We the Future
Darrick Hamilton: How "baby bonds" could help close the wealth gap
戴瑞克·漢彌爾頓: 「寶寶公債」如何協助改善貧富不均
Filmed:
Readability: 5.6
1,561,692 views
只要努力工作、毅力和勇氣就會成功， 對嗎？經濟學家戴瑞克·漢彌爾頓說到，這樣的說法深入人們的觀念。但是否能達到經濟安全，其實和我們的所做所為不是那麼相關，而是和我們出生時的家庭財富狀況比較有關。漢彌爾頓倡議建立「寶寶公債」：給每位新生兒約六萬美金的信託基金，並依據家庭財富的狀況調校金額。聽聽這項大膽的提議如何協助我們改善貧富不均，給每位孩子種子基金去成就大事，例如上大學、買房子、或是創業。漢彌爾頓說：「若沒有資本，貧富不均便難以解套」、「談到經濟安全，財富既是起點也是終點」。
Darrick Hamilton - Stratification economist
Darrick Hamilton crafts and implements innovative routes and policies that break down social hierarchy and move society towards greater equity, inclusion and civic participation. Full bio
Darrick Hamilton crafts and implements innovative routes and policies that break down social hierarchy and move society towards greater equity, inclusion and civic participation. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
There is a narrative,
0
1359
1737
有一種說法、一種想法：
00:15
an idea that with resilience,
grit and personal responsibility
grit and personal responsibility
1
3120
6296
只要有抗壓性、勇氣以及責任感
00:21
people can pull themselves up
and achieve economic success.
and achieve economic success.
2
9440
3240
人們就可以提升自己的生活
達到經濟上的成就
達到經濟上的成就
00:25
In the United States
we call it the American dream.
we call it the American dream.
3
13840
3376
在美國，我們稱之為美國夢
00:29
A similar narrative
exists all over the world.
exists all over the world.
4
17240
3040
在全世界各地都有類似的說法
00:33
But the truth is that the challenges
of making this happen
of making this happen
5
21360
3056
但事實是，讓夢想實現的挑戰
00:36
have less to do with what we do
6
24440
3096
和我們的所做所為不是那麼有關
00:39
and more to do with the wealth position
in which we are born.
in which we are born.
7
27560
3176
而是和我們出生時的財富狀況比較有關
00:42
So I'm going to make the case
that the United States government,
that the United States government,
8
30760
3336
接下來我將以美國政府為例
00:46
actually that any government,
9
34120
1856
其實任何政府
00:48
should create a trust account
for every newborn
for every newborn
10
36000
3376
都應該要為每一位新生兒
開立一個約達六萬美元的信託帳戶
開立一個約達六萬美元的信託帳戶
00:51
of up to 60,000 dollars,
11
39400
2536
00:53
calibrated to the wealth
of the family in which they are born.
of the family in which they are born.
12
41960
3280
並根據他們出生家庭的財富來調校金額
00:58
I'm talking about an endowment.
13
46200
2296
我在談的是一種資助的概念
01:00
Personal seed capital,
a publicly established baby trust,
a publicly established baby trust,
14
48520
4536
個人的本金由政府建立的寶寶信託
01:05
what my colleague William Darity
at Duke University and I
at Duke University and I
15
53080
4456
我和我在杜克大學的
同事威廉．達里泰
同事威廉．達里泰
01:09
have referred to as baby bonds,
16
57560
2176
稱之為「寶寶公債」
01:11
a term that was coined by the late
historian from Columbia University,
historian from Columbia University,
17
59760
5015
創造這個詞的
是哥倫比亞大學的已故歷史學家
是哥倫比亞大學的已故歷史學家
01:16
Manning Marable.
18
64800
1696
曼寧．馬拉布爾
01:18
The reason why we should create
these trusts is simple.
these trusts is simple.
19
66520
3336
我們要開立這個信託的理由很簡單
01:21
Wealth is the paramount indicator
of economic security and well-being.
of economic security and well-being.
20
69880
4480
財富是經濟安全和幸福的重要指標
01:27
It provides financial agency,
economic security to take risk
economic security to take risk
21
75240
4016
它提供財務操作和經濟安全
讓人能夠承擔風險
讓人能夠承擔風險
01:31
and shield against loss.
22
79280
2136
並且在損失時仍有所屏障
01:33
Without capital, inequality is locked in.
