思，
倒不如分享一点我小时候的经历。
02:43
why don't I tell you a little bit
about what I was like as a child?
about what I was like as a child?
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02:48
So, I was what you might call a gross kid.
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也许你们会称曾经的我
为一名让人恶心的孩子。
为一名让人恶心的孩子。
02:53
In fact, my love of science itself
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事实上，我对科学本身的热爱
开始于我的父母带给我的
一套黏糊糊的化学实验工具，
一套黏糊糊的化学实验工具，
02:56
began when my parents bought me
a slime chemistry set
a slime chemistry set
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02:59
and was then only enhanced
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并通过我在六年级生物课上
03:02
by doing gross experiments
in my sixth-grade biology class.
in my sixth-grade biology class.
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做的恶心的实验得到了进一步发展。
03:05
We did things like, we swabbed
surfaces around our classroom
surfaces around our classroom
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例如：我们在教室的
各个角落收集细菌，
各个角落收集细菌，
03:10
and cultured the bacteria we'd collected,
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并进行培育。
03:13
and we dissected owl pellets,
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我们同样剖析了猫头鹰
呕吐出的唾馀，
呕吐出的唾馀，
03:15
which are these balls of material
that are undigested that owls barf up,
that are undigested that owls barf up,
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包含着猫头鹰吞下去的
一团团不消化的食物，
一团团不消化的食物，
03:20
and it's really kind of gross
and awesome and cool.
and awesome and cool.
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那确实有些恶心，怪异，但也很酷。
03:24
Now, the fact that I was obsessed
with gross stuff as a kid
with gross stuff as a kid
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实际上，我孩提时对恶心事物的痴迷，
03:27
is not so revolutionary.
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也算不上具有革命性的意义。
03:28
You know, lots of kids
are really into gross things,
are really into gross things,
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许多孩子们的生活都
离不开恶心的事物，
离不开恶心的事物，
03:31
like playing in dirt or collecting beetles
or eating their boogers.
or eating their boogers.
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像玩泥巴，收集甲虫或吃鼻屎。
03:36
And why is that?
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为什么呢？
03:38
I think really little kids
are like little explorers.
are like little explorers.
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我认为，小孩子就像小探险家一样。
03:42
They just want to experience
as much as they can
as much as they can
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他们只想尽他们所能地探索，
03:45
and don't have any idea
about the relative acceptability
about the relative acceptability
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但对相对接受性毫无概念，
03:49
of touching a ladybug versus a stinkbug.
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例如接触瓢虫或臭虫。
03:52
They just want to understand
how everything works
how everything works
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他们只想知道万物如何存在，
并尽他们所能地一探究竟。
03:55
and experience as much
of life as they can.
of life as they can.
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03:57
And that is pure curiosity.
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那是纯粹的好奇心。
04:00
But then adults step in,
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接着，成人逐渐涉足，
04:02
and we tell kids not to pick their noses
and not to touch the slugs or toads
and not to touch the slugs or toads
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我们告诉孩子们不要挖鼻孔，
不要摸鼻涕虫或蟾蜍，
不要摸鼻涕虫或蟾蜍，
04:07
or whatever else they find
in the backyard,
in the backyard,
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或者其它一切他们在后院找到的，
04:09
because those things are gross.
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因为那些东西很恶心。
04:11
And we do that in part
to keep kids safe, right?
to keep kids safe, right?
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我们那样做部分是为了保证
孩子们的安全，对吗？
孩子们的安全，对吗？
04:14
Like, maybe picking
your nose spreads germs
your nose spreads germs
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例如，挖鼻孔也许会传播细菌，
04:17
and maybe touching that toad
will give you warts,
will give you warts,
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摸蟾蜍也可能会带来疣疾。
04:21
even though I don't
actually think that's true.
actually think that's true.
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虽然如此，我却不敢苟同。
你们应该感到无拘无束，
想摸多少蟾蜍就摸多少。
想摸多少蟾蜍就摸多少。
04:23
You should feel free to touch
as many toads as you want.
as many toads as you want.
