TED2009
Willie Smits: How to restore a rainforest
Willie Smits 修复雨林
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透过复杂的生态学，生物学家Willie Smits发掘一个重新植林的快捷方式，在婆罗洲救回了许多栖息于当地的红毛猩猩，进而创造出一个得以修复脆弱生态系统的蓝图。
Willie Smits - Conservationist
Willie Smits has devoted his life to saving the forest habitat of orangutans, the "thinkers of the jungle." As towns, farms and wars encroach on native forests, Smits works to save what is left. Full bio
Willie Smits has devoted his life to saving the forest habitat of orangutans, the "thinkers of the jungle." As towns, farms and wars encroach on native forests, Smits works to save what is left. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
I was walking in the market one day with my wife,
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有一天我和妻子走在市场上，
00:21
and somebody stuck a cage in my face.
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有人往我面前递上一个笼子
00:23
And in between those slits
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笼子的缝隙后
00:25
were the saddest eyes I've ever seen.
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是我今生所见过最悲伤的眼睛。
00:27
There was a very sick orangutan baby, my first encounter.
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我最初见到的，是一个病得非常厉害的猩猩宝宝。
00:30
That evening I came back to the market in the dark
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当晚我摸黑回到那个市集
00:33
and I heard "uhh, uhh,"
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我听到“呜，呜”的啜泣声
00:36
and sure enough I found a dying orangutan baby on a garbage heap.
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果然﹐我在垃圾堆上发现一个正在死去的小猩猩。
00:41
Of course, the cage was salvaged.
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笼子被丢弃了
00:43
I took up the little baby,
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我抱起这小猩猩，
00:45
massaged her, forced her to drink
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在牠身上揉揉，强迫牠喝点水
00:48
until she finally started breathing normally.
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直到牠开始正常地呼吸。
00:51
This is Uce.
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这是Ｕce。
00:53
She's now living in the jungle of Sungai Wain,
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现在牠住在Sungai Wain保护林区，
00:55
and this is Matahari, her second son,
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而这是Matahari，牠的第二个孩子，
00:57
which, by the way, is also the son of the second orangutan I rescued, Dodoy.
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事实上牠也是我救来的第二个红毛猩猩Dodoy的孩子。
01:02
That changed my life quite dramatically,
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这件事戏剧性地改变了我的生命，
01:04
and as of today, I have almost 1,000 babies in my two centers.
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到今天为止，在我的两个中心里，已有将近一千只小猩猩。
01:09
(Applause)
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（掌声）
01:11
No. No. No. Wrong.
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不，不，不。错了。
01:13
It's horrible. It's a proof of our failing to save them in the wild.
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这很糟糕。这不过证明我们失败了，我们无法在野外救活牠们。
01:16
It's not good.
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这很不好。
01:18
This is merely proof of everyone failing to do the right thing.
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这仅表明每个人在他们该做的事上失败了。
01:22
Having more than all the orangutans in all the zoos in the world together,
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几乎所有的红毛猩猩都活在世界上的动物园里，
01:26
just now like victims for every baby,
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那些现在受害的猩猩宝宝，
01:29
six have disappeared from the forest.
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其中已经有六只消失在森林中了。
01:32
The deforestation, especially for oil palm,
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伐林，尤其是为了栽种油棕榈而滥砍林木，
01:34
to provide biofuel for Western countries
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以提供西方国家生质燃料
01:37
is what's causing these problems.
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是造成这些问题的主因。
01:40
And those are the peat swamp forests on 20 meters of peat,
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这是二十公尺长的泥炭沼泽，
01:43
the largest accumulation of organic material in the world.
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蕴藏世界上最多的有机物质。
01:46
When you open this for growing oil palms
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开垦泥炭沼泽来种棕榈树
01:49
you're creating CO2 volcanoes
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就像制造一座座喷发二氧化碳的火山群
01:51
that are emitting so much CO2
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这将会排放非常多的二氧化碳
01:54
that my country is now the third largest emitter of greenhouse gasses in the world,
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我的国家已成为全球温室气体排放的第三大国，
01:59
after China and the United States.
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名列中国与美国之后，
02:01
And we don't have any industry at all --
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而我们却是个毫无工业的国家。
02:04
it's only because of this deforestation.
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就只因为滥采森林。
02:07
And these are horrible images.
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这些是可怕的图像。
02:10
I'm not going to talk too long about it,
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我今天不会花太多时间说这些，
02:12
but there are so many of the family of Uce,
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但是有许许多多Uce家庭成员
02:14
which are not so fortunate to live out there in the forest,
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很不幸地依然住在那森林里
02:18
that still have to go through that process.
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依然必须经历那过程
02:20
And I don't know anymore where to put them.