23
81440
3216
沒有資本，貧富不均就難以解套
01:36
We use words like choice, freedom
to describe the benefits of the market,
to describe the benefits of the market,
24
84680
6256
我們會用一些字眼，比如：
選擇、自由，來描述市場機制的益處
選擇、自由，來描述市場機制的益處
01:42
but it is literally wealth that gives us
choice, freedom and optionality.
choice, freedom and optionality.
25
90960
4760
但其實是「財富」讓我們有
選擇、自由、操作空間
選擇、自由、操作空間
01:49
Wealthier families are better positioned
to finance an elite, independent school
to finance an elite, independent school
26
97760
4416
比較富有的家庭，較能夠付擔得起：
菁英的私立學校和大學教育
01:54
and college education,
27
102200
1736
01:55
access capital to start a business,
28
103960
2536
取得資本來創業
01:58
finance expensive medical procedures,
29
106520
3056
付得起昂貴的手術醫療
02:01
reside in neighborhoods
with higher amenities,
with higher amenities,
30
109600
3096
住在擁有良好設施的社區
02:04
exert political influence
through campaign finance,
through campaign finance,
31
112720
3416
透過政治獻金來產生政治影響力
02:08
purchase better legal counsel
32
116160
2536
面對代價不斐的刑事司法訴訟體制時
付得起比較好的法律諮詢服務
付得起比較好的法律諮詢服務
02:10
if confronted with an expensive
criminal justice system,
criminal justice system,
33
118720
3456
02:14
leave a bequest
34
122200
1496
留下遺產
02:15
and/or withstand financial hardship
resulting from any number of emergencies.
resulting from any number of emergencies.
35
123720
6136
且／或能經得起
任何緊急事件造成的困境
任何緊急事件造成的困境
02:21
Basically, when it comes
to economic security,
to economic security,
36
129880
3496
基本上，談到經濟安全
02:25
wealth is both the beginning and the end.
37
133400
2680
財富既是起點也是終點
02:29
I will frame this conversation
in the context of the United States,
in the context of the United States,
38
137160
3456
我將今天演說的架構，放在美國的情境
02:32
but this discussion
applies virtually to any country
applies virtually to any country
39
140640
3376
但這些討論適用於任何
面臨貧富不均日益加劇的國家
02:36
facing increasing inequality.
40
144040
2640
02:40
In the US, the top
10 percent of households
10 percent of households
41
148320
2616
在美國，收入前 10% 的家庭
02:42
hold about 80 percent
of the nation's wealth
of the nation's wealth
42
150960
2776
擁有約全國財富的 80 %
02:45
while the bottom 60 percent
owns only about one percent.
owns only about one percent.
43
153760
4200
而收入殿後 60 % 的家庭
總共只有全國財富的 1 %
總共只有全國財富的 1 %
02:51
But when it comes to wealth,
44
159320
1576
但談到財富時
02:52
race is an even stronger predictor
than class itself.
than class itself.
45
160920
3816
比起階級，種族是更有效的預測變因
02:56
Blacks and Latinos collectively
make up 30 percent
make up 30 percent
46
164760
3456
黑人和拉丁裔合計占了
美國人口的 30%
03:00
of the United States population,
47
168240
2176
03:02
but collectively own about seven percent
of the nation's wealth.
of the nation's wealth.
48
170440
3760
但總共只擁有全國財富的 7%
03:07
The 2016 survey of consumer finance
49
175480
3776
一項 2016 年的消費者財務調查
03:11
indicates that the typical black family
has about 17,000 dollars in wealth,
has about 17,000 dollars in wealth,
50
179280
5496
指出：一般黑人家庭的財富
大約是一萬七千美元
大約是一萬七千美元
03:16
and that's inclusive of home equity,
51
184800
2176
那包含了房屋淨值在內
03:19
while the typical white family
has about 170,000.
has about 170,000.
52
187000
3936
而一般的白人家庭則是十七萬美元
03:22
That is indicative
of an absolute racial wealth gap
of an absolute racial wealth gap
53
190960
3176
這明顯點出了種族間
有著絕對的財富落差
有著絕對的財富落差
03:26
where the typical black household
has about 10 cents for every dollar
has about 10 cents for every dollar
54
194160
4056
一般的黑人家庭每握有約十分錢
03:30
held by the typical white family.
55
198240
2120
一般的白人家庭則有一元
03:33
But regardless of race,
56
201160
1616
但若不考慮種族
03:34
the market alone has been inadequate
to address these inequalities.
to address these inequalities.
