TED@Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
Julian Burschka: What your breath could reveal about your health
朱利安·伯施卡: 你的呼吸能传递何种健康信号？
Filmed:
Readability: 5.7
2,091,356 views
消除疾病的最佳手段莫过于在症状显现前及早发现并治疗。这便是如同X射线成像系统、磁共振成像和血液检测这样的筛检方法的终极目的。但有一种被忽略了其在医疗分析领域的潜能的媒介：你呼出的气体。技术专家朱利安·伯施卡向我们分享了呼气分析的第一手信息——呼气中挥发性有机物的筛检——还有呼气分析如何能成为疾病检测、预测甚至预防的强有力工具。
Julian Burschka - Technologist
Driven by his curiosity, Julian Burschka is combining multiple technical disciplines with strong business acumen to drive innovation and enable new technological advancements. Full bio
Driven by his curiosity, Julian Burschka is combining multiple technical disciplines with strong business acumen to drive innovation and enable new technological advancements. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I have a tendency to assume the worst,
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我倾向于把事情往坏了想，
00:15
and once in a while,
this habit plays tricks on me.
this habit plays tricks on me.
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而这种想法偶尔会把我弄糊涂。
举例来说，如果我的身体
突然感到疼痛，
突然感到疼痛，
00:18
For example, if I feel
unexpected pain in my body
unexpected pain in my body
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00:21
that I have not experienced before
and that I cannot attribute,
and that I cannot attribute,
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这种疼痛前所未有，并且我不清楚病因，
那么我会突然认为背部剧痛
是由心脏病所致，
是由心脏病所致，
00:25
then all of a sudden, my mind
might turn a tense back into heart disease
might turn a tense back into heart disease
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或者因为小腿肌肉疼痛
而怀疑自己有了深部静脉血栓。
而怀疑自己有了深部静脉血栓。
00:30
or calf muscle pain
into deep vein thrombosis.
into deep vein thrombosis.
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00:33
But so far, I haven't been diagnosed
with any deadly or incurable disease.
with any deadly or incurable disease.
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但至今为止，我还没被确诊
患有任何致命或者难以治愈的疾病。
患有任何致命或者难以治愈的疾病。
有时这种事实会毫无缘由地使我伤心。
00:37
Sometimes things just hurt
for no clear reason.
for no clear reason.
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00:41
But not everyone is as lucky as me.
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但并不是所有人都像我这么幸运。
00:43
Every year, more than
50 million people die worldwide.
50 million people die worldwide.
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每年，世界上都有超过五千万人死去。
00:48
Especially in high-income
economies like ours,
economies like ours,
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尤其像我们这种高收入经济体里，
慢性病致死占了很大一部分：
00:51
a large fraction of deaths is caused
by slowly progressing diseases:
by slowly progressing diseases:
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心脏病，慢性肺病，癌症，
阿尔兹海默症，糖尿病，
阿尔兹海默症，糖尿病，
00:56
heart disease, chronic lung disease,
cancer, Alzheimer's, diabetes,
cancer, Alzheimer's, diabetes,
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这些只是其中一小部分例子。
01:00
just to name a few.
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01:03
Now, humanity has made tremendous progress
in diagnosing and treating many of these.
in diagnosing and treating many of these.
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如今，人类已经在慢性病确诊
和治疗上取得了显著进展。
和治疗上取得了显著进展。
01:08
But we are at a stage
where further advancement in health
where further advancement in health
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但就现阶段而言，医学上的进一步突破
不能只依赖于研发新的治疗方法。
01:12
cannot be achieved only
by developing new treatments.
by developing new treatments.
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而当我们观察所有
这些疾病的一个共同点时，
这些疾病的一个共同点时，
01:15
And this becomes evident
when we look at one aspect
when we look at one aspect
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这一点就变得尤为明显：
01:17
that many of these
diseases have in common:
diseases have in common:
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01:21
the probability for successful treatment
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治疗的成功率
很大程度上取决于何时开展治疗。
01:24
strongly depends on
when treatment is started.
when treatment is started.