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而我已不知道要将牠们安置在哪些安全的地方了。
02:22
So I decided that I had to come up with a solution for her
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于是，我决定必须要为牠想出一个解决方案
02:26
but also a solution
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而这一解决方案
02:28
that will benefit the people that are trying to exploit those forests,
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也让采伐森林的人们同样受益
02:32
to get their hands on the last timber
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让他们经手最后一片森林
02:35
and that are causing, in that way,
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那将会
02:38
the loss of habitat and all those victims.
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失去那些受害者与栖息地。
02:41
So I created the place Samboja Lestari,
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所以我创造一个叫Samboja Lestari的地方
02:43
and the idea was,
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我的想法是，
02:45
if I can do this on the worst possible place that I can think of
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如果我可以在我想象的到最糟糕最不可能的地方完成这件事
02:48
where there is really nothing left,
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从一个什么都没有了的地方
02:50
no one will have an excuse to say, "Yeah, but ..."
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那么就没有人会有借口说，“对啊，但是...”
02:54
No. Everyone should be able to follow this.
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不会有。这会是每一个人都可以依循的步骤。
02:58
So we're in East Borneo. This is the place where I started.
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所以我们现在在婆罗洲东部。这是我开始着手的地方。
03:03
As you can see there's only yellow terrain.
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诚如你所见到的，这里原先只有一片枯黄荒地
03:05
There's nothing left -- just a bit of grass there.
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什么也不剩，只剩一丁点儿小草
03:08
In 2002 we had about 50 percent of the people jobless there.
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2002年间我们这里有将近百分之五十的人没有工作
03:12
There was a huge amount of crime.
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存在着为数甚多的犯罪。
03:14
People spent so much of their money on health issues and drinking water.
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当地人在医疗与饮水上花费很多钱
03:19
There was no agricultural productivity left.
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农业生产力所剩无几
03:22
This was the poorest district in the whole province
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这是全省最贫穷的区域
03:25
and it was a total extinction of wildlife.
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所有野生动植物已经完全灭绝
03:28
This was like a biological desert.
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就像生物学上的一片沙漠
03:30
When I stood there in the grass, it's hot -- not even the sound of insects --
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当我站在这片草地上，我只觉得热 -- 那里甚至没有一点儿虫子的声音 --
03:34
just this waving grass.
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只剩这些摇动的草。
03:36
Still, four years later we have created jobs for about 3,000 people.
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尽管如此，四年后我们在此提供了３０００个就业机会。
03:41
The climate has changed. I will show you:
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那里的气候也改变了。我将为你们展示：
03:44
no more flooding, no more fires.
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再也没有水灾，再也没有火灾。
03:46
It's no longer the poorest district,
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这里也不再是最贫穷的区域了，
03:49
and there is a huge development of biodiversity.
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而且此地的生物多样性也得到巨幅地发展。
03:51
We've got over 1,000 species. We have 137 bird species as of today.
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我们得到超过一千以上的物种，至今有１３７种鸟类。
03:57
We have 30 species of reptiles.
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我们有３０种爬虫类。
03:59
So what happened here? We created a huge economic failure in this forest.
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所以，这里到底发生了什么事? 我们在森林中制造了巨大的经济损害。
04:05
So basically the whole process of destruction
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基本上这些全部的毁坏过程
04:08
had gone a bit slower than what is happening now with the oil palm.
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已经得到减缓，
04:11
But we saw the same thing.
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但我们见到一样的事--
04:13
We had slash and burn agriculture;
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我们使用火耕；
04:15
people cannot afford the fertilizer,
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人们买不起化肥
04:17
so they burn the trees and have the minerals available there;
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所以他们燃烧一半的树木与当地现有一半的矿产。
04:20
the fires become more frequent,
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火灾变得经常发生
04:22
and after a while you're stuck with an area of land
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过一阵子你又被困在一块
04:25
where there is no fertility left.
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完全无法耕种的土地上。
04:27
There are no trees left.
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没有一棵树存留。
04:29
Still, in this place, in this grassland
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然而在这个地方，在这片草地上
04:32
where you can see our very first office there on that hill,
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你可以见到山丘上有我们最初的办公室，
04:35
four years later, there is this one green blop on the Earth's surface ...
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四年下来，一片绿地在地球表面出现了...
04:40
(Applause)
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（掌声）
04:42
And there are all these animals, and all these people happy,
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这里有这些动物，这些快乐的人们，
04:45
and there's this economic value.
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而且还有经济价值。
04:47
So how's this possible?
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这怎么可能呢？
04:49
It was quite simple. If you'll look at the steps:
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如果你看看这步骤，你会发现很简单：
04:51
we bought the land, we dealt with the fire,
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我们买下这块地，处理火灾，
04:53
and then only, we started doing the reforestation
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然后开始植林
04:56
by combining agriculture with forestry.
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混合农业与林业。
04:59
Only then we set up the infrastructure and management and the monetary.
