We the Future
Darrick Hamilton: How "baby bonds" could help close the wealth gap
达里克·汉密尔顿: 婴儿债券是怎样缩小贫富差距的
Filmed:
Readability: 5.6
1,561,692 views
努力工作，具备抗压能力和顽强能够促使成功，对吗？经济学家达里克•汉密尔顿（Darrick Hamilton）表示，这种说法充斥着我们的思维方式，但事实是，我们获得经济安全的机会与我们所做的事情关系不大，而更多地与我们出生时的财富状况有关。输入“婴儿债券”：每个新生儿的信托账户高达6万美元，与他们家庭的财富挂钩。了解一下这个大胆的提议将如何帮助我们减少不平等，并为每个孩子提供个人种子基金，用于上大学、买房或创业等重要事件。
Darrick Hamilton - Stratification economist
Darrick Hamilton crafts and implements innovative routes and policies that break down social hierarchy and move society towards greater equity, inclusion and civic participation. Full bio
Darrick Hamilton crafts and implements innovative routes and policies that break down social hierarchy and move society towards greater equity, inclusion and civic participation. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
There is a narrative,
0
1359
1737
曾经有一个说法，
有一个观点认为人们的
抗压性，坚韧和个人责任感
抗压性，坚韧和个人责任感
00:15
an idea that with resilience,
grit and personal responsibility
grit and personal responsibility
1
3120
6296
有助于取得经济上的成功。
00:21
people can pull themselves up
and achieve economic success.
and achieve economic success.
2
9440
3240
00:25
In the United States
we call it the American dream.
we call it the American dream.
3
13840
3376
在美国我们称之为美国梦。
全世界也存在一个类似的说法。
00:29
A similar narrative
exists all over the world.
exists all over the world.
4
17240
3040
00:33
But the truth is that the challenges
of making this happen
of making this happen
5
21360
3056
但事实上，要让这种情况发生
所面临的挑战
所面临的挑战
与我们所做的事情关系并不大，
00:36
have less to do with what we do
6
24440
3096
而和我们出生时
所处的财务位置关系很大。
所处的财务位置关系很大。
00:39
and more to do with the wealth position
in which we are born.
in which we are born.
7
27560
3176
所以我要证明，美国政府，
00:42
So I'm going to make the case
that the United States government,
that the United States government,
8
30760
3336
事实上是任何一个政府，
00:46
actually that any government,
9
34120
1856
都应该给每一个新生儿
创建一个额度高达6万美元的
创建一个额度高达6万美元的
00:48
should create a trust account
for every newborn
for every newborn
10
36000
3376
信托账户，
00:51
of up to 60,000 dollars,
11
39400
2536
以他们所出生家庭的
财务状况为参考。
财务状况为参考。
00:53
calibrated to the wealth
of the family in which they are born.
of the family in which they are born.
12
41960
3280
00:58
I'm talking about an endowment.
13
46200
2296
我说的是一个捐助活动。
个人种子基金，一个公开建立的
婴儿信托基金，
婴儿信托基金，
01:00
Personal seed capital,
a publicly established baby trust,
a publicly established baby trust,
14
48520
4536
也正是我和杜克大学的同事
威廉·德瑞提
威廉·德瑞提
01:05
what my colleague William Darity
at Duke University and I
at Duke University and I
15
53080
4456
称之为“婴儿债券”的东西，
01:09
have referred to as baby bonds,
16
57560
2176
它是哥伦比亚的
近代历史学家马宁·马拉布尔
近代历史学家马宁·马拉布尔
01:11
a term that was coined by the late
historian from Columbia University,
historian from Columbia University,
17
59760
5015
所发明的一个术语。
01:16
Manning Marable.
18
64800
1696
我们创建这些信托基金的原因很简单。
01:18
The reason why we should create
these trusts is simple.
these trusts is simple.
19
66520
3336
财富是经济安全和
幸福指数的衡量指标。
幸福指数的衡量指标。
01:21
Wealth is the paramount indicator
of economic security and well-being.
of economic security and well-being.
20
69880
4480
01:27
It provides financial agency,
economic security to take risk
economic security to take risk
21
75240
4016
它提供金融代理，
经济安全以抵御风险
经济安全以抵御风险
和应对损失。
01:31
and shield against loss.
22
79280
2136
没有资本，不平等就无法克服。
01:33
Without capital, inequality is locked in.