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01:27
But a disease is typically only detected
once symptoms occur.
once symptoms occur.
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但是一般来说，疾病只有
在症状显现后才会被确诊。
在症状显现后才会被确诊。
01:31
The problem here is that, in fact,
many diseases can remain asymptomatic,
many diseases can remain asymptomatic,
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这里的问题在于，实际上，
很多疾病一直没有临床症状，
很多疾病一直没有临床症状，
所以很长一段时间都不会被检测出来。
01:36
hence undetected,
for a long period of time.
for a long period of time.
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01:39
Because of this, there is
a persisting need for new ways
a persisting need for new ways
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因此，在远早于症状显现出来前，
便能检测出早期疾病的新治疗方法
01:43
of detecting disease at early stage,
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01:45
way before any symptoms occur.
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变得极为需要。
01:49
In health care, this is called screening.
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在医疗保健上，这被称为筛检。
根据世界卫生组织（WHO）的定义，
01:51
And as defined by
the World Health Organization,
the World Health Organization,
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筛检意为“在看似健康的人身上，
01:54
screening is "the presumptive
identification of unrecognized disease
identification of unrecognized disease
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通过快速简单的...多种检测手段...
02:00
in an apparently healthy person,
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得出的未确诊疾病的假定诊断。”
02:02
by means of tests ... that can be applied
rapidly and easily ..."
rapidly and easily ..."
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02:07
That's a long definition,
so let me repeat it:
so let me repeat it:
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这段定义非常长，所以我再重复一遍：
02:10
identification of unrecognized disease
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在看似健康的人身上，
通过多种快速简单的检测手段
02:13
in an apparently healthy person
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02:16
by means of tests that can be applied
both rapidly and easily.
both rapidly and easily.
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得出的未确诊疾病的假定诊断。
我想着重强调“快速”和“简单”这两个词，
02:20
And I want to put special emphasis
on the words "rapidly" and "easily"
on the words "rapidly" and "easily"
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因为现阶段的很多筛检方法
02:23
because many of the existing
screening methods
screening methods
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并没做到这两点。
02:25
are exactly the opposite.
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02:28
And those of you
who have undergone colonoscopy
who have undergone colonoscopy
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而在座的观众中做过
直肠癌筛检程序之一，
直肠癌筛检程序之一，
即结肠镜检查的人
02:30
as part of a screening program
for colorectal cancer
for colorectal cancer
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将会明白我的话中之意。
02:34
will know what I mean.
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02:37
Obviously, there's a variety
of medical tools available
of medical tools available
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显而易见，目前有许许多多
可应用于筛检的医学手段。
02:40
to perform screening tests.
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02:42
This ranges from imaging techniques
such as radiography
such as radiography
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其中包括X射线放射成像、
磁共振成像、
02:46
or magnetic resonance imaging
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还有血液和组织分析。
02:48
to the analysis of blood or tissue.
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我们一直都拥有这些技术。
02:50
We have all had such tests.
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02:53
But there's one medium
that for long has been overlooked:
that for long has been overlooked:
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但有一个长期被忽视的媒介：
02:57
a medium that is easily accessible,
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一个可轻易接触到的，
基本无损耗的，
03:00
basically nondepletable,
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拥有巨大前景的医学分析媒介。
03:02
and it holds tremendous promise
for medical analysis.
for medical analysis.
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03:06
And that is our breath.
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这便是我们的呼气。
03:10
Human breath is essentially
composed of five components:
composed of five components:
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人类呼出的气体基本由五个部分组成：
03:14
nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide,
water and argon.
water and argon.
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氮、氧、二氧化碳、水和氩。
除此之外，还有其它上百种
03:21
But besides these five, there are
hundreds of other components
hundreds of other components
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含量极低的成分。
03:24
that are present in very low quantity.