57
202800
6736
單就市場機制並無法
妥善處理這些貧富不均
妥善處理這些貧富不均
03:41
Even in times of economic
expansion, inequality grows.
expansion, inequality grows.
58
209560
3736
即便在經濟成長時
貧富不均的差距亦增加
貧富不均的差距亦增加
03:45
Over the last 45 years,
59
213320
1976
在過去 45 年
03:47
wealth disparity
has increased dramatically,
has increased dramatically,
60
215320
2616
貧富差距戲劇性地成長
03:49
and essentially, all the economic gains
from America's increase in productivity
from America's increase in productivity
61
217960
4856
基本上，美國生產力上升
帶來的所有經濟收益
帶來的所有經濟收益
03:54
have gone to the elite
or the upper middle class.
or the upper middle class.
62
222840
2760
都進了菁英或中上階層的口袋
03:59
Yet, much of the framing
around economic disparity
around economic disparity
63
227680
3536
但這樣框架下的經濟差距
04:03
focuses on the poor choices
64
231240
2336
都聚焦在黑人、拉丁裔
和貧窮借方的拙劣選擇
和貧窮借方的拙劣選擇
04:05
of black, Latino and poor borrowers.
65
233600
4536
04:10
This framing is wrong.
66
238160
1856
這樣的框架定調是錯誤的
04:12
The directional emphasis is wrong.
67
240040
1976
強調的方向是錯誤的
04:14
It is more likely that meager
economic circumstance,
economic circumstance,
68
242040
3216
比起拙劣的決策或是缺乏知識
04:17
not poor decision making
or deficient knowledge,
or deficient knowledge,
69
245280
2896
更常是因為經濟境況的貧乏
04:20
constrains choice itself
and leaves people with no options
and leaves people with no options
70
248200
4896
限制了選項，讓人們沒有選擇
04:25
but to turn to predatory finance.
71
253120
2536
而轉向掠奪式的金融
04:27
In essence, education
is not the magic antidote
is not the magic antidote
72
255680
5176
本質上，教育並不是神奇解藥
04:32
for the enormous inherited disparities
73
260880
2976
無法解決法律、政策和經濟協議下
04:35
that result from laws,
policies and economic arrangement.
policies and economic arrangement.
74
263880
3720
所產生先天性的巨大落差
04:40
This does not diminish
the value of education.
the value of education.
75
268720
3016
這並不是在貶低教育的價值
04:43
Indeed, I'm a university professor.
76
271760
2376
其實，我是一位大學教授
04:46
There are clear
intrinsic values to education,
intrinsic values to education,
77
274160
3016
教育有其明確的內在價值
04:49
along with a public responsibility
78
277200
2416
並伴隨著公共責任
04:51
to expose everyone
to a high-quality education,
to a high-quality education,
79
279640
3136
那就是讓每個人
都有機會接觸到良好的教育
都有機會接觸到良好的教育
04:54
from grade school
all the way through college.
all the way through college.
80
282800
3416
從小學到大學
04:58
But education is not the panacea.
81
286240
2136
但是教育並不是萬靈藥
05:00
In fact, blacks who live in families
where the head graduated from college
where the head graduated from college
82
288400
3896
事實上，大學畢業的黑人
05:04
typically have less wealth
83
292320
1776
擁有的財富
05:06
than white families
where the head dropped out of high school.
where the head dropped out of high school.
84
294120
2920
通常比那些高中輟學的白人少
05:09
Perhaps we overstate
the functional role of education
the functional role of education
85
297840
4896
或許我們過於強調教育的功能性
05:14
at the detriment of understanding
the functional role of wealth.
the functional role of wealth.
86
302760
4456
讓我們低估了財富的力量
05:19
Basically, it is wealth
that begets more wealth.
that begets more wealth.
87
307240
3640
本質上，財富帶來更多財富
05:24
That's why we advocate for baby trust.
88
312000
2456
這正是我們倡導嬰兒信託基金的原因
05:26
An economic birthright
to capital for everyone.
to capital for everyone.
89
314480
2976
給每個人與生俱來的資本權利
05:29
These accounts
would be held in public trust
would be held in public trust
90
317480
2536
這些帳戶應該由公共信託機構來持有
05:32
to be used as a foundation
to an economically secure life.
to an economically secure life.
