TED2009
Willie Smits: How to restore a rainforest
Willie Smits restaureaza o padure tropicala
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Potrivind piesele unui complex puzzle ecologic, biologul Willie Smits a gasit calea de a repopula padurea tropicala din Borneo, salvand urangutanii de acolo si creand un model senzational de reimprospatare a ecosistemelor fragile.
Willie Smits - Conservationist
Willie Smits has devoted his life to saving the forest habitat of orangutans, the "thinkers of the jungle." As towns, farms and wars encroach on native forests, Smits works to save what is left. Full bio
Willie Smits has devoted his life to saving the forest habitat of orangutans, the "thinkers of the jungle." As towns, farms and wars encroach on native forests, Smits works to save what is left. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
I was walking in the market one day with my wife,
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Intr-o zi m-am dus la piata cu sotia mea
00:21
and somebody stuck a cage in my face.
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si cineva a ridicat o cusca chiar in fata mea,
00:23
And in between those slits
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iar printre zabrele
00:25
were the saddest eyes I've ever seen.
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am zarit cei mai tristi ochi care i-am vazut vreodata.
00:27
There was a very sick orangutan baby, my first encounter.
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In cusca era un pui de urangutan foarte bolnav -- prima noastra intalnire.
00:30
That evening I came back to the market in the dark
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In seara aceea m-am intors la piata pe intuneric
00:33
and I heard "uhh, uhh,"
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si am auzit "ahh, ahh,"
00:36
and sure enough I found a dying orangutan baby on a garbage heap.
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si asa cum ma asteptam am gasit puiul de urangutan muribund pe o gramada de gunoi.
00:41
Of course, the cage was salvaged.
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Bineinteles, cusca fusese recuperată.
00:43
I took up the little baby,
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Am luat mica vietate in brate,
00:45
massaged her, forced her to drink
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am masat-o, am fortat-o sa bea apa,
00:48
until she finally started breathing normally.
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pana cand in sfarsit a inceput sa respire normal.
00:51
This is Uce.
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Asta e Uce.
00:53
She's now living in the jungle of Sungai Wain,
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Traieste acum in jugla Sungai Wain
00:55
and this is Matahari, her second son,
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si acela e Matahari, al doilea ei pui,
00:57
which, by the way, is also the son of the second orangutan I rescued, Dodoy.
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care, apropo, e puiul celui de-al doilea urangutan pe care l-am salvat, Dodoy.
01:02
That changed my life quite dramatically,
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Imtamplarea mi-a schimbat viata radical,
01:04
and as of today, I have almost 1,000 babies in my two centers.
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in prezent am aproape 1,000 de pui de urangutan in cele doua centre pe care le am.
01:09
(Applause)
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(Aplauze)
01:11
No. No. No. Wrong.
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Nu. Nu. Nu. Gresit.
01:13
It's horrible. It's a proof of our failing to save them in the wild.
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E oribil. E dovada faptului ca nu i-am putut salva in mediul lor natural.
01:16
It's not good.
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Nu e bine.
01:18
This is merely proof of everyone failing to do the right thing.
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E doar dovada ca nu facem ce e drept sa facem.
01:22
Having more than all the orangutans in all the zoos in the world together,
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Avand mai multi decat toti urangutanii din toate gradinile zoologice din lume la un loc,
01:26
just now like victims for every baby,
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observam victime: la fiecare pui salvat
01:29
six have disappeared from the forest.
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sase urangutani dispar din padure.
01:32
The deforestation, especially for oil palm,
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Defrisarea, în special pentru palmierii de ulei,
01:34
to provide biofuel for Western countries
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folositi in productia de biocombustibil in tarile occidentale,
01:37
is what's causing these problems.
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e cauza aceastei probleme.
01:40
And those are the peat swamp forests on 20 meters of peat,
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Aceste paduri tropicale umede stau pe 20 m de turba,
01:43
the largest accumulation of organic material in the world.
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cea mai mare acumulare de material organic din lume.
01:46
When you open this for growing oil palms
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Cand defrisezi terenuri pentru plantarea palmierilor de ulei
01:49
you're creating CO2 volcanoes
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creezi vulcani de CO2
01:51
that are emitting so much CO2
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care emit atat de mult CO2
01:54
that my country is now the third largest emitter of greenhouse gasses in the world,
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incat tara mea acum e a 3-a tara in emiterea gazelor de sera din lume,
01:59
after China and the United States.
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dupa China si Statele Unite,
02:01
And we don't have any industry at all --
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si noi nu avem nici un fel de industrie.
02:04
it's only because of this deforestation.
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Numai din cauza defrisarii.
02:07
And these are horrible images.
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Astea sunt imagini oribile.