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在那时我们建立基础设施、管理、以及财政措施。
05:03
But we made sure that in every step of the way
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但我们必须确定每一个当地居民
05:06
the local people were going to be fully involved
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都全然参与计划
05:09
so that no outside forces would be able to interfere with that.
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这样就没有外部的力量会介入。
05:13
The people would become the defenders of that forest.
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这使得当地人成为那片林地的保护者。
05:17
So we do the "people, profit, planet" principles,
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我们以“人民、利益、地球”的原则，
05:19
but we do it in addition
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并且更进一步地
05:21
to a sure legal status --
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我们建立一个确定的法律地位
05:23
because if the forest belongs to the state,
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因为如果森林属于国家
05:25
people say, "It belongs to me, it belongs to everyone."
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人们会说，它属于我，它属于每一个人。
05:28
And then we apply all these other principles
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我们也应用其它原则
05:31
like transparency, professional management, measurable results,
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比如说透明化、专业评估管理
05:35
scalability, [unclear], etc.
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可扩展性、往复性...等等。
05:38
What we did was we formulated recipes --
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我们所做的是制定配方
05:41
how to go from a starting situation where you have nothing
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如何从一开始甚么都没有的情况
05:44
to a target situation.
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向一个目标前进。
05:46
You formulate a recipe based upon the factors you can control,
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你根据可以控制的因素，制定一个配方
05:51
whether it be the skills or the fertilizer or the plant choice.
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无论选择技术、化肥、或树种。
05:55
And then you look at the outputs and you start measuring what comes out.
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你观测结果，并且测量它。
06:00
Now in this recipe you also have the cost.
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在这配方里你同时包含了成本。
06:02
You also know how much labor is needed.
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你要知道需要付出多少劳动力。
06:05
If you can drop this recipe on the map
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如果你可以把这配方丢在地图上、
06:08
on a sandy soil, on a clay soil,
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在沙质土壤上、在粘土壤上、
06:10
on a steep slope, on flat soil,
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在陡峭的斜坡、在平地上的土壤上、
06:12
you put those different recipes; if you combine them,
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你配置这些不同的食谱；如果将它们结合起来，
06:15
out of that comes a business plan,
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从之而来的一个商业计划、
06:17
comes a work plan, and you can optimize it
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以及从之而来的工作计划，你可以对其进行优化
06:20
for the amount of labor you have available or for the amount of fertilizer you have,
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可以针对现有的可供劳动力、或现有的肥料，
06:24
and you can do it.
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来完成这计划。
06:26
This is how it looks like in practice. We have this grass we want to get rid of.
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这就是实行这个计划所看起来的样子。我们要摆脱这片荒草地。
06:30
It exudes [unclear]-like compounds from the roots.
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它从根处散发着化合物
06:33
The acacia trees are of a very low value
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合欢树是一个经济价值非常低的植物
06:36
but we need them to restore the micro-climate, to protect the soil
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但我们需要它们来恢复微气候，以保护土壤
06:39
and to shake out the grasses.
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并打开这片荒草地。
06:42
And after eight years they might actually yield some timber --
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8年后，这里可能真会产生一些木材，
06:45
that is, if you can preserve it in the right way,
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也就是说，如果你可以以正确的方法维护它，
06:48
which we can do with bamboo peels.
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我们能做出竹子幼芽
06:50
It's an old temple-building technique from Japan
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这是一个古老发源自日本的建筑庙宇的技术
06:53
but bamboo is very fire-susceptible.
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但竹子非常容易着火。
06:55
So if we would plant that in the beginning
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所以要是我们一开始就种植竹子的话
06:57
we would have a very high risk of losing everything again.
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我们要承担失去一切的高风险
07:01
So we plant it later, along the waterways
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所以我们晚点儿种它，沿着水道
07:03
to filter the water, provide the raw products
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过滤水，只在木材可供使用时
07:05
just in time for when the timber becomes available.
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提供原产品。
07:08
So the idea is: how to integrate these flows
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这样的想法是：如何在一定的时间与空间内，
07:11
in space, over time and with the limited means you have.
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使用有限的工具与策略，汇聚资源。
07:16
So we plant the trees, we plant these pineapples
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因此我们栽种这些树，栽种菠萝
07:18
and beans and ginger in between, to reduce the competition for the trees,
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同时种植豆类和生姜在它们之中，以减少树木与树木之间的竞争，
07:22
the crop fertilizer. Organic material is useful for the agricultural crops,
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作物肥料--有机物质是对农作物有益的，
07:27
for the people, but also helps the trees. The farmers have free land,
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对人们也是有益的，它也帮助树木生长，农民有免费土地，
07:30
the system yields early income, the orangutans get healthy food
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系统获得初期收益，红毛猩猩也获得健康食物
07:34
and we can speed up ecosystem regeneration
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我们可以加快生态系统的再生
07:37
while even saving some money.
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这期间甚至也可以省下一些钱。
07:39
So beautiful. What a theory.