23
81440
3216
我们使用诸如选择，自由
这样的词语来描述市场的收益，
这样的词语来描述市场的收益，
01:36
We use words like choice, freedom
to describe the benefits of the market,
to describe the benefits of the market,
24
84680
6256
但是给我们选择，自由和
选择权的却是真正的财富。
选择权的却是真正的财富。
01:42
but it is literally wealth that gives us
choice, freedom and optionality.
choice, freedom and optionality.
25
90960
4760
01:49
Wealthier families are better positioned
to finance an elite, independent school
to finance an elite, independent school
26
97760
4416
富有的家庭在选择独立的
精英大学时有更大的优势，
精英大学时有更大的优势，
在选择大学教育，
01:54
and college education,
27
102200
1736
进入资本市场开展业务，
01:55
access capital to start a business,
28
103960
2536
面对昂贵的医疗费用，
01:58
finance expensive medical procedures,
29
106520
3056
居住在一个高档社区，
02:01
reside in neighborhoods
with higher amenities,
with higher amenities,
30
109600
3096
通过竞选资金施加政治影响，
02:04
exert political influence
through campaign finance,
through campaign finance,
31
112720
3416
面对昂贵的刑事司法系统，
02:08
purchase better legal counsel
32
116160
2536
需要聘请更好的法律顾问，
02:10
if confronted with an expensive
criminal justice system,
criminal justice system,
33
118720
3456
留下遗嘱
02:14
leave a bequest
34
122200
1496
或者面临一些由紧急情况导致的
经济危机时都是如此。
经济危机时都是如此。
02:15
and/or withstand financial hardship
resulting from any number of emergencies.
resulting from any number of emergencies.
35
123720
6136
总的来说，当涉及经济安全时，
02:21
Basically, when it comes
to economic security,
to economic security,
36
129880
3496
财富既是原因，又是结果。
02:25
wealth is both the beginning and the end.
37
133400
2680
02:29
I will frame this conversation
in the context of the United States,
in the context of the United States,
38
137160
3456
我将以美国为背景来讨论这个话题，
但是，这种讨论实际上对任何
02:32
but this discussion
applies virtually to any country
applies virtually to any country
39
140640
3376
面临着不平等状况加剧的国家都适用。
02:36
facing increasing inequality.
40
144040
2640
02:40
In the US, the top
10 percent of households
10 percent of households
41
148320
2616
在美国，最富有的前10%的家庭
持有了这个国家80%的财富，
02:42
hold about 80 percent
of the nation's wealth
of the nation's wealth
42
150960
2776
二底层60%的人却
只持有了1%的财富。
只持有了1%的财富。
02:45
while the bottom 60 percent
owns only about one percent.
owns only about one percent.
43
153760
4200
02:51
But when it comes to wealth,
44
159320
1576
但说到财富，
种族甚至比等级本身更能预测未来。
02:52
race is an even stronger predictor
than class itself.
than class itself.
45
160920
3816
黑人和拉丁人口加起来占据了
02:56
Blacks and Latinos collectively
make up 30 percent
make up 30 percent
46
164760
3456
美国整个国民人口的30%，
03:00
of the United States population,
47
168240
2176
但是其财富加起来也只占了
整个国家大约7%的比率。
整个国家大约7%的比率。
03:02
but collectively own about seven percent
of the nation's wealth.
of the nation's wealth.
48
170440
3760
03:07
The 2016 survey of consumer finance
49
175480
3776
2016年的消费者财务调查结果显示
一般的黑人家庭拥有
大约17000美刀的财富，
大约17000美刀的财富，
03:11
indicates that the typical black family
has about 17,000 dollars in wealth,
has about 17,000 dollars in wealth,
50
179280
5496
那是普通家庭的平均收入。
03:16
and that's inclusive of home equity,
51
184800
2176
但是一般的白人家庭
却拥有17万美刀的财富。
却拥有17万美刀的财富。
03:19
while the typical white family
has about 170,000.
has about 170,000.
52
187000
3936
这表明存在着绝对的种族财富差距，
03:22
That is indicative
of an absolute racial wealth gap
of an absolute racial wealth gap
53
190960
3176
在一般的黑人家庭持有
10美分的同时，白人家庭
10美分的同时，白人家庭
03:26
where the typical black household
has about 10 cents for every dollar
has about 10 cents for every dollar
54
194160
4056
持有1美金的财富。
03:30
held by the typical white family.