91
320040
4400
當作一個經濟安全無虞的基礎
05:37
The concept of economic rights
is not new nor is it radical.
is not new nor is it radical.
92
325320
4856
經濟權利的概念既不新也不激進
05:42
In 1944, President Franklin Roosevelt
93
330200
3336
在1944年，富蘭克林．羅斯福總統
05:45
introduced the idea
of an economic Bill of Rights.
of an economic Bill of Rights.
94
333560
3536
導入了經濟權利法案的概念
05:49
Roosevelt called for physical security,
95
337120
3336
羅斯福倡導呼籲人身安全
05:52
economic security,
social security and moral security.
social security and moral security.
96
340480
4240
經濟安全、社會安全和道德安全
05:57
Unfortunately, since
the Nixon administration,
the Nixon administration,
97
345640
2896
不幸的是，從尼克森執政時期開始
06:00
the political sentiment
regarding social mobility
regarding social mobility
98
348560
3176
關於社會流動性的政治觀點
06:03
has radically shifted away from
government mandates to economic security
government mandates to economic security
99
351760
5216
已經大幅度地從政府命令下的經濟安全
06:09
to a neoliberal approach
100
357000
1696
轉向為一種新自由主義的方法
06:10
in which the market is presumed
to be the solution for all our problems,
to be the solution for all our problems,
101
358720
4776
在新的方法中，市場機制
被認為是解決一切問題的手段
被認為是解決一切問題的手段
06:15
economic or otherwise.
102
363520
1720
不論是經濟問題或是其他問題
06:18
As a result, the onus of social mobility
has shifted on to the individual.
has shifted on to the individual.
103
366880
4120
因此，社會流動性的責任
落到了個人身上
落到了個人身上
06:23
The pervasive narrative is
that even if your lot in life is subpar,
that even if your lot in life is subpar,
104
371800
5256
普遍的詮釋是：即便你的生活低於水平
06:29
with perseverance and hard work
and the virtues of the free market,
and the virtues of the free market,
105
377080
4496
只要透過持之以恆地努力工作
加上自由市場機制的優點
加上自由市場機制的優點
06:33
you can turn your
proverbial rags into riches.
proverbial rags into riches.
106
381600
3560
你也可以從魯蛇變身人生勝利組
06:38
Of course, the flip side
is that the virtues of the market
is that the virtues of the market
107
386640
3016
當然，市場機制優點的另一面
06:41
will likewise sanction those
that are not astute,
that are not astute,
108
389680
4936
也會同樣懲罰那些不夠精明
06:46
those that lack motivation
or those that are simply lazy.
or those that are simply lazy.
109
394640
3816
和那些缺少動力、純粹就是懶惰的人
06:50
In other words, the deserving poor
will receive their just rewards.
will receive their just rewards.
110
398480
4760
換句話說，那些應得的窮人
將獲得他們應得的回報
將獲得他們應得的回報
06:56
What is glaringly missing
from this narrative
from this narrative
111
404960
2736
這種說法中明顯忽略了
06:59
is the role of power and capital,
112
407720
2656
權力和資本的作用
07:02
and how that power and capital
113
410400
2336
以及權力和資本
07:04
can be used to alter the rules
and structure of transactions and markets
and structure of transactions and markets
114
412760
4616
如何在一開始就被用來改變
交易和市場的規則和結構
交易和市場的規則和結構
07:09
in the first place.
115
417400
1416
07:10
Power and capital become self-reinforcing.
116
418840
3456
權力和資本會自我強化
07:14
And without government intervention,
117
422320
1936
沒有政府的介入
07:16
they generate an iterative cycle
of both stratification and inequality.
of both stratification and inequality.
118
424280
5296
他們會創造出一個
分層和不平等的疊代迴圈
分層和不平等的疊代迴圈
07:21
The capital finance provided by baby trust
119
429600
2976
寶寶信託提供的資本金融
07:24
is intended to deliver a more
egalitarian and an authentic pathway
egalitarian and an authentic pathway
120
432600
4576
旨在創建一個更加平等、可信的途徑
07:29
to economic security,
121
437200
1536
以保障經濟安全
07:30
independent of the family
financial position
financial position
122
438760
2936
獨立於原生家庭的財務狀況
07:33
in which individuals are born.