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美丽极了。多好的理论。
07:41
But is it really that easy?
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但是，它真的那么容易吗？
07:44
Not really, because if you looked at what happened in 1998,
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不见得，因为如果你回顾1998年所发生的事情，
07:47
the fire started.
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火灾发生了。
07:49
This is an area of about 50 million hectares.
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这是一个面积约5千万公顷的林地。
07:51
January.
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一月。
07:53
February.
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二月。
07:55
March.
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三月。
07:57
April.
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四月。
07:58
May.
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五月。
07:59
We lost 5.5 million hectares in just a matter of a few months.
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我们在短短几个月之内失去了五百五十万公顷的林地。
08:03
This is because we have 10,000 of those underground fires
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因为我们有10,000次左右的这种地下火灾
08:06
that you also have in Pennsylvania here in the United States.
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在美国宾州也有。
08:10
And once the soil gets dried, you're in a dry season -- you get cracks,
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一旦土壤变得干燥，旱季会出现裂缝，
08:13
oxygen goes in, flames come out and the problem starts all over again.
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氧气渗入，火灾随而发生，问题又会重新开始。
08:17
So how to break that cycle?
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因此，如何打破这种循环呢？
08:19
Fire is the biggest problem.
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火灾是最大的问题。
08:21
This is what it looked like for three months.
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这是三个月看起来的样子。
08:24
For three months, the automatic lights outside did not go off
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三个月间，外头儿的自动照明没有熄灭
08:27
because it was that dark.
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因为是那么黑。
08:29
We lost all the crops. No children gained weight for over a year;
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我们失去了所有的作物，一年间没有一个孩子增加体重。
08:33
they lost 12 IQ points. It was a disaster
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他们还失去了12点的智商；这对猩猩和人来说
08:36
for orangutans and people.
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都是一场灾难。
08:38
So these fires are really the first things to work on.
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因此，火灾是首先真正要处理的工作。
08:41
That was why I put it as a single point up there.
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这就是为什么我在这里把它作为一个单一重点。
08:44
And you need the local people for that because these grasslands,
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您需要当地人民，因为这些草原，
08:47
once they start burning ... It goes through it like a windstorm
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一旦开始燃烧，它就会像一场暴风
08:51
and you lose again the last bit of ash and nutrients
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使你再度失去最后的灰烬与养分
08:54
to the first rainfall -- going to the sea
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直到第一场雨落到海浬
08:56
killing off the coral reefs there.
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让珊瑚礁也死去为止。
08:59
So you have to do it with the local people.
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所以，你必须与当地人民一起做。
09:01
That is the short-term solution but you also need a long-term solution.
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上述仅仅只是短期的解决办法，而你还需要一个长期的解决办法。
09:04
So what we did is, we created
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为此，我们设置了
09:06
a ring of sugar palms around the area.
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一个以糖棕榈树围绕出来的一个区域。
09:09
These sugar palms turn out to be fire-resistant --
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这些糖棕榈树形成一个防火
09:12
also flood-resistant, by the way --
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亦防洪的天然设施。
09:14
and they provide a lot of income for local people.
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并且为当地人民提供了大量的收入。
09:18
This is what it looks like:
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这看起来是这样的：
09:20
the people have to tap them twice a day -- just a millimeter slice --
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人们只在这些树上刮采几毫米片，一日两次，
09:23
and the only thing you harvest is sugar water,
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仅仅采收糖水，
09:26
carbon dioxide, rain fall and a little bit of sunshine.
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二氧化碳、降雨量和一点点的阳光
09:30
In principle, you make those trees into
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原则上你使那些树木成为
09:32
biological photovoltaic cells.
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生物光伏电池。
09:35
And you can create so much energy from this --
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因为他们每年每公顷可以产出3倍以上的能源，
09:38
they produce three times more energy per hectare per year,
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因为你可以将之用于日常工作，
09:43
because you can tap them on a daily basis.
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您可以从这里制造许多的能源。
09:45
You don't need to harvest [unclear]
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您不必采集器官
09:47
or any other of the crops.
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或任何其它的作物。
09:49
So this is the combination where we have all this genetic potential in the tropics,
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因此，这是我们在热带所能有的遗传潜力结合
09:53
which is still unexploited, and doing it in combination with technology.
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它尚未被开发，并且正藉由科技整合做着
09:57
But also your legal side needs to be in very good order.
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但此外，你也要有很好的法律知识
10:01
So we bought that land,
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所以我们卖下那整块地
10:03
and here is where we started our project --
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这就是我们开始这项计划的所在之处，
10:05
in the middle of nowhere.
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在一片蛮荒之中。
10:07
And if you zoom in a bit you can see that all of this area
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如果你放大一点，你可以看到所有的这区域
10:11
is divided into strips that go over different types of soil,
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已被不同类型的土壤划分开来，
10:14
and we were actually monitoring,
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事实上，我们仔细考虑财务状况
10:17
measuring every single tree in these 2,000 hectares, 5,000 acres.
