TED2009
Willie Smits: How to restore a rainforest
Willie Smits 修復雨林
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透過一系列複雜的生態學方法，生物學家Willie Smits發掘一個重新植林的捷徑，在婆羅洲，他救回了許多棲息於當地的紅毛猩猩，並進而創造出一個得以修復脆弱生態系統的藍圖。
Willie Smits - Conservationist
Willie Smits has devoted his life to saving the forest habitat of orangutans, the "thinkers of the jungle." As towns, farms and wars encroach on native forests, Smits works to save what is left. Full bio
Willie Smits has devoted his life to saving the forest habitat of orangutans, the "thinkers of the jungle." As towns, farms and wars encroach on native forests, Smits works to save what is left. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
I was walking in the market one day with my wife,
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有一天我和妻子走在市場上，
00:21
and somebody stuck a cage in my face.
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有人往我面前遞上一個籠子
00:23
And in between those slits
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籠子的縫隙後
00:25
were the saddest eyes I've ever seen.
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是我今生所見過最悲傷的眼睛。
00:27
There was a very sick orangutan baby, my first encounter.
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我最初見到的，是一個病得非常厲害的猩猩寶寶。
00:30
That evening I came back to the market in the dark
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當晚我摸黑回到那個市集
00:33
and I heard "uhh, uhh,"
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我聽到“嗚，嗚”的啜泣聲
00:36
and sure enough I found a dying orangutan baby on a garbage heap.
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果然﹐我在垃圾堆上發現一個正在死去的小猩猩。
00:41
Of course, the cage was salvaged.
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籠子被丟棄了
00:43
I took up the little baby,
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我抱起這小猩猩，
00:45
massaged her, forced her to drink
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在牠身上揉揉，強迫牠喝點水
00:48
until she finally started breathing normally.
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直到牠開始正常地呼吸。
00:51
This is Uce.
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這是Ｕce。
00:53
She's now living in the jungle of Sungai Wain,
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現在牠住在Sungai Wain保護林區，
00:55
and this is Matahari, her second son,
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而這是Matahari，牠的第二個孩子，
00:57
which, by the way, is also the son of the second orangutan I rescued, Dodoy.
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事實上牠也是我救來的第二個紅毛猩猩Dodoy的孩子。
01:02
That changed my life quite dramatically,
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這件事戲劇性地改變了我的生命，
01:04
and as of today, I have almost 1,000 babies in my two centers.
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到今天為止，在我的兩個中心裡，已有將近一千隻小猩猩。
01:09
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
01:11
No. No. No. Wrong.
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不，不，不。錯了。
01:13
It's horrible. It's a proof of our failing to save them in the wild.
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這很糟糕。這不過證明我們失敗了，我們無法在野外救活牠們。
01:16
It's not good.
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這很不好。
01:18
This is merely proof of everyone failing to do the right thing.
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這僅表明每個人在他們該做的事上失敗了。
01:22
Having more than all the orangutans in all the zoos in the world together,
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幾乎所有的紅毛猩猩都活在世界上的動物園裡，
01:26
just now like victims for every baby,
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那些現在受害的猩猩寶寶，
01:29
six have disappeared from the forest.
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其中已經有六隻消失在森林中了。
01:32
The deforestation, especially for oil palm,
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伐林，尤其是為了栽種油棕櫚而濫砍林木，
01:34
to provide biofuel for Western countries
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以提供西方國家生質燃料
01:37
is what's causing these problems.
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是造成這些問題的主因。
01:40
And those are the peat swamp forests on 20 meters of peat,
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這是二十公尺長的泥炭沼澤，
01:43
the largest accumulation of organic material in the world.
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蘊藏世界上最多的有機物質。
01:46
When you open this for growing oil palms
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開墾泥炭沼澤來種棕櫚樹
01:49
you're creating CO2 volcanoes
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就像製造一座座噴發二氧化碳的火山群
01:51
that are emitting so much CO2
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這將會排放非常多的二氧化碳
01:54
that my country is now the third largest emitter of greenhouse gasses in the world,
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我的國家已成為全球溫室氣體排放的第三大國，
01:59
after China and the United States.
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名列中國與美國之後，
02:01
And we don't have any industry at all --
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而我們卻是個毫無工業的國家。
02:04
it's only because of this deforestation.
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就只因為濫採森林。
02:07
And these are horrible images.
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這些是可怕的圖像。
02:10
I'm not going to talk too long about it,
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我今天不會花太多時間說這些，
02:12
but there are so many of the family of Uce,
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但是有許許多多Uce家庭成員
02:14
which are not so fortunate to live out there in the forest,
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很不幸地依然住在那森林裡
02:18
that still have to go through that process.
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依然必須經歷那過程
02:20
And I don't know anymore where to put them.