55
198240
2120
03:33
But regardless of race,
56
201160
1616
但是忽略种族因素，
市场本身并不足以
解决这些不平等问题。
解决这些不平等问题。
03:34
the market alone has been inadequate
to address these inequalities.
to address these inequalities.
57
202800
6736
甚至在经济增长的时候，
不平等也在加剧。
不平等也在加剧。
03:41
Even in times of economic
expansion, inequality grows.
expansion, inequality grows.
58
209560
3736
在过去的45年间，
03:45
Over the last 45 years,
59
213320
1976
财富失衡一直在显著增加，
03:47
wealth disparity
has increased dramatically,
has increased dramatically,
60
215320
2616
本质上说，美国生产力增长
所产生的所有经济增长
所产生的所有经济增长
03:49
and essentially, all the economic gains
from America's increase in productivity
from America's increase in productivity
61
217960
4856
都跑到精英阶层或者
中高阶层那里去了。
中高阶层那里去了。
03:54
have gone to the elite
or the upper middle class.
or the upper middle class.
62
222840
2760
03:59
Yet, much of the framing
around economic disparity
around economic disparity
63
227680
3536
然而，围绕经济差距的很多框架
都聚焦在那些糟糕的选择上，
04:03
focuses on the poor choices
64
231240
2336
这些选择来自黑人，拉丁人
还有贫穷的借贷者。
还有贫穷的借贷者。
04:05
of black, Latino and poor borrowers.
65
233600
4536
这个框架是错误的。
04:10
This framing is wrong.
66
238160
1856
所强调的方向是错的。
04:12
The directional emphasis is wrong.
67
240040
1976
更有可能是因为活跃的经济环境，
04:14
It is more likely that meager
economic circumstance,
economic circumstance,
68
242040
3216
而不是糟糕的抉择或者知识的贫乏，
04:17
not poor decision making
or deficient knowledge,
or deficient knowledge,
69
245280
2896
制约了选择本身并且
让人们没有选择的余地，
让人们没有选择的余地，
04:20
constrains choice itself
and leaves people with no options
and leaves people with no options
70
248200
4896
而只有转向掠夺性金融。
04:25
but to turn to predatory finance.
71
253120
2536
本质上，教育并不是解决
04:27
In essence, education
is not the magic antidote
is not the magic antidote
72
255680
5176
克服巨大遗传差异的神秘解药，
04:32
for the enormous inherited disparities
73
260880
2976
这些差异来自于法律，
政治和经济布局。
政治和经济布局。
04:35
that result from laws,
policies and economic arrangement.
policies and economic arrangement.
74
263880
3720
04:40
This does not diminish
the value of education.
the value of education.
75
268720
3016
这并没有抹杀教育的价值。
我是一个大学教授。
04:43
Indeed, I'm a university professor.
76
271760
2376
教育有其明确的内在价值，
04:46
There are clear
intrinsic values to education,
intrinsic values to education,
77
274160
3016
并伴随着一个公共责任，
04:49
along with a public responsibility
78
277200
2416
那就是让每个人都有机会
接触到高质量的教育，
接触到高质量的教育，
04:51
to expose everyone
to a high-quality education,
to a high-quality education,
79
279640
3136
从小学，一直到大学。
04:54
from grade school
all the way through college.
all the way through college.
80
282800
3416
但是教育并不是灵丹妙药。
04:58
But education is not the panacea.
81
286240
2136
事实上，黑人区大学的优秀毕业生
05:00
In fact, blacks who live in families
where the head graduated from college
where the head graduated from college
82
288400
3896
通常拥有的财富
05:04
typically have less wealth
83
292320
1776
比那些白人区大学的辍学生更少。
05:06
than white families
where the head dropped out of high school.
where the head dropped out of high school.
84
294120
2920
05:09
Perhaps we overstate
the functional role of education
the functional role of education
85
297840
4896
可能我们夸大了教育的功能作用，
而损害了对财富的功能作用的理解。
05:14
at the detriment of understanding
the functional role of wealth.
the functional role of wealth.
86
302760
4456
可以说是财富本身产生了更多财富。
05:19
Basically, it is wealth
that begets more wealth.
that begets more wealth.
87
307240
3640
05:24
That's why we advocate for baby trust.
88
312000
2456
这就是我们倡导
婴儿信托基金的原因。
婴儿信托基金的原因。
每个人与生俱来的资本经济权利。
05:26
An economic birthright
to capital for everyone.
to capital for everyone.