123
441720
2136
07:35
The program would complement
the economic rights to old-age pensions
the economic rights to old-age pensions
124
443880
4496
這個方案將與老年退休金的
經濟權利相輔相成
經濟權利相輔相成
07:40
and provide a more comprehensive
social security program,
social security program,
125
448400
3856
並提供一個更全面的社會安全體系
07:44
designed to provide capital finance
from cradle all the way through grave.
from cradle all the way through grave.
126
452280
4000
這個體系的目的就是提供
從出生到死亡的資本財務
從出生到死亡的資本財務
07:49
We envision endowing American newborns
with an average account of 25,000 dollars
with an average account of 25,000 dollars
127
457120
5536
我們預想對於美國的新生兒進行
平均每個帳戶兩萬五千美金的資助
平均每個帳戶兩萬五千美金的資助
07:54
that gradually rises
upwards to 60,000 dollars
upwards to 60,000 dollars
128
462680
4616
資助金額會逐漸上升到六萬美金
07:59
for babies born into the poorest families.
129
467320
2376
對應給那些最貧困家庭的新生兒
08:01
Babies born into the wealthiest families
130
469720
2336
而出生在最富裕家庭的孩子
08:04
would be included as well
in the social contract,
in the social contract,
131
472080
2776
也會被包含在這份社會契約
08:06
but they would receive a more
nominal account of about 500 dollars.
nominal account of about 500 dollars.
132
474880
3960
但是他們會收到一個大約
五百美金的虛帳戶
五百美金的虛帳戶
08:12
The accounts would be federally managed,
133
480120
1936
這些帳戶由聯邦政府來管理
08:14
and they would grow at a guaranteed
annual interest rate
annual interest rate
134
482080
2736
並且將會以一個保障的年利率增長
08:16
of about two percent per year
in order to curtail inflation cost,
in order to curtail inflation cost,
135
484840
4256
這個利率大概是每年 2%
以便抑制通貨膨脹的成本
以便抑制通貨膨脹的成本
08:21
and be used when the child
reaches adulthood
reaches adulthood
136
489120
3056
當孩子到達成年時
08:24
for some asset-enhancing activity,
137
492200
2496
用於一些提高資產（價值）的活動
08:26
like financing a debt-free
university education,
university education,
138
494720
3576
比如：成為大學學費的資金而免於學貸
08:30
a down payment to purchase a home,
139
498320
2336
或是購屋的頭期款
08:32
or some seed capital to start a business.
140
500680
3160
或是創業的種子基金
08:36
With approximately four million babies
born each year in the US,
born each year in the US,
141
504600
4216
美國一年大約有四百萬名新生兒
08:40
if the average endowment of a baby trust
is set at 25,000 dollars,
is set at 25,000 dollars,
142
508840
4736
若平均的嬰兒信託基金額度
為兩萬五千美金
為兩萬五千美金
08:45
the program would crudely cost
about 100 billion dollars a year.
about 100 billion dollars a year.
143
513600
3896
這個方案粗估每年將消耗一千億美金
08:49
This would constitute
144
517520
1576
這將只占聯邦政府每年開支的 2%
08:51
only about two percent
of current federal expenditures
of current federal expenditures
145
519120
3496
08:54
and be far less than
the 500-plus billion dollars
the 500-plus billion dollars
146
522640
3936
遠低於每年五千多億美金的耗資
08:58
that's already being spent
by the federal government
by the federal government
147
526600
2656
而這五千多億美金正在被政府用於
09:01
on asset promotion
through tax credits and subsidies.
through tax credits and subsidies.
148
529280
4296
透過減免稅收和補貼的方式鼓勵置產
09:05
At issue is not the amount
of that allocation
of that allocation
149
533600
2896
爭議不在於撥款的金額
09:08
but to whom it's distributed.
150
536520
1776
而在將分配給誰
09:10
Currently, the top
one percent of households,
one percent of households,
151
538320
3296
當前，前 1% 的家庭
09:13
those earning above 100 million dollars,
152
541640
3136
也就是那些身家大約一億美金的人
09:16
receive only about one third
of this entire allocation,
of this entire allocation,
153
544800
3536
只收到了大約三分之一的撥款
09:20
while the bottom 60 percent
receive only five percent.
receive only five percent.
154
548360
4240
而底層的 60% 家庭
只收到了 5% 的撥款
只收到了 5% 的撥款
09:25
If the federal asset-promoting budget
155
553840
2056
如果聯邦政府用於鼓勵置產的預算
09:27
were allocated
in a more progressive manner,
in a more progressive manner,
156
555920
2616
能以一種更激進的方式去配置
09:30
federal policies could be
transformative for all Americans.
transformative for all Americans.