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而我已不知道要將牠們安置在哪些安全的地方了。
02:22
So I decided that I had to come up with a solution for her
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於是，我決定必須要為牠想出一個解決方案
02:26
but also a solution
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而這一解決方案
02:28
that will benefit the people that are trying to exploit those forests,
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也讓採伐森林的人們同樣受益
02:32
to get their hands on the last timber
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讓他們的經手最後一片森林
02:35
and that are causing, in that way,
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那將會
02:38
the loss of habitat and all those victims.
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失去那些受害者與棲息地。
02:41
So I created the place Samboja Lestari,
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所以我創造一個叫Samboja Lestari的地方
02:43
and the idea was,
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我的想法是，
02:45
if I can do this on the worst possible place that I can think of
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如果我可以在我想像的到最糟糕最不可能的地方完成這件事
02:48
where there is really nothing left,
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從一個什麼都沒有了的地方
02:50
no one will have an excuse to say, "Yeah, but ..."
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那麼就沒有人會有藉口說，“對啊，但是...”
02:54
No. Everyone should be able to follow this.
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不會有。這會是每一個人都可以依循的步驟。
02:58
So we're in East Borneo. This is the place where I started.
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所以我們現在在婆羅洲東部。這是我開始著手的地方。
03:03
As you can see there's only yellow terrain.
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誠如你所見到的，這裡原先只有一片枯黃荒地
03:05
There's nothing left -- just a bit of grass there.
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什麼也不剩，只剩一丁點小草
03:08
In 2002 we had about 50 percent of the people jobless there.
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2002年間我們這裡有將近百分之五十的人沒有工作
03:12
There was a huge amount of crime.
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存在著為數甚多的犯罪。
03:14
People spent so much of their money on health issues and drinking water.
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當地人在醫療與飲水上花費很多錢
03:19
There was no agricultural productivity left.
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農業生產力所剩無幾
03:22
This was the poorest district in the whole province
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這是全省最貧窮的區域
03:25
and it was a total extinction of wildlife.
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所有野生動植物已經完全滅絕
03:28
This was like a biological desert.
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就像生物學上的一片沙漠
03:30
When I stood there in the grass, it's hot -- not even the sound of insects --
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當我站在這片草地上，我只覺得熱 -- 那裏甚至沒有一點蟲子的聲音 --
03:34
just this waving grass.
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只剩這些搖動的草。
03:36
Still, four years later we have created jobs for about 3,000 people.
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儘管如此，四年後我們在此創造了３０００個工作機會。
03:41
The climate has changed. I will show you:
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那裏的氣候也改變了。我將為你們展示：
03:44
no more flooding, no more fires.
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再也沒有水災，再也沒有火災。
03:46
It's no longer the poorest district,
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這裡也不再是最貧窮的區域了，
03:49
and there is a huge development of biodiversity.
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而且此地的生物多樣性也得到巨幅地發展。
03:51
We've got over 1,000 species. We have 137 bird species as of today.
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我們得到超過一千以上的物種，至今有１３７種鳥類。
03:57
We have 30 species of reptiles.
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我們有３０種爬蟲類。
03:59
So what happened here? We created a huge economic failure in this forest.
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所以，這裡到底發生了什麼事? 我們在森林中製造了巨大的經濟損害。
04:05
So basically the whole process of destruction
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基本上這些全部的毀壞過程
04:08
had gone a bit slower than what is happening now with the oil palm.
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已經得到減緩，
04:11
But we saw the same thing.
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但我們見到一樣的事--
04:13
We had slash and burn agriculture;
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我們使用火耕；
04:15
people cannot afford the fertilizer,
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人們買不起化肥
04:17
so they burn the trees and have the minerals available there;
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所以他們燃燒一半的樹木與當地現有一半的礦產。
04:20
the fires become more frequent,
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火災變得頻繁發生
04:22
and after a while you're stuck with an area of land
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過一陣子你又被困在一塊
04:25
where there is no fertility left.
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完全無法耕種的土地上。
04:27
There are no trees left.
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沒有一棵樹存留。
04:29
Still, in this place, in this grassland
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然而在這個地方，在這片草地上
04:32
where you can see our very first office there on that hill,
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你可以見到山丘上有我們最初的辦公室，
04:35
four years later, there is this one green blop on the Earth's surface ...
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四年下來，一片綠方地在地球表面出現了...
04:40
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
04:42
And there are all these animals, and all these people happy,
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這裡有這些動物，這些快樂的人們，
04:45
and there's this economic value.
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而且還有經濟價值。
04:47
So how's this possible?
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這怎麼可能呢？
04:49
It was quite simple. If you'll look at the steps:
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如果你看看這步驟，你會發現很簡單：
04:51
we bought the land, we dealt with the fire,
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我們買下這塊地，處理火災，
04:53
and then only, we started doing the reforestation
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然後開始植林
04:56
by combining agriculture with forestry.
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混合農業與林業。
04:59
Only then we set up the infrastructure and management and the monetary.