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04:27
So at a certain point,
when kids get a little bit older,
when kids get a little bit older,
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到了某个阶段，当孩子们逐渐长大，
04:30
there's this way
that engaging with gross stuff
that engaging with gross stuff
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这样对待恶心事物的方法，
04:33
isn't just about curiosity,
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已不只与好奇心有关，
04:34
it's also about, sort of,
finding out where the limits are,
finding out where the limits are,
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某种程度上，也有可能与发现极限有关，
04:37
pushing the boundaries of what's OK.
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在允许的情况下会试图超越那个极限。
04:40
So, lots of kids of a certain age
will have burping competitions
will have burping competitions
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因此，在特定年龄的许多孩子
会参加间歇性的比赛，
会参加间歇性的比赛，
看谁的鬼脸最丑。
04:44
or competitions to see
who can make the grossest face.
who can make the grossest face.
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04:48
And they do that in part because
it's a little bit transgressive, right?
it's a little bit transgressive, right?
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某种意义上，正因为这样做
会有点出格，对吗？
会有点出格，对吗？
04:52
But there's another layer
to why we define stuff as gross.
to why we define stuff as gross.
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不过，我们对恶心事物的定义，
还出于另一方面的考虑。
还出于另一方面的考虑。
04:56
As humans, we've sort of extended
the concept of disgust to morality.
the concept of disgust to morality.
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作为人类，我们多多少少将
恶心的概念拓展到了道德的范畴。
恶心的概念拓展到了道德的范畴。
05:03
So, the psychologist Paul Rozin would say
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心理学家保罗 · 罗兹说过：
05:06
that many of the things
we categorize as gross
we categorize as gross
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“许多我们归为恶心的东西，
05:09
are things that reminds us
that we're just animals.
that we're just animals.
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其实提醒了我们，我们只是动物。
05:13
These are things like
bodily fluids and sex
bodily fluids and sex
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例如体液，性，
以及身体畸形和死亡。
05:17
and physical abnormalities and death.
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05:21
And the idea that we're just animals
can be really unsettling,
can be really unsettling,
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确实，我们是动物的
概念使人不安。
概念使人不安。
05:25
because it can be this reminder
of our own mortality.
of our own mortality.
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因为它会提醒我们自己终有一死。
05:29
And that can leave many of us
with this deep existential angst.
with this deep existential angst.
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它还让我们中的许多人怀有存在性焦虑。
05:34
Rozin would say that there's this way
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罗兹这样说过：
05:36
in which disgust
and the avoidance of gross things
and the avoidance of gross things
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“厌恶和逃避恶心的事物
05:41
becomes not just a way
to protect our bodies,
to protect our bodies,
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不仅成为保护我们身体的方式，
05:44
it becomes a way to protect our souls.
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而且还保护了我们的精神。
05:48
I think at a certain point,
kids really begin to internalize
kids really begin to internalize
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我认为在某个阶段，
讨厌的事物和不道德之间的关系
讨厌的事物和不道德之间的关系
05:51
this link between
disgusting things and immorality.
disgusting things and immorality.
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会开始在孩子们的心底扎根。
05:55
And while I don't have any concrete data
to back up this next idea,
to back up this next idea,
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虽然目前我没有具体的数据
来支持我的下一个想法，
来支持我的下一个想法，
但我认为对大多数人来说，当我们
迈入青春期时，这种情况便已司空见惯。
迈入青春期时，这种情况便已司空见惯。
06:01
I think that for a lot of us,
it happens around the time we hit puberty.
it happens around the time we hit puberty.
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06:07
And you know -- yeah, I know.
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就像这样——没错，
这就是那个时期的我。
这就是那个时期的我。
06:11
So during puberty,
our bodies are changing,
our bodies are changing,
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我们的身体在
青春期时开始改变，
青春期时开始改变，
06:14
and we're sweating more,
and girls get their periods,
and girls get their periods,
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出更多的汗，女孩开始月经。
06:18
and we're thinking about sex
in this way that we never did before.
in this way that we never did before.