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测量在这5000顷长，2000顷宽地里的所有树木。
10:23
And this forest is quite different.
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这个森林很不同。
10:26
What I really did was I just followed nature,
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我们真正做的只是依自然的性质，
10:28
and nature doesn't know monocultures,
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而自然本身是不了解何谓单种栽培的，
10:31
but a natural forest is multilayered.
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且自然森林有多种层次。
10:34
That means that both in the ground and above the ground
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这意谓着，森林可以较好地利用
10:36
it can make better use of the available light,
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地面以及地面以上的光，
10:39
it can store more carbon in the system, it can provide more functions.
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可以在生态系统中储存更多碳，提供更多功能，
10:44
But, it's more complicated. It's not that simple, and you have to work with the people.
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然而这也较为复杂，并不像表面上那么容易，你需要与当地居民合作，一起工作。
10:48
So, just like nature,
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所以我们的作法是仿效自然，
10:51
we also grow fast planting trees and underneath that,
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种植快速生长的树木，同时在那之下
10:54
we grow the slower growing, primary-grain forest trees of a very high diversity
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我们种植生长较为慢的植物，也就是非常高多样性的初级粮作林木
11:00
that can optimally use that light. Then,
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使它们得以较好地利用阳光
11:02
what is just as important: get the right fungi in there
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同样重要的是：它们得以取得适当的菌类
11:06
that will grow into those leaves, bring back the nutrients
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这些菌类可以附着生长于它们的叶内，从24小时内掉落的叶子
11:09
to the roots of the trees that have just dropped that leaf within 24 hours.
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中带养分回树根之中。
11:13
And they become like nutrient pumps.
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他们会成为养分泵
11:15
You need the bacteria to fix nitrogen,
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而你也需要土壤中的固氮微生物
11:18
and without those microorganisms, you won't have any performance at all.
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若少了这些微生物，你将不会有任何成果。
11:23
And then we started planting -- only 1,000 trees a day.
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接着，我们着手开始植林 -- 一天只栽种1000棵树。
11:27
We could have planted many, many more, but we didn't want to
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事实上我们可以栽种更多，但我们不想
11:30
because we wanted to keep the number of jobs stable.
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因为我们希望保持稳定的就业数量。
11:33
We didn't want to lose the people
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我们不希望失去人
11:36
that are going to work in that plantation.
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他们要在林业上工作。
11:40
And we do a lot of work here.
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而我们有许多工作要做。
11:42
We use indicator plants to look at what soil types,
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我们使用指标性植物观测土壤类型，
11:45
or what vegetables will grow, or what trees will grow here.
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看看什么植物或什么树种会生长出来。
11:48
And we have monitored every single one of those trees from space.
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我们在这区域内已经监测了每一棵树。
11:53
This is what it looks like in reality;
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这是它现实中看起来的样子，
11:55
you have this irregular ring around it,
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你在这周围有不规则环，
11:57
with strips of 100 meters wide, with sugar palms
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100公尺宽的的环带内种植的是糖棕榈
12:01
that can provide income for 648 families.
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可以提供648个家庭生计。
12:04
It's only a small part of the area.
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这只是此区域的一个小部分。
12:07
The nursery, in here, is quite different.
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这里的培植区是相当不同的。
12:10
If you look at the number of tree species we have in Europe, for instance,
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如果你看我们树木种类的树木，比如说欧洲好了，
12:13
from the Urals up to England, you know how many?
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从俄罗斯的乌拉尔到英格兰，你知道有多少吗？
12:16
165.
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165。
12:18
In this nursery, we're going to grow 10 times more than the number of species.
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在这里的培植区，我们要种植10倍以上的树种。
12:22
Can you imagine?
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你们能想象吗？
12:24
You do need to know what you are working with,
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你必须知道你正在做什么，
12:26
but it's that diversity which makes it work.
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但恰恰是多样性使计划得以运作。
12:29
That you can go from this zero situation,
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使你可以从零开始，
12:32
by planting the vegetables and the trees, or directly, the trees
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借着种植蔬菜与树木，或着直接栽种树木，
12:36
in the lines in that grass there,
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在那草原线上，
12:38
putting up the buffer zone, producing your compost,
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设置缓冲区，生产堆肥，
12:41
and then making sure that at every stage of that up growing forest
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然后，确保正在成长的森林的每一个阶段
12:46
there are crops that can be used.
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都有庄稼可供使用。
12:48
In the beginning, maybe pineapples and beans and corn;
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一开始，可能先是菠萝、苹果、和玉米。
12:50
in the second phase, there will be bananas and papayas;
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第二阶段，会有香蕉和木瓜。
12:53
later on, there will be chocolate and chilies.