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在那時我們建立基礎設施、管理、以及財政措施。
05:03
But we made sure that in every step of the way
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但我們必須確定每一個當地居民
05:06
the local people were going to be fully involved
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都全然參與計畫
05:09
so that no outside forces would be able to interfere with that.
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這樣就沒有外部的力量會介入。
05:13
The people would become the defenders of that forest.
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這使得當地人成為那片林地的保護者。
05:17
So we do the "people, profit, planet" principles,
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我們以“人民、利益、地球”的原則，
05:19
but we do it in addition
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並且更進一步地
05:21
to a sure legal status --
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我們建立一個確定的法律地位
05:23
because if the forest belongs to the state,
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因為假始森林屬於國家的話
05:25
people say, "It belongs to me, it belongs to everyone."
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人們會說，它屬於我，它屬於每一個人。
05:28
And then we apply all these other principles
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我們也應用其他原則
05:31
like transparency, professional management, measurable results,
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比如說透明化、專業評估管理
05:35
scalability, [unclear], etc.
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可擴展性、往複性...等等。
05:38
What we did was we formulated recipes --
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我們所做的是制定配方
05:41
how to go from a starting situation where you have nothing
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如何從一開始甚麼都沒有的情況
05:44
to a target situation.
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向一個目標前進。
05:46
You formulate a recipe based upon the factors you can control,
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你根據可以控制的因素，制定一個配方
05:51
whether it be the skills or the fertilizer or the plant choice.
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無論選擇技術、化肥、或樹種
05:55
And then you look at the outputs and you start measuring what comes out.
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你觀測結果，並且測量它。
06:00
Now in this recipe you also have the cost.
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在這配方裡你同時包含了成本。
06:02
You also know how much labor is needed.
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你要知道需要付出多少勞動力
06:05
If you can drop this recipe on the map
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如果你可以把這配方丟在地圖上、
06:08
on a sandy soil, on a clay soil,
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在沙質土壤上、在粘土壤上、
06:10
on a steep slope, on flat soil,
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在陡峭的斜坡、在平地上的土壤上、
06:12
you put those different recipes; if you combine them,
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你配置這些不同的食譜；如果將它們結合起來，
06:15
out of that comes a business plan,
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從之而來的一個商業計劃、
06:17
comes a work plan, and you can optimize it
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以及從之而來的工作計劃，你可以對其進行優化
06:20
for the amount of labor you have available or for the amount of fertilizer you have,
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可以針對對現有的可供勞動力、或現有的肥料，
06:24
and you can do it.
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來完成這計畫。
06:26
This is how it looks like in practice. We have this grass we want to get rid of.
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這就是實行這個計畫所看起來的樣子。我們要擺脫這片荒草地。
06:30
It exudes [unclear]-like compounds from the roots.
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它從根處散發著化合物
06:33
The acacia trees are of a very low value
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合歡樹是一個經濟價值非常低的植物
06:36
but we need them to restore the micro-climate, to protect the soil
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但我們需要它們來恢復微氣候，以保護土壤
06:39
and to shake out the grasses.
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並打開這片荒草地。
06:42
And after eight years they might actually yield some timber --
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8年後，這裡可能真會產生一些木材，
06:45
that is, if you can preserve it in the right way,
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也就是說，如果你可以以正確的方法維護它，
06:48
which we can do with bamboo peels.
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我們能做出竹子幼芽
06:50
It's an old temple-building technique from Japan
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這是一個古老發源自日本的建築廟宇的技術
06:53
but bamboo is very fire-susceptible.
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但竹子非常容易著火。
06:55
So if we would plant that in the beginning
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所以要是我們一開始就種植竹子的話
06:57
we would have a very high risk of losing everything again.
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我們要承擔失去一切的高風險
07:01
So we plant it later, along the waterways
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所以我們晚點兒種它，沿著水道
07:03
to filter the water, provide the raw products
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過濾水，只在木材可供使用時
07:05
just in time for when the timber becomes available.
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提供原產品。
07:08
So the idea is: how to integrate these flows
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這樣的想法是：如何在一定的時間與空間內，
07:11
in space, over time and with the limited means you have.
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使用有限的工具與策略，匯聚資源。
07:16
So we plant the trees, we plant these pineapples
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因此我們栽種這些樹，栽種鳳梨
07:18
and beans and ginger in between, to reduce the competition for the trees,
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同時種植豆類和生薑在它們之中，以減少樹木與樹木之間的競爭，
07:22
the crop fertilizer. Organic material is useful for the agricultural crops,
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作物肥料 -- 有機物質是對農作物有益的，
07:27
for the people, but also helps the trees. The farmers have free land,
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對人們也是有益的，它也幫助樹木生長，農民有免費土地，
07:30
the system yields early income, the orangutans get healthy food
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系統獲得初期收益，紅毛猩猩也獲得健康食物
07:34
and we can speed up ecosystem regeneration
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我們可以加快生態系統的再生
07:37
while even saving some money.
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這期間甚至也可以節省一些錢。
07:39
So beautiful. What a theory.