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我们从未这样思考过性。
06:21
And through the human capacity
for abstraction,
for abstraction,
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受人类抽象思维能力的限制，
06:24
this shame can settle in.
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这种羞愧便很容易立足。
06:27
So we don't necessarily just think,
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我们不会只想到：
06:29
"Oh, my goodness, something
really gross is happening to my body!"
really gross is happening to my body!"
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“哦，天呐，我的身体
正经历着恶心的东西！“
正经历着恶心的东西！“
06:32
We think, "Oh my God, maybe I'm gross.
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我们会想：“哦，上帝，也许我很恶心。
06:36
And maybe that means that there's
something bad or wrong about me."
something bad or wrong about me."
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也许那意味着我出了什么问题。”
06:41
The thing is, that if you de facto
associate gross stuff with immorality,
associate gross stuff with immorality,
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问题是，如果你们将恶心的事物
与不道德联系在一起，
与不道德联系在一起，
06:46
you lose a huge part of your curiosity,
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就会失去绝大部分的好奇心。
06:49
because there is so much
out there in the world
out there in the world
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因为世界包罗万象，
06:52
that is a little bit gross.
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总有一部分多少有点恶心。
06:53
Like, think about going
for a walk in the woods.
for a walk in the woods.
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举个例子，想象在丛林中漫步。
06:56
You could just pay attention
to the birds and the trees and the flowers
to the birds and the trees and the flowers
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你或许只会注意到鸟，树和花。
它们很漂亮。
07:00
and that would be fine,
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07:01
but in my view, you'd be missing
a bigger and more awesome picture
a bigger and more awesome picture
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但我看来，你会错失
这个星球中生命更加广阔和
这个星球中生命更加广阔和
07:06
of life on this planet.
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奇妙的一面。
07:08
There are cycles of decay
that are driving forest growth,
that are driving forest growth,
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衰变的循环正驾驭着森林的生长，
07:11
and there are networks of fungus
beneath your feet
beneath your feet
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在你们脚下存在着网络般的菌类植物，
07:14
that are connecting literally
all of the plants around you.
all of the plants around you.
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与你们身边的植物紧密相连。
07:17
That's really amazing.
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那确实令人吃惊。
07:19
So I feel like we should be talking
about gross stuff early and often
about gross stuff early and often
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所以我认为我们应该
尽早并且频繁的与年轻人
尽早并且频繁的与年轻人
07:23
with young people,
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谈论恶心的东西，
07:24
so they feel like they're actually
allowed to claim this bigger picture
allowed to claim this bigger picture
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让他们真切地感受到需要
体会我们星球上的生命中
体会我们星球上的生命中
07:27
of life on our planet.
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广阔的一面。
07:30
The good news is that for many of us,
the fascination with gross stuff
the fascination with gross stuff
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对大多数人来说好消息是：
恶心事物的乐趣
恶心事物的乐趣
07:34
doesn't exactly go away,
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并未消失殆尽，
07:36
we just kind of pretend
like it's not there.
like it's not there.
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我们只是有意无意地忽视了它们的存在。
07:38
But truthfully, we all spend
sort of a big part of our lives
sort of a big part of our lives
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但事实上，我们一生中
都花费了很长时间
都花费了很长时间
07:43
just trying not to be gross.
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试着摆脱恶心的感觉。
07:45
When you really think about it,
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当你们认真思考它时，
07:47
we're sort of just like bags of fluids
and some weird tissues
and some weird tissues
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我们也不过是皮包着骨头的
生物罢了——薄薄的皮肤
生物罢了——薄薄的皮肤
07:52
surrounded by a thin layer of skin.
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包裹着液体和奇怪的组织。
07:56
And to a certain extent,
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在有些情况下，
07:58
multiple times a day, whether
consciously or subconsciously,
consciously or subconsciously,
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有意或无意间，我需要
在一天中多次提醒自己
在一天中多次提醒自己
08:02
I need to remind myself
not to fart publicly.
not to fart publicly.