89
314480
2976
这些账号应该由公共信托机构来持有，
05:29
These accounts
would be held in public trust
would be held in public trust
90
317480
2536
以便成为一个经济上安全的生命基础。
05:32
to be used as a foundation
to an economically secure life.
to an economically secure life.
91
320040
4400
05:37
The concept of economic rights
is not new nor is it radical.
is not new nor is it radical.
92
325320
4856
经济权利的概念既不新也不激进。
在1944年，总统富兰克林·罗斯福
05:42
In 1944, President Franklin Roosevelt
93
330200
3336
引入了经济权利法案的概念。
05:45
introduced the idea
of an economic Bill of Rights.
of an economic Bill of Rights.
94
333560
3536
罗斯福称之为物理安全，
05:49
Roosevelt called for physical security,
95
337120
3336
经济安全，社会安全和精神安全。
05:52
economic security,
social security and moral security.
social security and moral security.
96
340480
4240
05:57
Unfortunately, since
the Nixon administration,
the Nixon administration,
97
345640
2896
不幸的是，从尼克松执政时期开始，
关于社会机动性的观点
06:00
the political sentiment
regarding social mobility
regarding social mobility
98
348560
3176
已经大幅度的从政府授权下的经济安全
06:03
has radically shifted away from
government mandates to economic security
government mandates to economic security
99
351760
5216
转向一种新自由主义的方法，
06:09
to a neoliberal approach
100
357000
1696
在新的方法中，市场被认为
是解决一切问题的手段，
是解决一切问题的手段，
06:10
in which the market is presumed
to be the solution for all our problems,
to be the solution for all our problems,
101
358720
4776
无论是经济还是其他问题。
06:15
economic or otherwise.
102
363520
1720
06:18
As a result, the onus of social mobility
has shifted on to the individual.
has shifted on to the individual.
103
366880
4120
结果，社会机动性的责任
落到了个人身上。
落到了个人身上。
06:23
The pervasive narrative is
that even if your lot in life is subpar,
that even if your lot in life is subpar,
104
371800
5256
流行的说法是，即便你的起点很低，
也可通过持之以恒的努力工作
加上自由市场的诸多优点
加上自由市场的诸多优点
06:29
with perseverance and hard work
and the virtues of the free market,
and the virtues of the free market,
105
377080
4496
来把自己的贫穷转变成富有。
06:33
you can turn your
proverbial rags into riches.
proverbial rags into riches.
106
381600
3560
06:38
Of course, the flip side
is that the virtues of the market
is that the virtues of the market
107
386640
3016
毫无疑问，相反的一面是市场的优点
也会同样惩罚那些不够精明的人，
06:41
will likewise sanction those
that are not astute,
that are not astute,
108
389680
4936
和那些缺少动力，或者懒惰的人。
06:46
those that lack motivation
or those that are simply lazy.
or those that are simply lazy.
109
394640
3816
换句话说，那些穷人
也会因为懒惰而自食其果。
也会因为懒惰而自食其果。
06:50
In other words, the deserving poor
will receive their just rewards.
will receive their just rewards.
110
398480
4760
06:56
What is glaringly missing
from this narrative
from this narrative
111
404960
2736
这种说法中明显缺失的部分
是权利和资本的角色，
06:59
is the role of power and capital,
112
407720
2656
以及这种权利和资本将如何
07:02
and how that power and capital
113
410400
2336
在第一时间被用来改变交易和市场
07:04
can be used to alter the rules
and structure of transactions and markets
and structure of transactions and markets
114
412760
4616
的规则和结构。
07:09
in the first place.
115
417400
1416
权利和资本会自我强化。
07:10
Power and capital become self-reinforcing.
116
418840
3456
如果没有政府介入的话，
07:14
And without government intervention,
117
422320
1936
他们会产生社会分层
和不平等的迭代循环。
和不平等的迭代循环。
07:16
they generate an iterative cycle
of both stratification and inequality.
of both stratification and inequality.
118
424280
5296
婴儿信托提供的资本金融
07:21
The capital finance provided by baby trust
119
429600
2976
旨在创建一个更加均等和可信的途径
07:24
is intended to deliver a more
egalitarian and an authentic pathway
egalitarian and an authentic pathway
120
432600
4576
以保障经济安全，
07:29
to economic security,
121
437200
1536
以保障个人所出生的家庭
07:30
independent of the family
financial position
financial position
122
438760
2936
的财富位置独立。
07:33
in which individuals are born.