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接着，会有椰子和辣椒。
12:56
And then slowly, the trees start taking over,
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然后慢慢地，树木开始接管，
12:58
bringing in produce from the fruits, from the timber, from the fuel wood.
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从水果、从木材、从薪柴，带来产出，
13:02
And finally, the sugar palm forest takes over
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最终，糖棕榈接管
13:05
and provides the people with permanent income.
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供给人们永久的收入。
13:07
On the top left, underneath those green stripes,
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在左上角，下面这些绿色条纹，
13:10
you see some white dots -- those are actually individual pineapple plants
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你看到一些白点 -- 这些实际上是个别的菠萝树
13:14
that you can see from space.
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你可以从太空中看见
13:16
And in that area we started growing some acacia trees
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在这些区域，我们开始栽种越来越多的合欢树
13:21
that you just saw before.
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如同你们之前所见到的
13:23
So this is after one year.
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这是一年后的样子。
13:25
And this is after two years.
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这是两年后。
13:27
And that's green. If you look from the tower --
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如果你从电塔看过去
13:30
this is when we start attacking the grass.
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这是我们开始着手的地方。
13:33
We plant in the seedlings
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我们栽种幼苗
13:35
mixed with the bananas, the papayas, all the crops for the local people,
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混合香蕉、番木瓜、以及所有当地居民的作物，
13:39
but the trees are growing up fast in between as well.
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但同时树木也在它们之间快速成长
13:42
And three years later, 137 species of birds are living here.
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于是三年后， 我们有了137种鸟类。
13:45
(Applause)
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(掌声)
13:51
So we lowered air temperature three to five degrees Celsius.
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我们降低了当地摄氏3至5度的气温。
13:55
Air humidity is up 10 percent.
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空气湿度增加了百分之十。
13:57
Cloud cover -- I'm going to show it to you -- is up.
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云层积聚--我会展示给你们看。
13:59
Rainfall is up.
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降雨量增多了。
14:01
And all these species and income.
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所有这些作物种类为人们赚取了收入。
14:03
This ecolodge that I built here,
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我在这里建立的生态区，
14:05
three years before, was an empty, yellow field.
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三年前是空无一物，一片枯黄。
14:08
This transponder that we operate with the European Space Agency --
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这是我们与欧洲太空总署一同合作运转的无线电发射接收器
14:12
it gives us the benefit that every satellite that comes over to calibrate itself
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它带给我们利益是，校整每一个接近的卫星系统，
14:16
is taking a picture.
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摄下卫星照片。
14:18
Those pictures we use to analyze how much carbon, how the forest is developing,
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我们使用这些图片分析碳汇与森林的成长，
14:22
and we can monitor every tree using satellite images through our cooperation.
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我们可以透过卫星照片监控每一棵树，
14:28
We can use these data now
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我们现在可以利用这些数据
14:30
to provide other regions with recipes and the same technology.
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提供其它地区我们的工作方法以及相同的技术。
14:34
We actually have it already with Google Earth.
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事实上我们已经在Google Earth上运作了。
14:36
If you would use a little bit of your technology to put tracking devices in trucks,
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如果你想使用一点新科技，在卡车上装置追踪系统
14:40
and use Google Earth in combination with that,
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并且同时使用Google Earth
14:43
you could directly tell what palm oil has been sustainably produced,
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你可以直接辨别出哪一颗油棕榈是可持续地生产着，
14:47
which company is stealing the timber,
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也可以知道哪些人正在盗采林木，
14:50
and you could save so much more carbon
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你可以储存更多的碳汇
14:52
than with any measure of saving energy here.
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比起任何节能措施都还要好
14:55
So this is the Samboja Lestari area.
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这是Samboja地区，
14:58
You measure how the trees grow back,
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你可以测知树木长回来了，
15:00
but you can also measure the biodiversity coming back.
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但你也测量到，此地也恢复了它的生物多样性。
15:04
And biodiversity is an indicator of how much water can be balanced,
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生物多样性是一个可以测量水平衡的指标，
15:08
how many medicines can be kept here.
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测量有多少药方得以保留在此区域
15:11
And finally I made it into the rain machine
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最后，我把它打造成为一个造雨机
15:14
because this forest is now creating its own rain.
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因为现在森林自己可以开始造雨了。
15:17
This nearby city of Balikpapan has a big problem with water;
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附近这座城Balikpapan有很严重的水资源问题，
15:21
it's 80 percent surrounded by seawater,
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它被百分之八十的海水围绕，
15:24
and we have now a lot of intrusion there.
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而现在我们得到了许多水进入地质岩层中。
15:26
Now we looked at the clouds above this forest;
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现在，我们来看看这个森林上的云，
15:29
we looked at the reforestation area, the semi-open area and the open area.
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我们所看到的是造林区、半开放区、和开放区。
15:33
And look at these images.
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再看看这些图片。
15:36
I'll just run them very quickly through.