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美麗極了。多好的理論。
07:41
But is it really that easy?
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但是，它真的那麼容易嗎？
07:44
Not really, because if you looked at what happened in 1998,
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不見得，因為如果你回顧1998年所發生的事情，
07:47
the fire started.
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火災發生了。
07:49
This is an area of about 50 million hectares.
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這是一個面積約五千萬公頃的林地。
07:51
January.
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一月。
07:53
February.
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二月。
07:55
March.
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三月。
07:57
April.
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四月。
07:58
May.
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五月。
07:59
We lost 5.5 million hectares in just a matter of a few months.
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我們在短短幾個月之內失去了五百五十萬公頃的林地。
08:03
This is because we have 10,000 of those underground fires
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因為我們有10,000次左右的這種地下火災
08:06
that you also have in Pennsylvania here in the United States.
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在美國賓州也有。
08:10
And once the soil gets dried, you're in a dry season -- you get cracks,
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一旦土壤變得乾燥，旱季會出現裂縫，
08:13
oxygen goes in, flames come out and the problem starts all over again.
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氧氣滲入，火災隨而發生，問題又會重新開始。
08:17
So how to break that cycle?
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因此，如何打破這種循環呢？
08:19
Fire is the biggest problem.
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火災是最大的問題。
08:21
This is what it looked like for three months.
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這是三個月看起來的樣子。
08:24
For three months, the automatic lights outside did not go off
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三個月間，外邊的自動照明沒有熄滅
08:27
because it was that dark.
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因為是那麼黑。
08:29
We lost all the crops. No children gained weight for over a year;
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我們失去了所有的作物，一年間沒有一個孩子增加體重。
08:33
they lost 12 IQ points. It was a disaster
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他們還失去了12點的智商；這對猩猩和人來說
08:36
for orangutans and people.
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都是一場災難。
08:38
So these fires are really the first things to work on.
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因此，火災是首先真正要處理的工作。
08:41
That was why I put it as a single point up there.
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這就是為什麼我在這裡把它作為一個單一重點。
08:44
And you need the local people for that because these grasslands,
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您需要當地人民，因為這些草原，
08:47
once they start burning ... It goes through it like a windstorm
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一旦開始燃燒，它就會像一場風暴
08:51
and you lose again the last bit of ash and nutrients
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使你再度失去最後的灰燼與養分
08:54
to the first rainfall -- going to the sea
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直到第一場雨落到海浬
08:56
killing off the coral reefs there.
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讓珊瑚礁也死去為止。
08:59
So you have to do it with the local people.
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所以，你必須與當地人民一起做。
09:01
That is the short-term solution but you also need a long-term solution.
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上述僅僅只是短期的解決辦法，而你還需要一個長期的解決辦法。
09:04
So what we did is, we created
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為此，我們設置了
09:06
a ring of sugar palms around the area.
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一個以糖棕櫚樹圍繞出來的一個區域。
09:09
These sugar palms turn out to be fire-resistant --
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這些糖棕櫚樹形成一個防火
09:12
also flood-resistant, by the way --
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亦防洪的天然設施。
09:14
and they provide a lot of income for local people.
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並且為當地人民提供了大量的收入。
09:18
This is what it looks like:
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這看起來是這樣的：
09:20
the people have to tap them twice a day -- just a millimeter slice --
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人們只在這些樹上刮採幾毫米片，一日兩次，
09:23
and the only thing you harvest is sugar water,
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僅僅採收糖水，
09:26
carbon dioxide, rain fall and a little bit of sunshine.
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二氧化碳、降雨量和一點點的陽光
09:30
In principle, you make those trees into
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原則上你使那些樹木成為
09:32
biological photovoltaic cells.
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生物光伏電池。
09:35
And you can create so much energy from this --
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因為他們每年每公頃可以產出3倍以上的能源，
09:38
they produce three times more energy per hectare per year,
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因為你可以將之用於日常工作，
09:43
because you can tap them on a daily basis.
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您可以從這裡製造許多的能源。
09:45
You don't need to harvest [unclear]
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您不必採集器官
09:47
or any other of the crops.
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或任何其他的作物。
09:49
So this is the combination where we have all this genetic potential in the tropics,
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因此，這是我們在熱帶所能有的基因潛在結合
09:53
which is still unexploited, and doing it in combination with technology.
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它尚未被開發，並且正藉由科技整合做著
09:57
But also your legal side needs to be in very good order.
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但此外，你也要有很好的法律知識
10:01
So we bought that land,
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所以我們賣下那整塊地
10:03
and here is where we started our project --
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這就是我們開始這項計畫的所在之處，
10:05
in the middle of nowhere.
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在一片蠻荒地之中。
10:07
And if you zoom in a bit you can see that all of this area
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如果你放大一點，你可以看到所有的這區域
10:11
is divided into strips that go over different types of soil,
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已被不同類型的土壤劃分開來，
10:14
and we were actually monitoring,
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事實上，我們仔細考量財務狀況
10:17
measuring every single tree in these 2,000 hectares, 5,000 acres.