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03:27
These are called volatile
organic compounds,
organic compounds,
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它们是挥发性有机物质，
而我们每次呼气都会释放
03:29
and we release hundreds,
even thousands of them
even thousands of them
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成百甚至上千种有机物质。
03:32
every time we exhale.
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03:35
The analysis of these volatile
organic compounds in our breath
organic compounds in our breath
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以这些挥发性有机物为对象的分析
03:38
is called breath analysis.
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被称为呼气分析。
03:41
In fact, I believe that many of you
have already experienced breath analysis.
have already experienced breath analysis.
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事实上，我相信在座的许多人
都已经做过呼气分析。
都已经做过呼气分析。
试想一下：你在深夜开车回家，
03:45
Imagine: you're driving home
late at night,
late at night,
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突然这时，有位亲切的警官，
03:48
when suddenly, there's
a friendly police officer
a friendly police officer
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和善却态度坚决地要求你
03:51
who asks you kindly but firmly
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靠边停车，并朝这个仪器里呼气。
03:54
to pull over and blow
into a device like this one.
into a device like this one.
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03:59
This is an alcohol breath tester
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这是酒精呼气检测仪，
用于测量呼出气体中的酒精含量
04:02
that is used to measure
the ethanol concentration in your breath
the ethanol concentration in your breath
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以评估你此时的身体条件
是否允许开车。
是否允许开车。
04:06
and determine whether driving
in your condition is a clever idea.
in your condition is a clever idea.
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04:10
Now, I'd say my driving was pretty good,
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我觉得我的驾驶水平很不错，
但让我现在检测一下。
04:12
but let me check.
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04:14
(Beep)
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（响声）
04:20
0.0, so nothing
to worry about, all fine.
to worry about, all fine.
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0.0，所以没什么好担心的，一切正常。
（笑声）
04:23
(Laughter)
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04:26
Now imagine a device like this one,
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现在试想这样一台仪器，
它不仅可以检测呼气中的酒精含量，
04:28
that does not only measure
alcohol levels in your breath,
alcohol levels in your breath,
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还可以检测出像我
刚刚介绍过的那样的疾病，
刚刚介绍过的那样的疾病，
04:31
but that detects diseases
like the ones I've shown you
like the ones I've shown you
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甚至可能检测出更多种。
04:35
and potentially many more.
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04:38
The concept of correlating
the smell of a person's breath
the smell of a person's breath
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这种将人类呼气中的气味
和他的某种健康状况
和他的某种健康状况
04:42
with certain medical conditions,
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所联系起来的概念，
实际上起源于古希腊。
04:44
in fact, dates back to Ancient Greece.
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04:47
But only recently, research efforts
on breath analysis have skyrocketed,
on breath analysis have skyrocketed,
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但直到最近，关于呼气分析的
研究成果才有了飞跃性的进展，
研究成果才有了飞跃性的进展，
曾经只存在于想象中的事物
如今变成了事实。
如今变成了事实。
04:52
and what once was a dream
is now becoming reality.
is now becoming reality.
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04:57
And let me pull up this list again
that I showed you earlier.
that I showed you earlier.
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我现在再展示一下刚才的那张单子。
05:01
For the majority of diseases listed here,
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有大量证据表明，
05:04
there's substantial scientific evidence
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这张单子中的大部分疾病，
可以通过呼气分析检测到。
05:06
suggesting that the disease
could be detected by breath analysis.
could be detected by breath analysis.
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05:11
But how does it work, exactly?
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但呼气分析到底是如何检测的？
05:14
The essential part is a sensor device
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分析仪器里必不可缺的部分是
可以检测呼气中挥发性有机物的感应器。
05:17
that detects the volatile
organic compounds in our breath.
organic compounds in our breath.