157
558560
4200
聯邦政策可能會對所有美國人
產生革命性的改變
產生革命性的改變
09:36
This is a work in progress.
158
564280
2136
這是一項進行中的工作
09:38
There are obviously many details
to be worked out,
to be worked out,
159
566440
3336
明顯地還有很多細節需要發展
09:41
but it is a policy proposal
grounded in the functional roles
grounded in the functional roles
160
569800
4616
但這是一個奠基於功能性
和生而賦予財富優勢的政策方案
09:46
and the inherited advantages of wealth
161
574440
2416
09:48
that moves us away
from the reinforcing status quo
from the reinforcing status quo
162
576880
4096
這個方案能讓我們從
貧富不均惡性循環的現狀
以行為去解釋貧富不均
以行為去解釋貧富不均
09:53
behavioral explanations for inequality
163
581000
2576
09:55
towards more structural solutions.
164
583600
2160
轉變為更具結構化的解決方案
09:58
Our existing tax policy
that privileges existing wealth
that privileges existing wealth
165
586680
4016
我們現有的稅收機制賦予富人特權
10:02
rather than establishing
new wealth is a choice.
new wealth is a choice.
166
590720
3280
而非推動白手起家的新貴
是一種人為選擇
是一種人為選擇
10:06
The extent of our dramatic inequality
is at least as much a problem of politics
is at least as much a problem of politics
167
594800
5296
現有不平等差距的擴大
不僅是一個經濟的問題
亦是一個政治的問題
亦是一個政治的問題
10:12
as it is a problem of economics.
168
600120
1960
10:14
It is time to get beyond
the false narratives
the false narratives
169
602960
3696
是時候突破那些錯誤的詮釋了
10:18
that attribute inequality
to individual personal deficits
to individual personal deficits
170
606680
4096
這些詮釋把不平等歸結於個人問題
10:22
while largely ignoring
the advantages of wealth.
the advantages of wealth.
171
610800
2680
卻大幅地忽略了財富的優勢
10:26
Instead, public provisions of a baby trust
172
614960
3936
取而代之，公共供給的寶寶信託
10:30
could go a long way towards eliminating
173
618920
3656
能對消除貧富世襲發揮巨大作用
10:34
the transmission of economic advantage
or disadvantage across generations
or disadvantage across generations
174
622600
5016
10:39
and establishing a more moral
and decent economy
and decent economy
175
627640
3656
並建立一個更道德、正直的經濟體
10:43
that facilitates assets, economic security
176
631320
4016
能夠促進全體公民的資產流通
經濟安全以及社會流動性
經濟安全以及社會流動性
10:47
and social mobility for all its citizens.
177
635360
3696
10:51
Regardless of the race
178
639080
1896
不論種族膚色
10:53
and the family positions
in which they are born.
in which they are born.
179
641000
3176
或他們出生在什麼樣的家庭
10:56
Thank you very much.
180
644200
1336
謝謝大家
10:57
(Applause)
181
645560
5416
（掌聲）
11:03
Chris Anderson: Darrick.
182
651000
1976
克里斯．安德森（安）：戴瑞克
11:05
I mean, there's so much
to like in this idea.
to like in this idea.
183
653000
4456
我想，這個想法有很多可取之處
11:09
There's one piece of branding around it
that I worry about,
that I worry about,
184
657480
4776
在宣傳這個概念的時候
我擔心其中的一點：
我擔心其中的一點：
11:14
which is just that right now,
trust-fund kids have a really bad rap.
trust-fund kids have a really bad rap.
185
662280
4576
現在的狀況是：那些擁有
信託基金的孩子們名聲不佳
信託基金的孩子們名聲不佳
11:18
You know, they're the sort of
eyeball-rolling poster children
eyeball-rolling poster children
186
666880
3256
您知道，他們有點像是那種
蠻不在乎的代表人物
蠻不在乎的代表人物
11:22
for how money, kind of,
takes away motivation.
takes away motivation.
187
670160
4136
因為金錢似乎……奪走他們意志
11:26
So, these trusts are different.
188
674320
2376
所以，這些信託是不一樣的
11:28
So how do you show people in this proposal
that it's not going to do that?
that it's not going to do that?