123
441720
2136
这个程序将会完善老年退休金的经济权，
07:35
The program would complement
the economic rights to old-age pensions
the economic rights to old-age pensions
124
443880
4496
并提供一个更综合的社会安全体系，
07:40
and provide a more comprehensive
social security program,
social security program,
125
448400
3856
这个体系设计了从出生到死亡的资本财务。
07:44
designed to provide capital finance
from cradle all the way through grave.
from cradle all the way through grave.
126
452280
4000
07:49
We envision endowing American newborns
with an average account of 25,000 dollars
with an average account of 25,000 dollars
127
457120
5536
我们预想对于美国的新生儿
平均每个账户捐赠25000美元，
平均每个账户捐赠25000美元，
然个捐赠会逐渐上升到60000美元，
07:54
that gradually rises
upwards to 60,000 dollars
upwards to 60,000 dollars
128
462680
4616
主要针对那些最贫困家庭的新生儿。
07:59
for babies born into the poorest families.
129
467320
2376
出生在最富裕家庭的孩子
08:01
Babies born into the wealthiest families
130
469720
2336
也会享受这份社会契约，
08:04
would be included as well
in the social contract,
in the social contract,
131
472080
2776
但是他们会收到一个有500美元的名义账户。
08:06
but they would receive a more
nominal account of about 500 dollars.
nominal account of about 500 dollars.
132
474880
3960
08:12
The accounts would be federally managed,
133
480120
1936
这些账户由联邦政府来管理，
并且将会以一个有保障的年利率增长，
08:14
and they would grow at a guaranteed
annual interest rate
annual interest rate
134
482080
2736
这个利率大概是每年2%，
以便抑制通货膨胀的成本，
以便抑制通货膨胀的成本，
08:16
of about two percent per year
in order to curtail inflation cost,
in order to curtail inflation cost,
135
484840
4256
并当孩子成年时
08:21
and be used when the child
reaches adulthood
reaches adulthood
136
489120
3056
用于一些提高基础设施的活动，
08:24
for some asset-enhancing activity,
137
492200
2496
比如资助一个免贷款的大学教育，
08:26
like financing a debt-free
university education,
university education,
138
494720
3576
或者购买房屋的预付款，
08:30
a down payment to purchase a home,
139
498320
2336
又或者作为一些创业活动的种子基金。
08:32
or some seed capital to start a business.
140
500680
3160
08:36
With approximately four million babies
born each year in the US,
born each year in the US,
141
504600
4216
美国每年大约有400万新生儿，
如果平均的婴儿信托基金额度
设置为25000美元的话，
设置为25000美元的话，
08:40
if the average endowment of a baby trust
is set at 25,000 dollars,
is set at 25,000 dollars,
142
508840
4736
这个工程粗略估算每年
将消耗1000亿美金。
将消耗1000亿美金。
08:45
the program would crudely cost
about 100 billion dollars a year.
about 100 billion dollars a year.
143
513600
3896
这将占据
08:49
This would constitute
144
517520
1576
联邦政府每年开支的2%，
08:51
only about two percent
of current federal expenditures
of current federal expenditures
145
519120
3496
远远少于每年5000多亿美金的耗资，
08:54
and be far less than
the 500-plus billion dollars
the 500-plus billion dollars
146
522640
3936
而这5000多亿美金正在被政府用于
08:58
that's already being spent
by the federal government
by the federal government
147
526600
2656
通过减免税收和补贴所带来的资产提升。
09:01
on asset promotion
through tax credits and subsidies.
through tax credits and subsidies.
148
529280
4296
争议并不在于拨款的数量，
09:05
At issue is not the amount
of that allocation
of that allocation
149
533600
2896
而在于这个体系中的对象。
09:08
but to whom it's distributed.
150
536520
1776
当前，前1%的房产持有者，
09:10
Currently, the top
one percent of households,
one percent of households,
151
538320
3296
也就是那些赚取了
大约1000亿美金的人，
大约1000亿美金的人，
09:13
those earning above 100 million dollars,
152
541640
3136
只收到了大约1/3的拨款，
09:16
receive only about one third
of this entire allocation,
of this entire allocation,
153
544800
3536
而底层的60%的房产持有者
也只收到了5%的拨款。
也只收到了5%的拨款。
09:20
while the bottom 60 percent
receive only five percent.
receive only five percent.