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我会很快地带过它们。
15:38
In the tropics, raindrops are not formed from ice crystals,
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在热带地区，雨水不是由冰晶形成的，
15:41
which is the case in the temperate zones,
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好比温带地区的情况，
15:43
you need the trees with [unclear], chemicals that come out of the leaves of the trees
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你需要化学成分从树叶中产出
15:48
that initiate the raindrops.
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这才会开始产生降雨。
15:50
So you create a cool place where clouds can accumulate,
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所以若创造一块可以累积云层的阴凉区域，
15:54
and you have the trees to initiate the rain.
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你就会有可以产生降雨的林木。
15:56
And look, there's now 11.2 percent more clouds --
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你们看，现在已经增加了百分之11.2的云，
16:00
already, after three years.
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这是在整整三年后才有的。
16:02
If you look at rainfall, it was already up 20 percent at that time.
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如果你看看降雨，在那个时候已经高达百分之20了。
16:07
Let's look at the next year,
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让我们看看下一年，
16:09
and you can see that that trend is continuing.
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你可以看到，这趋势将持续下去。
16:11
Where at first we had a small cap of higher rainfall,
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一开始的我们有一小撮较高的降雨量
16:14
that cap is now widening and getting higher.
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雨量越来越宽也越来越高。
16:17
And if we look at the rainfall pattern
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再来倘若我们看看降雨模式
16:20
above Samboja Lestari, it used to be the driest place,
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在Samboja Lestari 之上，这里曾经是最干旱的地方，
16:24
but now you see consistently see a peak of rain forming there.
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但现在你们可以见到这里已形成一个降雨高峰的区块。
16:28
So you can actually change the climate.
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所以是真的可以改变气候的。
16:32
When there are trade winds of course the effect disappears,
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当然，如果有信风形成的话，降雨的效应会消失，
16:36
but afterwards, as soon as the wind stabilizes,
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然而之后，一旦风稳定下来，
16:39
you see again that the rainfall peaks come back above this area.
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你们看到降雨高峰会再回来这一区域。
16:43
So to say it is hopeless is not the right thing to do,
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所以，不要说什么这是没有希望的话，
16:48
because we actually can make that difference
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因为我们事实上真的可以改变什么
16:50
if you integrate the various technologies.
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如果你整合若干技术的话。
16:54
And it's nice to have the science, but it still depends mostly upon the people,
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科技其实是很棒的，但这仍取决于人，
16:58
on your education.
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取决于你的教育投注之上。
17:00
We have our farmer schools.
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我们有自己的农业学校。
17:02
But the real success of course, is our band --
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但真正成功的，是我们的乐队
17:04
because if a baby is born, we will play, so everyone's our family
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因为如果有孩子出生的话， 我们会演出，所以每一个人都是我们的家庭一员
17:08
and you don't make trouble with your family.
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而且你不会为你的家人制造麻烦。
17:10
This is how it looks.
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这是看起来的样子。
17:12
We have this road going around the area,
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我们有一条路经过这区
17:14
which brings the people electricity and water from our own area.
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带给人电力和水。
17:18
We have the zone with the sugar palms,
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我们有糖棕榈区，
17:20
and then we have this fence with very thorny palms
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我们也为这种多刺的棕榈设置围网
17:22
to keep the orangutans -- that we provide with a place to live in the middle --
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把红毛猩猩与人类隔离开来 -- 我们在这块区域中
17:27
and the people apart.
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提供牠们栖息处
17:29
And inside, we have this area for reforestation
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而里头我们有造林区
17:31
as a gene bank to keep all that material alive,
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作为基因银行，使所有的材料存活着，
17:34
because for the last 12 years
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因为在过去12年
17:36
not a single seedling of the tropical hardwood trees has grown up
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没有一株热带硬木树的幼苗长大
17:40
because the climatic triggers have disappeared.
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因为气候因素已经消失。
17:43
All the seeds get eaten.
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所有的种子都被吃掉了。
17:45
So now we do the monitoring on the inside --
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因此，我们现在作内部监督
17:47
from towers, satellites, ultralights.
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透过电塔、卫星、显示屏幕等。
17:50
Each of the families that have sold their land now get a piece of land back.
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每一个出售自己的土地的家庭现在可获得一块土地回来。
17:54
And it has two nice fences of tropical hardwood trees --
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而且它有两个好的热带硬木树作为围栏，
17:58
you have the shade trees planted in year one,
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你可以在第一年种植有树荫的林木，
18:00
then you underplanted with the sugar palms,
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接着，在那之下种植糖棕榈树，
18:03
and you plant this thorny fence.
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然后再设置这有刺围网。
18:05
And after a few years, you can remove some of those shade trees.
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过几年后，你可以移去这些制造树荫的林木，
18:09
The people get that acacia timber which we have preserved with the bamboo peel,
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人们得到的合欢树可保存竹皮，
18:13
and they can build a house, they have some fuel wood to cook with.