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05:21
Simply put: when exposed
to a breath sample,
to a breath sample,
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简单地说，当把此装置置于呼气样本中，
它便会输出复杂的信号，
05:24
the sensor outputs a complex signature
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这些信号便是来源于
我们呼气中的挥发性有机物。
我们呼气中的挥发性有机物。
05:27
that results from the mixture of volatile
organic compounds that we exhale.
organic compounds that we exhale.
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05:32
Now, this signature represents
a fingerprint of your metabolism,
a fingerprint of your metabolism,
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而这些信号就好比你体内的新陈代谢，
微生物菌群，
05:36
your microbiome
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以及生化过程的“指纹”。
05:37
and the biochemical processes
that occur in your body.
that occur in your body.
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05:41
If you have a disease,
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如果你患有某种疾病，
你的机体会产生变化，
05:43
your organism will change,
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这也包括了呼出气体的成分。
05:45
and so will the composition
of your exhaled breath.
of your exhaled breath.
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05:49
And then the only thing that is left to do
is to correlate a certain signature
is to correlate a certain signature
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接下来该做的，便是把某个信号
与某项身体状况的存在与否给联系起来。
05:54
with the presence or absence
of certain medical conditions.
of certain medical conditions.
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05:59
The technology promises
several undeniable benefits.
several undeniable benefits.
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这项技术具备一些不可忽视的优点。
06:03
Firstly, the sensor can be miniaturized
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首先，感应器可以微型化，
并被整合进小型便携设备，
06:06
and integrated into small,
handheld devices
handheld devices
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比如酒精呼气检测仪。
06:09
like this alcohol breath tester.
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06:12
This would allow the test to be used
in many different settings
in many different settings
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这使得测试可在很多不同情境下，
甚至在家里完成，
06:15
and even at home,
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如此一来，每次检测
06:17
so that a visit at the doctor's office
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便没必要去医生办公室才能完成了。
06:19
is not needed each time
a test shall be performed.
a test shall be performed.
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06:22
Secondly, breath analysis is noninvasive
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其次，呼气分析是无创的，
就像朝酒精检测仪里吹气那样简单。
06:26
and can be as simple as blowing
into an alcohol breath tester.
into an alcohol breath tester.
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06:30
Such simplicity and ease of use
would reduce patient burden
would reduce patient burden
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此种简单且易操作的特点
可以减轻病人的负担，
可以减轻病人的负担，
还可以促进这项技术的推广。
06:35
and provide an incentive
for broad adoption of the technology.
for broad adoption of the technology.
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06:39
And thirdly, the technology is so flexible
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另外，这项技术的灵活性
使得仪器能被应用于
06:44
that the same device could be used
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检测很多方面的身体状况。
06:46
to detect a broad range
of medical conditions.
of medical conditions.
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06:50
Breath analysis could be used to screen
for multiple diseases at the same time.
for multiple diseases at the same time.
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呼气检测可以同时筛检多种疾病。
06:56
Nowadays, each disease typically requires
a different medical tool
a different medical tool
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如今，每种疾病的筛检
需要用到不同医疗仪器。
06:59
to perform a screening test.
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07:01
But this means you can only find
what you're looking for.
what you're looking for.
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但这意味这你只能
有目的的进行疾病监测。
有目的的进行疾病监测。
07:06
With all of these features,
breath analysis is predestined
breath analysis is predestined
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有了这些特点，呼气分析就、
就可以弥补传统筛检里的不足。
07:10
to deliver what many traditional
screening tests are lacking.
screening tests are lacking.
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07:14
And most importantly,
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而最重要的是，
所有这些特点最终可提供
07:16
all of these features should
eventually provide us
eventually provide us
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一个平均花费相当低的
07:19
with a platform for medical analysis
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医疗分析平台。
07:22
that can operate at attractively
low cost per test.
low cost per test.
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07:27
On the contrary, existing medical tools
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相较之下，现在的医疗仪器
常常意味着高昂的成本。
07:30
often lead to rather high cost per test.