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不要在公众场所放屁。
（笑声）
08:06
(Laughter)
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08:07
You know, we're desperately trying
to avoid being gross all the time,
to avoid being gross all the time,
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很显然，我们总是不顾一切地
尝试躲避恶心的东西。
尝试躲避恶心的东西。
08:11
so I think many of us take
this kind of voyeuristic delight
this kind of voyeuristic delight
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所以我认为大多数人会
将这种偷窥的愉悦
将这种偷窥的愉悦
08:14
in learning about gross things.
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运用到恶心的事物上。
08:16
This is certainly true of kids;
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尤其是儿童。
在科学课堂上展示我的视频的
08:18
the number of middle school teachers
who show my videos
who show my videos
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中学老师的数量
08:21
in their science classes
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就是很好的证明。
08:22
is a testament to that.
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08:23
But I think it's totally true
of adults, too.
of adults, too.
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但我认为这个观点也适用于成人。
08:26
You know, I think we all love
hearing about gross stories,
hearing about gross stories,
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我认为我们都
喜欢听闻恶心的故事，
喜欢听闻恶心的故事，
08:29
because it's a socially acceptable way
to explore the gross side of ourselves.
to explore the gross side of ourselves.
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毕竟，探索我们自己恶心的一面，
在社会层面上是可以接受的。
在社会层面上是可以接受的。
08:36
But there's this other reason
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但让我觉得
谈论恶心的东西很重要，
还有着另一层原因。
还有着另一层原因。
08:37
that I think talking about
gross stuff is so important.
gross stuff is so important.
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前不久，我制作了一个关于扁桃体结石的
视频——抱歉让大家觉得不舒服——
视频——抱歉让大家觉得不舒服——
08:40
A while back, I made a video
on tonsil stones -- sorry, everyone --
on tonsil stones -- sorry, everyone --
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08:45
which are these balls of mucus
and bacteria and food
and bacteria and food
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这些镶嵌在你们扁桃体的
粘液球，细菌和食物
粘液球，细菌和食物
味道非常难闻，
08:50
that get lodged in your tonsils
and they smell really terrible,
and they smell really terrible,
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08:53
sometimes you cough them up
and it's like -- it's awful.
and it's like -- it's awful.
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有时候会随着咳嗽喷出来，
让人感到很恶心。
让人感到很恶心。
08:58
And many, many people
have experienced this.
have experienced this.
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不少人都有过这样的经历。
09:00
But many of the people
who have experienced this
who have experienced this
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但经历过这一过程的很多人，
09:04
haven't really had a forum
to talk about it.
to talk about it.
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并未真正公开讨论过这个问题。
时至今日，我制作的这个视频
仍然是所有视频中最流行的一个。
仍然是所有视频中最流行的一个。
09:06
And today, this video that I made
is my most popular video.
is my most popular video.
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09:10
It has millions of views.
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有几百万的点击率。
09:12
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
09:15
And the comment section for that video
became sort of like a self-help section,
became sort of like a self-help section,
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并且那个视频的评论区变得
有点像一个励志互助区，
有点像一个励志互助区，
人们可以谈论他们
扁桃体结石的经历，
扁桃体结石的经历，
09:20
where people could talk about
their tonsil stone experiences
their tonsil stone experiences
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比如摆脱它们的方法和策略。
09:23
and, like, tips and tricks
for getting rid of them.
for getting rid of them.
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09:25
And I think it became this great way
for people to talk about something
for people to talk about something
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这已经成了人们敞开心扉
直面问题的绝佳途径。
09:29
that they'd never felt comfortable
taking about publicly.
taking about publicly.
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能讨论诸如扁桃体结石一类
恶心的东西，确实大快人心，
恶心的东西，确实大快人心，
09:32
And that is wonderful when it's about
something as goofy as tonsil stones,
something as goofy as tonsil stones,
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然而对于一个有相同影响力的视频，
09:38
but it's a little sad when a video
can have an effect like that
can have an effect like that
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09:41
when it's about something
as common as periods.
as common as periods.