154
548360
4240
09:25
If the federal asset-promoting budget
155
553840
2056
如果联邦政府的资产提升预算
能以一种更激进的方式拨款，
09:27
were allocated
in a more progressive manner,
in a more progressive manner,
156
555920
2616
联邦政策可能会针对
所有的美国人做出改变。
所有的美国人做出改变。
09:30
federal policies could be
transformative for all Americans.
transformative for all Americans.
157
558560
4200
09:36
This is a work in progress.
158
564280
2136
这是一个正在进行的工作。
明显还有很多细节要去确认，
09:38
There are obviously many details
to be worked out,
to be worked out,
159
566440
3336
但它是一个植根于功能角色和
09:41
but it is a policy proposal
grounded in the functional roles
grounded in the functional roles
160
569800
4616
继承财富优势的政策性方案，
09:46
and the inherited advantages of wealth
161
574440
2416
这个方案我让我们对不平等现象
09:48
that moves us away
from the reinforcing status quo
from the reinforcing status quo
162
576880
4096
由强化的的行为现状解释
09:53
behavioral explanations for inequality
163
581000
2576
转变为更具结构化的解决方案。
09:55
towards more structural solutions.
164
583600
2160
09:58
Our existing tax policy
that privileges existing wealth
that privileges existing wealth
165
586680
4016
我们现有的特权化
已有财富的税收机制
已有财富的税收机制
而不是建立新的财富的
做法是一种选择。
做法是一种选择。
10:02
rather than establishing
new wealth is a choice.
new wealth is a choice.
166
590720
3280
10:06
The extent of our dramatic inequality
is at least as much a problem of politics
is at least as much a problem of politics
167
594800
5296
现有的不平等差距的拉大
既是一个经济问题，
既是一个经济问题，
也是一个政治问题。
10:12
as it is a problem of economics.
168
600120
1960
10:14
It is time to get beyond
the false narratives
the false narratives
169
602960
3696
是时候摒弃那些错误的说法了，
这些说法把不平等归结于个人财务赤字，
10:18
that attribute inequality
to individual personal deficits
to individual personal deficits
170
606680
4096
却大大的忽略了财富的优势。
10:22
while largely ignoring
the advantages of wealth.
the advantages of wealth.
171
610800
2680
10:26
Instead, public provisions of a baby trust
172
614960
3936
相反，婴儿信托的公共条款
可以在很大程度上消除代际间
10:30
could go a long way towards eliminating
173
618920
3656
经济优势或劣势的传递，
10:34
the transmission of economic advantage
or disadvantage across generations
or disadvantage across generations
174
622600
5016
建立一个更加道德和体面的经济，
10:39
and establishing a more moral
and decent economy
and decent economy
175
627640
3656
为所有公民提供资产，
10:43
that facilitates assets, economic security
176
631320
4016
经济安全和社会流动性，
10:47
and social mobility for all its citizens.
177
635360
3696
不论人们的种族
10:51
Regardless of the race
178
639080
1896
或者他们出生家庭的地位如何。
10:53
and the family positions
in which they are born.
in which they are born.
179
641000
3176
非常感谢。
10:56
Thank you very much.
180
644200
1336
（掌声）
10:57
(Applause)
181
645560
5416
克里斯·安德森（CA）：
达里克。
达里克。
11:03
Chris Anderson: Darrick.
182
651000
1976
这个想法有很多可取之处。
11:05
I mean, there's so much
to like in this idea.
to like in this idea.
183
653000
4456
我的担心围绕它有着
一系列品牌化的东西，
一系列品牌化的东西，
11:09
There's one piece of branding around it
that I worry about,
that I worry about,
184
657480
4776
11:14
which is just that right now,
trust-fund kids have a really bad rap.
trust-fund kids have a really bad rap.
185
662280
4576
现在的情况就是，信托基金保障下的
孩子有一个不太好的名声。
孩子有一个不太好的名声。
他们是那种处在风口浪尖的孩子
11:18
You know, they're the sort of
eyeball-rolling poster children
eyeball-rolling poster children
186
666880
3256
而金钱会让他们失去努力的动力。
11:22
for how money, kind of,
takes away motivation.
takes away motivation.
187
670160
4136
所以这种信任是不一样的。
11:26
So, these trusts are different.
188
674320
2376
11:28
So how do you show people in this proposal
that it's not going to do that?
that it's not going to do that?