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可以用来盖房子，也可拿来烧柴做饭。
18:16
And they can start producing from the trees as many as they like.
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然后他们可以开始尽其可能地从树上产出收益。
18:20
They have enough income for three families.
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他们也有足够的收入来维持家庭生计。
18:24
But whatever you do in that program, it has to be fully supported by the people,
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然而，不管你在这项目上做甚么，都必须完全得到当地人的支持，
18:28
meaning that you also have to adjust it to the local, cultural values.
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也就是说，你还必须按照地方与文化价值作调整，
18:32
There is no simple one recipe for one place.
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各地各有不同，不存在单一配方。
18:36
You also have to make sure that it is very difficult to corrupt --
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你也要确保腐败的行为是难以发生的，
18:40
that it's transparent.
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也就是确保透明性。
18:42
Like here, in Samboja Lestari,
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就像Samboja Lestari这里，
18:44
we divide that ring in groups of 20 families.
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我们将这环内区域以20个家庭分为一组。
18:47
If one member trespasses the agreement,
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假使其中一个成员违反协议，
18:49
and does cut down trees,
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并且私采林木，
18:51
the other 19 members have to decide what's going to happen to him.
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其它19个家庭成员必须决定如何处置他。
18:54
If the group doesn't take action,
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如果小组成员不作处置，
18:56
the other 33 groups have to decide what is going to happen to the group
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那么，其它33个小组则必须决定如何处置这个
19:00
that doesn't comply with those great deals that we are offering them.
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不遵守协议的小组。
19:04
In North Sulawesi it is the cooperative --
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这是一种合作的组织方式，
19:07
they have a democratic culture there,
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他们那儿有民主文化
19:09
so there you can use the local justice system to protect your system.
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所以可以使用当地司法体系来保护你的系统。
19:14
In summary, if you look at it, in year one the people can sell their land
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因此，概括地说，人们可以在一年内出售自己的土地
19:17
to get income, but they get jobs back in the construction and the reforestation,
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获得收入，但他们找到工作，建设以及植树造林，
19:22
the working with the orangutans, and they can use the waste wood to make handicraft.
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与猩猩一起共事生活，他们可以利用废木料作工艺品。
19:26
They also get free land in between the trees,
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他们还可以在树林中得到免费的土地，
19:29
where they can grow their crops.
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在那儿他们可以种植农作物。
19:31
They can now sell part of those fruits to the orangutan project.
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现在他们可以出售部分水果给与红毛猩猩照护计划。
19:35
They get building material for houses,
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他们得到房屋的建筑材料，
19:37
a contract for selling the sugar,
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销售糖的合约
19:39
so we can produce huge amounts of ethanol and energy locally.
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因此，我们可以在当地生产大量的乙醇和能源。
19:43
They get all these other benefits: environmentally, money,
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他们以环保的方式所有这些其它利益，金钱
19:46
they get education -- it's a great deal.
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他们还得以得到教育，很棒的生意。
19:48
And everything is based upon that one thing --
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而所有的东西都取决于
19:51
make sure that forest remains there.
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森林存在与否。
19:54
So if we want to help the orangutans --
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因此，如果我们想要帮助红毛猩猩 --
19:57
what I actually set out to do --
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我实际上做的是 --
20:00
we must make sure that the local people are the ones that benefit.
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我们必须确保当地人民是受益者。
20:04
Now I think the real key to doing it, to give a simple answer,
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现在我认为，要完成这件事，真正的关键，简单地说，是
20:08
is integration.
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整合。
20:10
I hope -- if you want to know more, you can read more.
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我希望 -- 如果你想知道更多，你可以阅读更多相关知识。
20:14
(Applause)
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(掌声)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Willie Smits - ConservationistWillie Smits has devoted his life to saving the forest habitat of orangutans, the "thinkers of the jungle." As towns, farms and wars encroach on native forests, Smits works to save what is left.
Why you should listen
Willie Smits works at the complicated intersection of humankind, the animal world and our green planet. In his early work as a forester in Indonesia, he came to a deep understanding of that triple relationship, as he watched the growing population of Sulawesi move into (or burn for fuel) forests that are home to the orangutan. These intelligent animals were being killed for food, traded as pets or simply failing to thrive as their forest home degraded.
Smits believes that to rebuild orangutan populations, we must first rebuild their forest habitat -- which means helping local people find options other than the short-term fix of harvesting forests to survive. His Masarang Foundation raises money and awareness to restore habitat forests around the world -- and to empower local people. In 2007, Masarang opened a palm-sugar factory that uses thermal energy to turn sugar palms (fast-growing trees that thrive in degraded soils) into sugar and even ethanol, returning cash and power to the community and, with luck, starting the cycle toward a better future for people, trees and orangs.
Willie Smits | Speaker | TED.com