02:10
I'm not going to talk too long about it,
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Nu voi vorbi prea mult despre asta,
02:12
but there are so many of the family of Uce,
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dar sunt multi din familia lui Uce
02:14
which are not so fortunate to live out there in the forest,
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care nu au sansa sa traiasca in acea padure,
02:18
that still have to go through that process.
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care inca trebuie sa parcurga acel proces
02:20
And I don't know anymore where to put them.
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si eu nu mai stiu unde să-i plasez.
02:22
So I decided that I had to come up with a solution for her
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Asa ca am decis sa gasesc o solutie pentru ea
02:26
but also a solution
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dar o solutie de care sa beneficieze
02:28
that will benefit the people that are trying to exploit those forests,
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si oamenii care incearca sa expoateze aceste paduri,
02:32
to get their hands on the last timber
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pentru ultimul lemn disponibil
02:35
and that are causing, in that way,
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si care cauzeaza in consecinta
02:38
the loss of habitat and all those victims.
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disparitia habitatului natural si toate acese victime.
02:41
So I created the place Samboja Lestari,
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Asa ca am creat un loc numit Samboja Lestari
02:43
and the idea was,
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si idea a fost:
02:45
if I can do this on the worst possible place that I can think of
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daca pot sa fac asta in cel mai nenorocit loc posibil,
02:48
where there is really nothing left,
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unde cu adevarat nu e nimic ramas,
02:50
no one will have an excuse to say, "Yeah, but ..."
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nimeni n-o sa aiba o scuza zicand "Da, dar ..."
02:54
No. Everyone should be able to follow this.
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Nu. Toata lumea ar trebui sa poata urma.
02:58
So we're in East Borneo. This is the place where I started.
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Suntem acum in East Borneo. De aici am pornit.
03:03
As you can see there's only yellow terrain.
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Dupa cum vedeti tot pamantul e galben,
03:05
There's nothing left -- just a bit of grass there.
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nu e nimic ramas, numai putina iarba acolo.
03:08
In 2002 we had about 50 percent of the people jobless there.
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In 2002 jumatate din oamenii de aici nu aveau de lucru.
03:12
There was a huge amount of crime.
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Criminalitatea era foarte ridicata.
03:14
People spent so much of their money on health issues and drinking water.
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Oamenii cheltuiau mare parte din bani pentru sanatate si apa de baut.
03:19
There was no agricultural productivity left.
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Nu mai exista nici un fel de productivitate agricola.
03:22
This was the poorest district in the whole province
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Era cel mai sarac district a provinciei
03:25
and it was a total extinction of wildlife.
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si animalele salbatice erau complet extincte.
03:28
This was like a biological desert.
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Era ca un desert biologic.
03:30
When I stood there in the grass, it's hot -- not even the sound of insects --
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Acolo, in iarba fierbinte, nu auzeai nici bazait de insecte.
03:34
just this waving grass.
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numai iarba facand valuri.
03:36
Still, four years later we have created jobs for about 3,000 people.
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Cu toate astea, 4 ani mai tarziu am creat joburi pentru 3.000 de oameni.
03:41
The climate has changed. I will show you:
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Climatul s-a schimbat. O sa va arat:
03:44
no more flooding, no more fires.
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nu mai exista inundatii si nici incendii.
03:46
It's no longer the poorest district,
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Nu mai e cel mai sarac district,
03:49
and there is a huge development of biodiversity.
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si avem o mare crestere in biodiversitate.
03:51
We've got over 1,000 species. We have 137 bird species as of today.
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Avem peste 1.000 de specii, 137 specii de pasari.
03:57
We have 30 species of reptiles.
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Avem 30 de specii de reptile.
03:59
So what happened here? We created a huge economic failure in this forest.
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Deci, ce s-a intamplat aici? Am creat un mare esec economic in aceasta padure.
04:05
So basically the whole process of destruction
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Simplu, intregul proces de distrugere
04:08
had gone a bit slower than what is happening now with the oil palm.
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a incetinit ce se intampla acum cu palmierul de ulei.
04:11
But we saw the same thing.
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Dar noi am observat acelasi lucru --
04:13
We had slash and burn agriculture;
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am avut agricultura pe pamant defrisat.
04:15
people cannot afford the fertilizer,
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Oamenii nu au bani sa cumpere ingrasaminte
04:17
so they burn the trees and have the minerals available there;
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asa ca ard copacii ca sa aiba ceva minerale in pamant.
04:20
the fires become more frequent,
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Focurile au devenit tot mai frecvente
04:22
and after a while you're stuck with an area of land
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si dupa un timp tot ce ramane e o arie de pamant
04:25
where there is no fertility left.
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unde nimic nu mai e fertil.
04:27
There are no trees left.
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Nu e nici un copac ramas.
04:29
Still, in this place, in this grassland
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Cu toate astea, in acest tarâm de iarba
04:32
where you can see our very first office there on that hill,
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unde vedeti primul nostru centru acolo pe deal,
04:35
four years later, there is this one green blop on the Earth's surface ...