189
676720
5496
那麼你怎樣向人們說明
同樣的狀況不會發生在這個方案？
同樣的狀況不會發生在這個方案？
11:34
Darrick Hamilton: If you know
you have limited resources
you have limited resources
190
682240
2656
戴瑞克．漢彌爾頓：
如果你知道自己的資源有限
如果你知道自己的資源有限
11:36
or you're going to face discrimination,
191
684920
1858
或者你將遭受歧視
11:38
there's a narrative that, well,
192
686802
1614
有一種說法
11:40
the economic returns
to investing in myself
to investing in myself
193
688440
2256
投資自身的經濟回報
11:42
are lower than that of someone else,
194
690720
1776
比投資其他人的經濟回報更低
11:44
so I might as well enjoy my leisure.
195
692520
2736
這樣的話，我不妨就悠閒度日
11:47
Of course, there's another
narrative as well,
narrative as well,
196
695280
2136
當然，也有另外一種說法
11:49
so we shouldn't get caught up on that,
197
697440
2136
所以我們不應該在此問題上糾纏不清
11:51
you know, somebody who's poor
and going to face discrimination,
and going to face discrimination,
198
699600
3816
你知道，有人很窮並且將面臨歧視
11:55
they also might pursue
a resume-building strategy.
a resume-building strategy.
199
703440
2816
他們可能會採取為自己增值的策略
11:58
The old adage, "I have to be
twice as good as someone else."
twice as good as someone else."
200
706280
3536
老話說：「我必須要比別人加倍優秀」
12:01
Now, when we say that,
we never ask at what cost,
we never ask at what cost,
201
709840
2456
當我們說句話的時候
我們從不問代價是什麼
我們從不問代價是什麼
12:04
are there health costs
associated with that.
associated with that.
202
712320
2336
是否是以健康為代價呢
12:06
I haven't answered your question,
but coming back to you question,
but coming back to you question,
203
714680
3136
我還沒有回答你的問題
回到你的問題上
回到你的問題上
12:09
if you know you're going to receive
a transfer at a later point in life,
a transfer at a later point in life,
204
717840
4216
如果你知道自己在不久的將來
將收到一筆款項
將收到一筆款項
12:14
that only increases the incentive
for you to invest in yourself
for you to invest in yourself
205
722080
4096
這只會增加你投資自身的動機
12:18
so that you can better use that trust.
206
726200
1840
以便於你能更好地使用那份信託基金
12:20
CA: You're giving people
possibilities of life
possibilities of life
207
728760
2656
安：你為人生帶來更多可能
12:23
they currently cannot imagine having.
208
731440
2536
超越人們現在的想像
12:26
And therefore the motivation to do that.
209
734000
1936
還有為此努力的動力
12:27
I could talk with you
for hours about this.
for hours about this.
210
735960
2016
我對這個主題很感興趣
我很高興你為件事而努力
12:30
I'm really glad you're working on this.
211
738000
1896
12:31
Thank you.
212
739920
1216
謝謝你
12:33
(Applause)
213
741160
2440
（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Darrick Hamilton - Stratification economistDarrick Hamilton crafts and implements innovative routes and policies that break down social hierarchy and move society towards greater equity, inclusion and civic participation.
Why you should listen
Darrick Hamilton is a pioneer and internationally recognized scholar in the field of stratification economics, which fuses social science methods to examine the causes, consequences and remedies of racial, gender, ethnic, tribal, nativity, etc. inequality in education, economic and health outcomes.
Hamilton'ss scholarship and practice, as well as his experience as a professor of economics and director of the doctoral program in public and urban policy at The New School, aligns closely to the work and objectives of The Ohio State University's Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity. He will assume leadership of the nationally renowned research institute on January 1, 2019. In addition to serving as Kirwan's executive director, Hamilton will hold a faculty appointment in Ohio State's John Glenn College of Public Affairs, with courtesy appointments in the departments of economics and sociology within the College of Arts and Sciences.
Hamilton was born and raised in the Bedford Stuyvesant section of Brooklyn, NY. He is a graduate of Oberlin College and earned a PhD in economics from the University of North Carolina. He completed postdoctoral appointments at the University of Michigan and Yale University, respectively. He is a fellow at the Roosevelt Institute and a National Advisory Committee member of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's Policies for Action, Policy and Law Research Program to Build a Culture of Health.
Darrick Hamilton | Speaker | TED.com