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測量在這5000頃長，2000頃寬地裡的所有樹木。
10:23
And this forest is quite different.
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這個森林很不同。
10:26
What I really did was I just followed nature,
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我們真正做的只是依自然的性質，
10:28
and nature doesn't know monocultures,
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而自然本身是不了解何謂單種栽培的，
10:31
but a natural forest is multilayered.
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且自然森林有多種層次。
10:34
That means that both in the ground and above the ground
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這意謂著，森林可以較好地利用
10:36
it can make better use of the available light,
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地面以及地面以上的光，
10:39
it can store more carbon in the system, it can provide more functions.
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可以在生態系統中儲存更多碳，提供更多功能，
10:44
But, it's more complicated. It's not that simple, and you have to work with the people.
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然而這也較為複雜，並不像表面上那麼容易，你需要與當地住民合作，一起工作。
10:48
So, just like nature,
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所以我們的作法是仿效自然，
10:51
we also grow fast planting trees and underneath that,
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種植快速生長的樹木，同時在那之下
10:54
we grow the slower growing, primary-grain forest trees of a very high diversity
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我們種植生長較為慢的植物，也就是非常高多樣性的初級糧作林木
11:00
that can optimally use that light. Then,
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使它們得以較好地利用陽光
11:02
what is just as important: get the right fungi in there
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同樣重要得是：它們得以取得適當的菌類
11:06
that will grow into those leaves, bring back the nutrients
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這些菌類可以附著生長於它們的葉內，從24小時內掉落的葉子
11:09
to the roots of the trees that have just dropped that leaf within 24 hours.
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中帶養分回樹根之中。
11:13
And they become like nutrient pumps.
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他們會成為養分泵
11:15
You need the bacteria to fix nitrogen,
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而你也需要土壤中的固氮微生物
11:18
and without those microorganisms, you won't have any performance at all.
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若少了這些微生物，你將不會有任何成果。
11:23
And then we started planting -- only 1,000 trees a day.
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接著，我們著手開始植林 -- 一天只栽種1000棵樹。
11:27
We could have planted many, many more, but we didn't want to
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其實可以栽種更多的，但我們不想
11:30
because we wanted to keep the number of jobs stable.
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因為我們希望保持穩定的就業數量。
11:33
We didn't want to lose the people
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我們不希望失去人
11:36
that are going to work in that plantation.
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他們要在林業上工作。
11:40
And we do a lot of work here.
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而我們有需多工作要做。
11:42
We use indicator plants to look at what soil types,
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我們使用指標性植物觀測土壤類型，
11:45
or what vegetables will grow, or what trees will grow here.
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看看什麼植物或什麼樹種會生長出來。
11:48
And we have monitored every single one of those trees from space.
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我們在這區域內已經監測了每一棵樹。
11:53
This is what it looks like in reality;
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這是它現實中看起來的樣子，
11:55
you have this irregular ring around it,
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你在這周圍有不規則環，
11:57
with strips of 100 meters wide, with sugar palms
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100公尺寬的的環帶內種植的是糖棕櫚
12:01
that can provide income for 648 families.
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可以提供648個家庭生計。
12:04
It's only a small part of the area.
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這只是此區域的一個小部分。
12:07
The nursery, in here, is quite different.
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這裡的培植區是相當不同的。
12:10
If you look at the number of tree species we have in Europe, for instance,
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如果你看我們樹木種類的樹木，比如說歐洲好了，
12:13
from the Urals up to England, you know how many?
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從俄羅斯的烏拉爾到英格蘭，你知道有多少嗎？
12:16
165.
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165
12:18
In this nursery, we're going to grow 10 times more than the number of species.
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在這裡的培植區，我們要種植10倍以上的樹種。
12:22
Can you imagine?
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你們能想像嗎？
12:24
You do need to know what you are working with,
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你必須知道你正在做什麼，
12:26
but it's that diversity which makes it work.
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但恰恰是多樣性使計畫得以運作。
12:29
That you can go from this zero situation,
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使你可以從零開始，
12:32
by planting the vegetables and the trees, or directly, the trees
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藉著種植蔬菜與樹木，或著直接栽種樹木，
12:36
in the lines in that grass there,
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在那草原線上，
12:38
putting up the buffer zone, producing your compost,
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設置緩衝區，生產堆肥，
12:41
and then making sure that at every stage of that up growing forest
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然後，確保正在成長的森林的每一個階段
12:46
there are crops that can be used.
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都有作物可供使用。
12:48
In the beginning, maybe pineapples and beans and corn;
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一開始，可能先是鳳梨、蘋果、和玉米。
12:50
in the second phase, there will be bananas and papayas;
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第二階段，會有香蕉和木瓜。
12:53
later on, there will be chocolate and chilies.