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patru ani mai tarziu apare un punct verde pe suprafata pamantului.
04:40
(Applause)
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(Aplauze)
04:42
And there are all these animals, and all these people happy,
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Si toate animalele si toti oamenii sunt fericiti,
04:45
and there's this economic value.
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si exista valoare economica.
04:47
So how's this possible?
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Cum este posibil?
04:49
It was quite simple. If you'll look at the steps:
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A fost destul de simplu, daca te uiti la pasii pe care i-am facut:
04:51
we bought the land, we dealt with the fire,
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am cumparat pamantul, am eliminat focurile,
04:53
and then only, we started doing the reforestation
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si numai dupa aceea am inceput reimpadurirea
04:56
by combining agriculture with forestry.
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imbinand agricultura cu silvicultura.
04:59
Only then we set up the infrastructure and management and the monetary.
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Numai apoi am demarat infrastructura, administrarea si fondurile.
05:03
But we made sure that in every step of the way
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Dar ne-am asigurat ca la fiecare pas
05:06
the local people were going to be fully involved
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localnicii se implicau in totalitate
05:09
so that no outside forces would be able to interfere with that.
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astfel ca nimeni din afara sa nu poata sa interfereze.
05:13
The people would become the defenders of that forest.
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Am vrut ca oamenii sa devina aparatorii padurii.
05:17
So we do the "people, profit, planet" principles,
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Noi urmam principiile "oameni, profit, planeta"
05:19
but we do it in addition
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si adugam
05:21
to a sure legal status --
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legalitate,
05:23
because if the forest belongs to the state,
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pentru ca daca padurea e a statului
05:25
people say, "It belongs to me, it belongs to everyone."
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oamenii spun ca padurea apartine fiecaruia, apartine tuturor.
05:28
And then we apply all these other principles
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Dupa aceea aplicam alte principii:
05:31
like transparency, professional management, measurable results,
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transparenta, administrare profesionala, resultate masurabile,
05:35
scalability, [unclear], etc.
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scalabilitate, replicabilitate, etc.
05:38
What we did was we formulated recipes --
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Ce am facut am creat retete
05:41
how to go from a starting situation where you have nothing
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de-a porni de la situatii in care n-ai nimic
05:44
to a target situation.
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pana la atingerea tintei.
05:46
You formulate a recipe based upon the factors you can control,
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Formulezi o reteta bazata pe factori pe care ii poti controla,
05:51
whether it be the skills or the fertilizer or the plant choice.
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fie calificare, fie ingrasaminte sau plantele pe care le alegi.
05:55
And then you look at the outputs and you start measuring what comes out.
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Apoi urmaresti resultatele si incepi sa masori recolta.
06:00
Now in this recipe you also have the cost.
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In aceasta reteta trebuie sa consideri si costul.
06:02
You also know how much labor is needed.
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De asemenea stii cata munca e necesara.
06:05
If you can drop this recipe on the map
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Daca pui aceasta reteta pe o harta,
06:08
on a sandy soil, on a clay soil,
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pe un pamant nisipos sau pamant argilos,
06:10
on a steep slope, on flat soil,
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pe o panta abrupta sau pe un camp intins --
06:12
you put those different recipes; if you combine them,
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alcatuiesti toate aceste retete diferite;
06:15
out of that comes a business plan,
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daca le combini obti un plan the afaceri,
06:17
comes a work plan, and you can optimize it
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un plan de lucru și il poti optimiza
06:20
for the amount of labor you have available or for the amount of fertilizer you have,
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pentru volumul de munca sau pentru volumul de ingrasamant disponibil,
06:24
and you can do it.
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Se poate realiza.
06:26
This is how it looks like in practice. We have this grass we want to get rid of.
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Asa arata in practica. Avem aceasta iarba de care vrem sa scapam.
06:30
It exudes [unclear]-like compounds from the roots.
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Exuda compusi toxici de cianura, KCN, de la radacini.
06:33
The acacia trees are of a very low value
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Copacii de salcam Acacia sunt putin valorosi,
06:36
but we need them to restore the micro-climate, to protect the soil
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dar avem nevoie de ei sa restauram micro-climatul, sa protejam solul
06:39
and to shake out the grasses.
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si sa eliminam iarba toxica.
06:42
And after eight years they might actually yield some timber --
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Dupa 8 ani acesti copaci ar putea produce ceva cherestea
06:45
that is, if you can preserve it in the right way,
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dar numai daca mediul e corect prezervat,
06:48
which we can do with bamboo peels.
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ceea ce se poate face cu coji de bambus.
06:50
It's an old temple-building technique from Japan
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E o technica veche folosita la construirea templelor din Japonia.