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例如月经一类的平常事物，
情况就不那么乐观了。
情况就不那么乐观了。
09:46
Last February, I released
a video on menstruation,
a video on menstruation,
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去年二月，我发布了
一个有关月经的视频，
一个有关月经的视频，
09:49
and to this day,
I am still getting messages
I am still getting messages
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一直到今天，我仍会收到
来自全世界人们
关于自己月经问题的留言。
关于自己月经问题的留言。
09:52
from people around the globe
who are asking me about their periods.
who are asking me about their periods.
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09:58
There are a lot of young people --
and some not-so-young people -- out there,
and some not-so-young people -- out there,
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许多年轻人——还包括
年纪稍大一些的人——
年纪稍大一些的人——
担心她们身体
10:03
who are worried that
what's happening to their bodies
what's happening to their bodies
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出现了一些异常。
10:06
is somehow not normal.
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当然，我总告诉她们我不是医学专家，
10:08
And, of course, I always tell them
that I am not a medical professional,
that I am not a medical professional,
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如果可能的话，她们应该去咨询医生。
10:11
and that, if possible,
they should talk to a doctor.
they should talk to a doctor.
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10:14
But the truth of the matter is
that everyone should feel comfortable
that everyone should feel comfortable
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但事实上：所有人应该很自然地
与医生谈论她们自己的身体。
10:17
talking to a doctor
about their own bodies.
about their own bodies.
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这也是为什么我觉得
10:19
And that's why I think
it's really important for us
it's really important for us
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从年轻时开始直面恶心事物
对我们来说很重要，
对我们来说很重要，
10:22
to start this dialogue about gross stuff
from a pretty early age,
from a pretty early age,
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这样就可以让我们的孩子们懂得：
10:25
so we can let our kids know
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应该有人关心你们的身体，
10:27
that it's alright to have agency
over your own body
over your own body
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10:30
and over your own health.
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对你们的健康负责。
10:32
There's another reason
that talking to your doctor
that talking to your doctor
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与医生谈论健康和
恶心的东西很重要的
10:34
about your health and gross stuff
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另外一个原因是，
10:36
is really, really important.
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10:37
Doctors and the scientific community
can only address issues
can only address issues
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医生和科研人员只有了解哪里出了问题，
才能有针对性地解决这些问题。
10:41
when they know
there's something to address.
there's something to address.
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当制作关于月经的视频时，我所了解的
10:44
So one of the really
interesting things I learned
interesting things I learned
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一件非常有趣的事是：
10:47
while making the video on periods,
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10:48
is that I was talking to this
one scientist who told me
one scientist who told me
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曾经有一名科学家告诉我，
10:51
there's actually still a lot
we don't know about periods.
we don't know about periods.
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我们关于月经的认知实际上还很有限。
10:56
There's a lot of basic research
that still hasn't been done.
that still hasn't been done.
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许多基础研究尚未完成。
10:59
In part, that's just because there weren't
a lot of scientists in the field
a lot of scientists in the field
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部分原因是，很多该领域的科学家，
尤其是女性，并未对月经表达出任何疑问。
11:04
who were women, to ask questions about it.
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11:07
And it's also not a topic
that women talk about publicly.
that women talk about publicly.
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这也不是女性们会公开讨论的话题。
11:10
So there's this gap in what we know,
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我们在认知上的缺陷，
正是因为没人提出问题。
11:13
just because no one was there
to ask a question.
to ask a question.
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11:16
There's one final reason that I think
talking about gross stuff is so important,
talking about gross stuff is so important,
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我认为谈论恶心的东西很重要，
还有最后一层原因：
还有最后一层原因：
11:21
and that's because you just never know
what you're going to find
what you're going to find
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当剥开恶心的外皮时，
11:24
when you peel back all those layers
of disgustingness.
of disgustingness.
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你们并不知道会有什么样的发现。
11:29
So, take the California brown sea hare.
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例如加州的棕色海兔。
11:33
This is a sea slug that squirts
this lovely, bright purple ink
this lovely, bright purple ink
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这是一种向捕食者喷射这种可爱，
明亮的紫色墨水的
明亮的紫色墨水的
11:37
at any creature that tries to eat it.