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接著，會有椰子和辣椒。
12:56
And then slowly, the trees start taking over,
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然後慢慢地，樹木開始接管，
12:58
bringing in produce from the fruits, from the timber, from the fuel wood.
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從水果、從木材、從薪柴，帶來產出，
13:02
And finally, the sugar palm forest takes over
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最終，糖棕櫚接管
13:05
and provides the people with permanent income.
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給予人們永久的收入。
13:07
On the top left, underneath those green stripes,
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在左上角，下面這些綠色條紋，
13:10
you see some white dots -- those are actually individual pineapple plants
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你看到一些白點 -- 這些實際上是個別的鳳梨樹
13:14
that you can see from space.
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你可以從太空中看見
13:16
And in that area we started growing some acacia trees
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在這些區域，我們開始栽種越來越多的合歡樹
13:21
that you just saw before.
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如同你們之前所見到的
13:23
So this is after one year.
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這是一年後的樣子。
13:25
And this is after two years.
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這是兩年後。
13:27
And that's green. If you look from the tower --
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螢幕上，如果你從電塔看過去
13:30
this is when we start attacking the grass.
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這是我們開始著手的地方。
13:33
We plant in the seedlings
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我們栽種幼苗
13:35
mixed with the bananas, the papayas, all the crops for the local people,
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混合香蕉、番木瓜、以及所有當地居民的作物，
13:39
but the trees are growing up fast in between as well.
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但同時樹木也在它們之間快速成長
13:42
And three years later, 137 species of birds are living here.
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於是三年後， 我們有了137種鳥類。
13:45
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
13:51
So we lowered air temperature three to five degrees Celsius.
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我們降低了當地攝氏3至5度的氣溫。
13:55
Air humidity is up 10 percent.
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空氣濕度增加了百分之十。
13:57
Cloud cover -- I'm going to show it to you -- is up.
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雲層積聚 -- 我會展示給你們看。
13:59
Rainfall is up.
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降雨量增多了。
14:01
And all these species and income.
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所有這些作物種類為人們賺取了收入。
14:03
This ecolodge that I built here,
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我在這裡建立的生態區，
14:05
three years before, was an empty, yellow field.
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三年前是空無一物，一片枯黃。
14:08
This transponder that we operate with the European Space Agency --
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這是我們與歐洲太空總署一起運用的無線電發射接收器
14:12
it gives us the benefit that every satellite that comes over to calibrate itself
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它帶給我們利益是，校整每一個接近的衛星系統，
14:16
is taking a picture.
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攝下衛星照片。
14:18
Those pictures we use to analyze how much carbon, how the forest is developing,
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我們使用這些圖片分析碳匯與森林的成長，
14:22
and we can monitor every tree using satellite images through our cooperation.
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我們可以透過衛星照片監控每一棵樹，
14:28
We can use these data now
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我們現在可以利用這些數據
14:30
to provide other regions with recipes and the same technology.
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提供其他地區我們的工作方法以及相同的技術。
14:34
We actually have it already with Google Earth.
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事實上我們已經在Google Earth上運作了。
14:36
If you would use a little bit of your technology to put tracking devices in trucks,
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如果你想使用一點新科技，在卡車上裝置追蹤系統
14:40
and use Google Earth in combination with that,
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並且同時使用Google Earth
14:43
you could directly tell what palm oil has been sustainably produced,
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你可以直接辨別出哪一顆油棕櫚是可持續地生產著，
14:47
which company is stealing the timber,
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也可以知道哪些人正在盜採林木，
14:50
and you could save so much more carbon
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你可以儲存更多的碳匯
14:52
than with any measure of saving energy here.
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比起任何節能措施都還要好
14:55
So this is the Samboja Lestari area.
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這是Samboja地區，
14:58
You measure how the trees grow back,
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你可以測知樹木長回來了，
15:00
but you can also measure the biodiversity coming back.
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但你也衡量地到，此地也恢復了它的生物多樣性。
15:04
And biodiversity is an indicator of how much water can be balanced,
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生物多樣性是一個可以測量水平衡的指標，
15:08
how many medicines can be kept here.
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測量有多少藥方得以保留在此區域
15:11
And finally I made it into the rain machine
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最後，我把它打造成為一個造雨機
15:14
because this forest is now creating its own rain.
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因為現在森林自己可以開始造雨了。
15:17
This nearby city of Balikpapan has a big problem with water;
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附近這座城Balikpapan有很嚴重的水資源問題，
15:21
it's 80 percent surrounded by seawater,
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它被百分之八十的海水圍繞，
15:24
and we have now a lot of intrusion there.
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而現在我們得到了許多水進入地質岩層中。
15:26
Now we looked at the clouds above this forest;
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現在，我們來看看這個森林上的雲，
15:29
we looked at the reforestation area, the semi-open area and the open area.
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我們所看到的是造林區、半開放區、和開放區。
15:33
And look at these images.
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再看看這些圖片。
15:36
I'll just run them very quickly through.