189
676720
5496
你怎样向人们证明在这个方案中
不会发生这样的情况？
不会发生这样的情况？
达里克·汉密尔顿（DH）：
如果你知道自己有有限的资源
如果你知道自己有有限的资源
11:34
Darrick Hamilton: If you know
you have limited resources
you have limited resources
190
682240
2656
或者你将遭受歧视，
11:36
or you're going to face discrimination,
191
684920
1858
有一种说法是，
11:38
there's a narrative that, well,
192
686802
1614
自我投资的经济回报
11:40
the economic returns
to investing in myself
to investing in myself
193
688440
2256
比投资其他人的经济回报更低，
11:42
are lower than that of someone else,
194
690720
1776
那我不妨享受属于自己的闲暇时光。
11:44
so I might as well enjoy my leisure.
195
692520
2736
当然，也有另外一种说法，
11:47
Of course, there's another
narrative as well,
narrative as well,
196
695280
2136
我们不应该在此问题上纠缠不清，
11:49
so we shouldn't get caught up on that,
197
697440
2136
有人很穷并且将要遭受歧视，
11:51
you know, somebody who's poor
and going to face discrimination,
and going to face discrimination,
198
699600
3816
他们也可能会采取优化简历的策略。
11:55
they also might pursue
a resume-building strategy.
a resume-building strategy.
199
703440
2816
老话说：“我必须要比别人更加优秀。”
11:58
The old adage, "I have to be
twice as good as someone else."
twice as good as someone else."
200
706280
3536
当我们说这句话的时候，
我们从不问要付出什么，
我们从不问要付出什么，
12:01
Now, when we say that,
we never ask at what cost,
we never ask at what cost,
201
709840
2456
是否存在和那个目标相关的医疗费用。
12:04
are there health costs
associated with that.
associated with that.
202
712320
2336
我还没有回答你的问题，
但是回到你的问题上来，
但是回到你的问题上来，
12:06
I haven't answered your question,
but coming back to you question,
but coming back to you question,
203
714680
3136
如果你知道自己在晚年
将会收到一笔资产转移，
将会收到一笔资产转移，
12:09
if you know you're going to receive
a transfer at a later point in life,
a transfer at a later point in life,
204
717840
4216
这只会增加你投资自身的动机
12:14
that only increases the incentive
for you to invest in yourself
for you to invest in yourself
205
722080
4096
以便于你能更好地使用那份信任。
12:18
so that you can better use that trust.
206
726200
1840
12:20
CA: You're giving people
possibilities of life
possibilities of life
207
728760
2656
CA：你在给予人们他们现在
不可能想象到的生活的可能性，
12:23
they currently cannot imagine having.
208
731440
2536
以及做这些事情的动力。
12:26
And therefore the motivation to do that.
209
734000
1936
我可以和你花几个小时
来讨论这件事情。
来讨论这件事情。
12:27
I could talk with you
for hours about this.
for hours about this.
210
735960
2016
12:30
I'm really glad you're working on this.
211
738000
1896
我很高兴你能做这件事情。
谢谢。
12:31
Thank you.
212
739920
1216
(掌声)
12:33
(Applause)
213
741160
2440
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Darrick Hamilton - Stratification economistDarrick Hamilton crafts and implements innovative routes and policies that break down social hierarchy and move society towards greater equity, inclusion and civic participation.
Why you should listen
Darrick Hamilton is a pioneer and internationally recognized scholar in the field of stratification economics, which fuses social science methods to examine the causes, consequences and remedies of racial, gender, ethnic, tribal, nativity, etc. inequality in education, economic and health outcomes.
Hamilton'ss scholarship and practice, as well as his experience as a professor of economics and director of the doctoral program in public and urban policy at The New School, aligns closely to the work and objectives of The Ohio State University's Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity. He will assume leadership of the nationally renowned research institute on January 1, 2019. In addition to serving as Kirwan's executive director, Hamilton will hold a faculty appointment in Ohio State's John Glenn College of Public Affairs, with courtesy appointments in the departments of economics and sociology within the College of Arts and Sciences.
Hamilton was born and raised in the Bedford Stuyvesant section of Brooklyn, NY. He is a graduate of Oberlin College and earned a PhD in economics from the University of North Carolina. He completed postdoctoral appointments at the University of Michigan and Yale University, respectively. He is a fellow at the Roosevelt Institute and a National Advisory Committee member of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's Policies for Action, Policy and Law Research Program to Build a Culture of Health.
Darrick Hamilton | Speaker | TED.com