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07:33
Then, in order to keep costs down,
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为了降低成本，
检测的数量便被限制，
07:36
the number of tests
needs to be restricted,
needs to be restricted,
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07:39
and this means (a) that the tests
can only be performed
can only be performed
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这说明：(a) 检测只能提供给
一小部分人，比如高危人群；
07:42
on a narrow part of the population,
for example, the high-risk population;
for example, the high-risk population;
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(b) 每人的检测数要被控制在最少。
07:47
and (b) that the number of tests
per person needs to be kept at a minimum.
per person needs to be kept at a minimum.
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07:53
But wouldn't it actually be beneficial
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但如果这些检测被提供给
更多的人，甚至长此以往
提供给每一个人，
提供给每一个人，
07:55
if the test was performed
on a larger group of people,
on a larger group of people,
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这样岂不是更有益？
07:58
and more often and over a longer period
of time for each individual?
of time for each individual?
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08:03
Especially the latter would give access
to something very valuable
to something very valuable
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尤其是后一种情况，将会在最后
提供一种名为“纵向数据”的宝贵数据。
08:07
that is called longitudinal data.
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08:10
Longitudinal data is a data set
that tracks the same patient
that tracks the same patient
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纵向数据是一种跟踪记录同一个病人
在数月或数年内情况的数据组。
08:15
over the course of many months or years.
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08:19
Nowadays, medical decisions
are often based on a limited data set,
are often based on a limited data set,
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如今，医疗上的决策
常受有限数据组限制，
常受有限数据组限制，
08:24
where only a glimpse
of a patient's medical history
of a patient's medical history
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仅仅只有病人的一部分病史
对决策有帮助。
08:27
is available for decision-making.
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08:30
In such a case,
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在这种情况下，
病人身体的异常一般是通过
08:32
abnormalities are typically detected
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将病人的健康概貌
08:35
by comparing a patient's health profile
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和参考组的平均健康概貌作比较。
08:37
to the average health profile
of a reference population.
of a reference population.
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08:42
Longitudinal data would
open up a new dimension
open up a new dimension
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纵向数据将会开拓出新的维度，
并以病人自己的病史为依据
08:46
and allow abnormalities to be detected
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检测出身体异常。
08:49
based on a patient's own medical history.
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08:52
This will pave the way
for personalized treatment.
for personalized treatment.
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这将会为个性化治疗开辟道路。
08:56
Sounds pretty great, right?
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这听起来很棒，对吧？
08:59
Now you will certainly have a question
that is something like,
that is something like,
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现在，你肯定会冒出一个问题：
“如果这项技术真的有他说得那么好，
为什么现在还没被应用呢？”
为什么现在还没被应用呢？”
09:02
"If the technology is as great as he says,
then why aren't we using it today?"
then why aren't we using it today?"
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我能给出的唯一答复是：
09:07
And the only answer I can give you is:
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并不是所有事情都像听起来那么简单。
09:09
not everything is as easy as it sounds.
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09:12
There are technical
challenges, for example.
challenges, for example.
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比如，现阶段还存在着技术上的难关。
我们需要非常可靠的感应器，
09:16
There's the need for
extremely reliable sensors
extremely reliable sensors
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可靠到以足够的再现性
09:19
that can detect mixtures
of volatile organic compounds
of volatile organic compounds
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检测到挥发性有机混合气体。
09:22
with sufficient reproducibility.
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09:25
And another technical challenge is this:
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另一个技术难关是这个：
要如何明确清楚地抽样调查
一个人呼出的气体，
一个人呼出的气体，
09:28
How do you sample a person's breath
in a very defined manner
in a very defined manner
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以保证抽样过程本身
09:33
so that the sampling process itself
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不会改变分析结果呢？
09:35
does not alter the result of the analysis?
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09:39
And there's the need for data.