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我會很快地帶過它們。
15:38
In the tropics, raindrops are not formed from ice crystals,
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在熱帶地區，雨水不是由冰晶形成的，
15:41
which is the case in the temperate zones,
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好比溫帶地區的情況，
15:43
you need the trees with [unclear], chemicals that come out of the leaves of the trees
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你需要化學成分從樹葉中產出
15:48
that initiate the raindrops.
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這才會開始產生降雨。
15:50
So you create a cool place where clouds can accumulate,
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所以若創造一塊可以累積雲層的陰涼區域，
15:54
and you have the trees to initiate the rain.
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你就會有可以產生降雨的林木。
15:56
And look, there's now 11.2 percent more clouds --
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你們看，現在已經增加了百分之11.2的雲，
16:00
already, after three years.
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這是在整整三年後才有的。
16:02
If you look at rainfall, it was already up 20 percent at that time.
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如果你看看降雨，在那個時候已經高達百分之20了。
16:07
Let's look at the next year,
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讓我們看看下一年，
16:09
and you can see that that trend is continuing.
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你可以看到，這趨勢將持續下去。
16:11
Where at first we had a small cap of higher rainfall,
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一開始的我們有一小撮較高的降雨量
16:14
that cap is now widening and getting higher.
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雨量越來越寬也越來越高。
16:17
And if we look at the rainfall pattern
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再來倘若我們看看降雨模式
16:20
above Samboja Lestari, it used to be the driest place,
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在Samboja Lestari 之上，這裡曾經是最乾旱的地方，
16:24
but now you see consistently see a peak of rain forming there.
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但現在你們可以見到這裡已形成一個降雨高峰的區塊。
16:28
So you can actually change the climate.
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所以是真的可以改變氣候的。
16:32
When there are trade winds of course the effect disappears,
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當然，如果有信風形成的話，降雨的效應會消失，
16:36
but afterwards, as soon as the wind stabilizes,
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然而之後，一旦風穩定下來，
16:39
you see again that the rainfall peaks come back above this area.
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你們看到降雨高峰再回來這一區域。
16:43
So to say it is hopeless is not the right thing to do,
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所以，不要說什麼這是沒有希望的話，
16:48
because we actually can make that difference
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因為我們事實上真的可以改變什麼
16:50
if you integrate the various technologies.
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如果你整合若干技術的話。
16:54
And it's nice to have the science, but it still depends mostly upon the people,
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科技其實是很棒的，但這仍取決於人，
16:58
on your education.
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取決於你的教育投注之上。
17:00
We have our farmer schools.
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我們有自己的農業學校。
17:02
But the real success of course, is our band --
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但真正成功的，是我們的樂隊
17:04
because if a baby is born, we will play, so everyone's our family
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因為如果有孩子出生的話， 我們會演出，所以每一個人都是我們的家庭一員
17:08
and you don't make trouble with your family.
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而且你不會為你的家人製造麻煩。
17:10
This is how it looks.
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這是看起來的樣子。
17:12
We have this road going around the area,
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我們有一條路經過這區
17:14
which brings the people electricity and water from our own area.
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帶給人電力和水。
17:18
We have the zone with the sugar palms,
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我們有糖棕櫚區，
17:20
and then we have this fence with very thorny palms
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我們也為這種多刺的棕櫚設置圍網
17:22
to keep the orangutans -- that we provide with a place to live in the middle --
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把紅毛猩猩與人類隔離開來 -- 我們在這塊區域中
17:27
and the people apart.
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提供牠們棲息處
17:29
And inside, we have this area for reforestation
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而裡頭我們有造林區
17:31
as a gene bank to keep all that material alive,
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作為基因銀行，使所有的材料存活著，
17:34
because for the last 12 years
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因為在過去12年
17:36
not a single seedling of the tropical hardwood trees has grown up
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沒有一株熱帶硬木樹的幼苗長大
17:40
because the climatic triggers have disappeared.
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因為氣候因素已經消失。
17:43
All the seeds get eaten.
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所有的種子都被吃掉了。
17:45
So now we do the monitoring on the inside --
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因此，我們現在作內部監督
17:47
from towers, satellites, ultralights.
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透過電塔、衛星、顯示螢幕等。
17:50
Each of the families that have sold their land now get a piece of land back.
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每一個出售自己的土地的家庭現在可獲得一塊土地回來。
17:54
And it has two nice fences of tropical hardwood trees --
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而且它有兩個好的熱帶硬木樹作為圍欄，
17:58
you have the shade trees planted in year one,
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你可以在第一年種植有樹蔭的林木，
18:00
then you underplanted with the sugar palms,
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接著，在那之下種植糖棕櫚樹，
18:03
and you plant this thorny fence.
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然後再設置這有刺圍網。
18:05
And after a few years, you can remove some of those shade trees.
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過幾年後，你可以移去這些製造樹蔭的林木，
18:09
The people get that acacia timber which we have preserved with the bamboo peel,
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人們得到的合歡樹可保存竹皮，
18:13
and they can build a house, they have some fuel wood to cook with.