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海蛞蝓。
11:39
But it also happens to be
one of the kinkiest creatures
one of the kinkiest creatures
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它同时也适用于动物界中
11:43
in the animal kingdom.
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最扭曲的生物。
11:45
So these guys are hermaphrodites,
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它们就是两性生物，
11:47
which means they have both
male and female genitalia.
male and female genitalia.
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意味着它们兼具雌雄生殖器官。
11:50
And when it's time to mate,
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当到了交配的时期，
11:51
up to 20 individuals will all get together
in this kind of, like, conga line
in this kind of, like, conga line
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像（古巴的）康加舞一样，
20多个个体会聚集一堂，
20多个个体会聚集一堂，
11:57
and they'll all mate together.
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互相交配。
11:59
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
12:02
A single sea hare will inseminate
the partner in front of it
the partner in front of it
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单只海兔会向正前方的配偶射精，
12:06
and receive sperm from the one behind,
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并接受后方的精子。
12:08
which is sort of like
an awesome time-saver,
an awesome time-saver,
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这倒是个省时省力的好方法，
12:11
when you think about it.
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不妨想象一下。
（笑声）
12:12
(Laughter)
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12:16
But if scientists had only seen this
and they were like,
and they were like,
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但当科学家看到这个景象时，会说：
12:19
"OK, we're just not going to
touch that with a stick,"
touch that with a stick,"
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“好吧，还是不要去碰它们，”
12:22
they would have missed
the bigger thing about sea hares
the bigger thing about sea hares
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但这样一来，他们就会错过
关于海兔更重要的
关于海兔更重要的
着实夺人眼球的事情。
12:25
that makes them really remarkable.
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12:27
It turns out that these sea hares
have a small number of very large neurons,
have a small number of very large neurons,
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事实是：这些海兔仅有
少量的巨大神经元，
少量的巨大神经元，
12:33
which makes them excellent
to use in neuroscience research.
to use in neuroscience research.
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这使得它们非常适合
被用于神经科学研究。
被用于神经科学研究。
12:38
And, in fact, the scientist Eric Kandel
used them in his research
used them in his research
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事实上，科学家艾瑞克 · 坎德尔
将它们运用在了他的实验中，
将它们运用在了他的实验中，
以理解记忆是如何存储的。
12:42
to understand how memories are stored.
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12:46
And you know what?
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大家知道吗？
12:47
He won a Nobel Prize for his work.
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他还因此获得了诺贝尔奖。
12:50
So go out there and pick up beetles
and play in dirt and ask questions.
and play in dirt and ask questions.
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所以走出家门，捡拾甲壳虫，
玩玩泥巴，并心怀好奇。
玩玩泥巴，并心怀好奇。
12:56
And own your fascination with gross stuff
and don't be ashamed of it,
and don't be ashamed of it,
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驾驭你们对恶心事物的兴趣，不要胆怯。
13:00
because you never know
what you're going to find.
what you're going to find.
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因为你们永远不知道你会发现什么。
就像我在所有视频的结尾说的：
13:02
And as I say at the end of all my videos,
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13:05
"Ew."
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“好恶心哦！”
谢谢。
13:07
Thank you.
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13:08
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Anna Rothschild - Science journalistAnna Rothschild makes videos about science for the young and the young at heart.
Why you should listen
Anna Rothschild combines whimsical writing with painting, collage and digital animation to bring her stories to life. She is currently at the Washington Post, where she directs and hosts the series Anna's Science Magic Show Hooray! The show explores science questions like "Why do we have butts?" or "Why is blood red?" and Rothschild regularly answers questions submitted by the audience. She is also the creator of the YouTube series Gross Science for NOVA and PBS Digital Studios. Rothschild has won multiple awards for her work, including the 2016 AAAS Kavli Science Journalism Award for Children's Science News. She has an MA in science journalism from New York University and a BA in biology from Brown University.
Anna Rothschild | Speaker | TED.com