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另外，我们还需要数据。
09:41
Breath analysis needs
to be validated in clinical trials,
to be validated in clinical trials,
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呼气分析需在医疗测试中进行验证，
同时需要收集足够的数据，
09:45
and enough data needs to be collected
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以保证个体的身体状况
可通过对比基准线来检测。
可通过对比基准线来检测。
09:48
so that individual conditions
can be measured against baselines.
can be measured against baselines.
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09:53
Breath analysis can only succeed
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呼气分析只有在
能生成大量的数据组
09:55
if a large enough data set
can be generated
can be generated
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并广泛应用的情况下才能成功。
09:58
and made available for broad use.
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10:03
If breath analysis
holds up to its promises,
holds up to its promises,
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如果呼气分析有望成功，
10:06
this is a technology
that could truly aid us
that could truly aid us
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这将会成为能真正帮助我们
改革医疗系统的技术——
10:09
to transform our health care system --
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10:12
transform it from a reactive system
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从一个只有在病症显现时
才能给出治疗的应激系统，
10:15
where treatment is triggered
by symptoms of disease
by symptoms of disease
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转变成主动出击的系统，
10:18
to a proactive system,
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而在这个系统里，
疾病的检测、诊断和治疗
疾病的检测、诊断和治疗
10:20
where disease detection,
diagnosis and treatment
diagnosis and treatment
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可在疾病早期就被应用，
10:24
can happen at early stage,
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远早于病症显现之时。
10:25
way before any symptoms occur.
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10:29
Now this brings me to my last point,
and it's a fundamental one.
and it's a fundamental one.
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这便让我将演讲引向最后一点，
也是最基础的一点。
也是最基础的一点。
10:33
What exactly is a disease?
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疾病到底是什么？
10:36
Imagine that breath analysis
can be commercialized as I describe it,
can be commercialized as I describe it,
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想象一下，呼吸分析
就像我描述的那样被商业化，
就像我描述的那样被商业化，
早期检测成为常规流程。
10:40
and early detection becomes routine.
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10:44
A problem that remains
is, in fact, a problem
is, in fact, a problem
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还留有的一个问题，实际上，
是任何筛检手段都需要面对的问题，
10:46
that any screening activity has to face
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因为，对于大多数疾病而言，
10:49
because, for many diseases,
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想要以足够的肯定性来检测
10:51
it is often impossible to predict
with sufficient certainty
with sufficient certainty
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此种疾病是否会显现症状，
10:55
whether the disease
would ever cause any symptoms
would ever cause any symptoms
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或使病人命悬一线，
通常是不可能的。
通常是不可能的。
10:58
or put a person's life at risk.
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11:00
This is called overdiagnosis,
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这被称为“过度诊断”，
而它会将我们置于困境。
11:03
and it leads to a dilemma.
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11:05
If a disease is identified,
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如果某种疾病被检测出来，
你可以决定不去治疗它，
11:08
you could decide not to treat it
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因为有可能病人
从不会因这疾病而受煎熬。
从不会因这疾病而受煎熬。
11:10
because there's a certain probability
that you would never suffer from it.
that you would never suffer from it.
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11:14
But how much would you suffer
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但如果你只知道可能得了绝症，
这又会让你受到何种程度的煎熬呢？
11:16
just from knowing that you have
a potentially deadly disease?
a potentially deadly disease?
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你会不会因为疾病
从一开始就被检测出来
从一开始就被检测出来
11:19
And wouldn't you actually regret
that the disease was detected
that the disease was detected
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11:22
in the first place?
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而感到后悔呢？
11:25
Your second option
is to undergo early treatment
is to undergo early treatment
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你的第二种选择是
抱着能够被治好的希望
抱着能够被治好的希望
去接受早期治疗。
11:29
with the hope for curing it.
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11:31
But often, this would not come
without side effects.
without side effects.