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可以用來蓋房子，也可拿來燒柴做飯。
18:16
And they can start producing from the trees as many as they like.
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然後他們可以開始盡其可能地從樹上產出收益。
18:20
They have enough income for three families.
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他們也有足夠的收入來維持家庭生計。
18:24
But whatever you do in that program, it has to be fully supported by the people,
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然而，不管你在這項目上做甚麼，都必須完全得到當地人的支持，
18:28
meaning that you also have to adjust it to the local, cultural values.
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也就是說，你還必須按照地方與文化價值作調整，
18:32
There is no simple one recipe for one place.
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各地各有不同，不存在單一配方。
18:36
You also have to make sure that it is very difficult to corrupt --
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你也要確保腐敗的行為是難以發生的，
18:40
that it's transparent.
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也就是確保透明性。
18:42
Like here, in Samboja Lestari,
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就像Samboja Lestari這裡，
18:44
we divide that ring in groups of 20 families.
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我們將這環內區域以20個家庭分為一組。
18:47
If one member trespasses the agreement,
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假使其中一個成員違反協議，
18:49
and does cut down trees,
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並且私採林木，
18:51
the other 19 members have to decide what's going to happen to him.
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其他19個家庭成員必須決定如何處置他。
18:54
If the group doesn't take action,
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如果小組成員不作處置，
18:56
the other 33 groups have to decide what is going to happen to the group
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那麼，其他33個小組則必須決定如何處置這個
19:00
that doesn't comply with those great deals that we are offering them.
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不遵守協定的小組。
19:04
In North Sulawesi it is the cooperative --
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這是一種合作的組織方式，
19:07
they have a democratic culture there,
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他們那裡有民主文化
19:09
so there you can use the local justice system to protect your system.
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所以可以使用當地司法體系來保護你的系統。
19:14
In summary, if you look at it, in year one the people can sell their land
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因此，概括地說，如果你看一下它，人們可以在一年內出售自己的土地
19:17
to get income, but they get jobs back in the construction and the reforestation,
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獲得收入，但他們找到工作，建設以及植樹造林，
19:22
the working with the orangutans, and they can use the waste wood to make handicraft.
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與猩猩一起共事生活，他們可以利用廢木料作工藝品。
19:26
They also get free land in between the trees,
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他們還可以在攻樹林中得到免費的土地，
19:29
where they can grow their crops.
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在那裡他們可以種植莊稼。
19:31
They can now sell part of those fruits to the orangutan project.
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現在他們可以出售部分水果給與紅毛猩猩照護計畫。
19:35
They get building material for houses,
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他們得到房屋的建築材料，
19:37
a contract for selling the sugar,
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銷售糖的合約
19:39
so we can produce huge amounts of ethanol and energy locally.
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因此，我們可以在當地生產大量的乙醇和能源。
19:43
They get all these other benefits: environmentally, money,
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他們以環保的方式所有這些其他利益，金錢
19:46
they get education -- it's a great deal.
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他們還得以得到教育，很棒的生意。
19:48
And everything is based upon that one thing --
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而所有的東西都基於一件事 --
19:51
make sure that forest remains there.
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確保森林仍然存在。
19:54
So if we want to help the orangutans --
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因此，如果我們想要幫助紅毛猩猩 --
19:57
what I actually set out to do --
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我實際上做的是 --
20:00
we must make sure that the local people are the ones that benefit.
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我們必須確保當地人民是受益者。
20:04
Now I think the real key to doing it, to give a simple answer,
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現在我認為，要完成這件事，真正的關鍵，簡單地說，是
20:08
is integration.
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整合。
20:10
I hope -- if you want to know more, you can read more.
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我希望 -- 倘若你想知道更多，你就可以了解更多。
20:14
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Willie Smits - ConservationistWillie Smits has devoted his life to saving the forest habitat of orangutans, the "thinkers of the jungle." As towns, farms and wars encroach on native forests, Smits works to save what is left.
Why you should listen
Willie Smits works at the complicated intersection of humankind, the animal world and our green planet. In his early work as a forester in Indonesia, he came to a deep understanding of that triple relationship, as he watched the growing population of Sulawesi move into (or burn for fuel) forests that are home to the orangutan. These intelligent animals were being killed for food, traded as pets or simply failing to thrive as their forest home degraded.
Smits believes that to rebuild orangutan populations, we must first rebuild their forest habitat -- which means helping local people find options other than the short-term fix of harvesting forests to survive. His Masarang Foundation raises money and awareness to restore habitat forests around the world -- and to empower local people. In 2007, Masarang opened a palm-sugar factory that uses thermal energy to turn sugar palms (fast-growing trees that thrive in degraded soils) into sugar and even ethanol, returning cash and power to the community and, with luck, starting the cycle toward a better future for people, trees and orangs.
Willie Smits | Speaker | TED.com