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但是，这经常会带来副作用。
11:37
To be precise:
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准确地来说：
更大的问题并不是过度诊断，
11:39
the bigger problem is not overdiagnosis,
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而是过度治疗，
11:42
it's overtreatment,
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因为并不是仅因为
这种疾病有治疗方法
这种疾病有治疗方法
11:43
because not every disease
has to be treated immediately
has to be treated immediately
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就要去马上接受治疗。
11:46
just because a treatment is available.
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11:51
The increasing adoption
of routine screening
of routine screening
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频繁进行常规筛检
会引发一个问题：
11:54
will raise the question:
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11:57
What do we call a disease
that can rationalize treatment,
that can rationalize treatment,
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我们该如何判断
某种疾病是需要治疗，
某种疾病是需要治疗，
还是视它为不需要担心的身体异常？
12:01
and what is just an abnormality
that should not be a source of concern?
that should not be a source of concern?
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12:07
My hopes are that routine screening
using breath analysis
using breath analysis
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我希望应用呼气分析的常规筛检
可以提供充足的数据和见解，
12:12
can provide enough data and insight
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能让我们以后打破僵局，
12:15
so that at some point,
we'll be able to break this dilemma
we'll be able to break this dilemma
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有充分的把握来预测
12:19
and predict with sufficient certainty
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此疾病是否需要在早期进行治疗。
12:22
whether and when to treat at early stage.
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12:26
Our breath and the mixture of volatile
organic compounds that we exhale
organic compounds that we exhale
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我们的呼气和其中包含的挥发性有机物
蕴含着透露我们身体状况的丰富信息。
12:31
hold tremendous amounts of information
on our physiological condition.
on our physiological condition.
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12:37
With what we know today,
we have only scratched the surface.
we have only scratched the surface.
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我们目前的认识只是九牛一毛。
12:41
As we collect more and more data
and breath profiles across the population,
and breath profiles across the population,
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随着我们在人群中收集到
越来越多的数据和呼吸信息，
越来越多的数据和呼吸信息，
包括各种性别、年龄、种族和生活方式，
12:46
including all varieties of gender,
age, origin and lifestyle,
age, origin and lifestyle,
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呼气分析的权威性将会增强。
12:50
the power of breath analysis
should increase.
should increase.
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12:54
And eventually, breath analysis
should provide us with a powerful tool
should provide us with a powerful tool
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最终，呼气分析将成为强有力的工具，
它不仅能尽早检测出某种疾病，
12:59
not only to proactively detect
specific diseases
specific diseases
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还可以预测和最终预防疾病。
13:04
but to predict
and ultimately prevent them.
and ultimately prevent them.
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13:09
And this should be enough motivation
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这应该能敦促我们
接受呼气分析所带来的
13:11
to embrace the opportunities
and challenges
and challenges
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机遇和挑战，
13:15
that breath analysis can provide,
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甚至包括不同于我种
偶发疑病症患者的人。
偶发疑病症患者的人。
13:18
even for people that are not
part-time hypochondriacs like me.
part-time hypochondriacs like me.
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13:22
Thank you.
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谢谢。
（掌声）
13:23
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Julian Burschka - TechnologistDriven by his curiosity, Julian Burschka is combining multiple technical disciplines with strong business acumen to drive innovation and enable new technological advancements.
Why you should listen
Julian Burschka has spent many years developing materials for efficient solar energy conversion. Notably he pioneered an elegant method to fabricate so-called perovskite solar cells -- seminal research that later was published in Nature and cited several thousand times since.
Born a scientist at heart, Burschka is constantly striving to expand his horizon and is thrilled by new technological discoveries that might fundamentally change our daily lives. More recently, his interest was sparked by ultra-sensitive gas sensors and the detection of volatile organic compounds for various applications.
In his current role as a senior project manager at Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Burschka is leading a multinational R&D team that develops smart material solutions to enable next-generation displays. He holds a Master of Business Administration and a PhD in chemistry, both of which he obtained following multilingual studies in Germany, France and Switzerland.
Julian Burschka | Speaker | TED.com