06:53
but bamboo is very fire-susceptible.
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Dar bambusul e foarte susceptibil la foc.
06:55
So if we would plant that in the beginning
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deci daca am planta bambus de la inceput
06:57
we would have a very high risk of losing everything again.
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am risca sa pierdem totul din nou.
07:01
So we plant it later, along the waterways
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Asa ca-l plantam mai tarziu, pe langa cursurile de apa
07:03
to filter the water, provide the raw products
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ca sa filtreze apa si sa furnizeze materialul brut
07:05
just in time for when the timber becomes available.
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pentru momentul cand copacii sunt taiati pentru cherestea.
07:08
So the idea is: how to integrate these flows
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Intrebarea e cum sa integram aceste procese
07:11
in space, over time and with the limited means you have.
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in spatiu, in timp, si cu resursele limitate pe care le avem.
07:16
So we plant the trees, we plant these pineapples
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Plantam copacii, plantam ananasii,
07:18
and beans and ginger in between, to reduce the competition for the trees,
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si fasole si ghimbir printre copaci, ca sa reducem competitia,
07:22
the crop fertilizer. Organic material is useful for the agricultural crops,
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adugam ingrasaminte -- material organic e folositor
07:27
for the people, but also helps the trees. The farmers have free land,
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pentru recolte si pentru oameni, dar ajuta si copacii.
07:30
the system yields early income, the orangutans get healthy food
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Fermierii au pamant gratis, systemul produce venit, urangutanii au mancare sanatoasa,
07:34
and we can speed up ecosystem regeneration
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si putem grabi regenerarea ecosistemului,
07:37
while even saving some money.
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economisind ceva bani in acelasi timp.
07:39
So beautiful. What a theory.
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Suna frumos. In teorie.
07:41
But is it really that easy?
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Dar e intr-adevar asa usor?
07:44
Not really, because if you looked at what happened in 1998,
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Nu chiar, daca ne uitam la ce s-a imtamplat in 1998.
07:47
the fire started.
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Incendiul s-a declansat.
07:49
This is an area of about 50 million hectares.
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E o arie de 50 de milione de hectare.
07:51
January.
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Ianuarie.
07:53
February.
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Februarie.
07:55
March.
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Martie.
07:57
April.
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Aprilie.
07:58
May.
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Mai.
07:59
We lost 5.5 million hectares in just a matter of a few months.
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Am pierdut 5.5 milione hectare in doar cateva luni.
08:03
This is because we have 10,000 of those underground fires
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Asta pentru ca avem 10,000 focuri subterane
08:06
that you also have in Pennsylvania here in the United States.
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care exista si aici in Pennsylvania, Statele Unite.
08:10
And once the soil gets dried, you're in a dry season -- you get cracks,
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Odata ce pamantul se usuca, in anotimp uscat se formeaza crapaturi.
08:13
oxygen goes in, flames come out and the problem starts all over again.
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Oxigenul patrunde in subteran, flacarile ies la suprafata si tot dezastrul incepe iar.
08:17
So how to break that cycle?
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Deci cum impiedicam acest ciclu?
08:19
Fire is the biggest problem.
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Focul e cea mai mare problema.
08:21
This is what it looked like for three months.
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Asa a aratat timp de 3 luni.
08:24
For three months, the automatic lights outside did not go off
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3 luni luminile automate de-afara nu s-au stins.
08:27
because it was that dark.
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Asa de intuneric a fost.
08:29
We lost all the crops. No children gained weight for over a year;
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Am pierdul toate recoltele, nici un copil n-a crescut in greutate timp de un an.
08:33
they lost 12 IQ points. It was a disaster
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Copiii au pierdul 12 puncte IQ.
08:36
for orangutans and people.
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Un dezastru pentru toti, urangutani si oameni.
08:38
So these fires are really the first things to work on.
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Aceste focuri sunt cu adevarat primul lucru care trebuie adresat.
08:41
That was why I put it as a single point up there.
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Motiv pentru care am listat-o ca singura problema.
08:44
And you need the local people for that because these grasslands,
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E nevoie de localnici pentru ca aceste terenuri cu iarba,
08:47
once they start burning ... It goes through it like a windstorm
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odata ce incep sa arda, focul se imprastie ca o vijelie,
08:51
and you lose again the last bit of ash and nutrients
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si se pierd din nou putina cenusa si nutrienti
08:54
to the first rainfall -- going to the sea
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cu prima ploaie care le cara in ocean,
08:56
killing off the coral reefs there.
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unde omoara reciful de corali.
08:59
So you have to do it with the local people.
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Deci trebuie sa te bazezi pe localnici.
09:01
That is the short-term solution but you also need a long-term solution.
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Asta e solutia imediata, dar ai nevoie si de o solutie cu bataie lunga.
09:04
So what we did is, we created
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Asa ca am creat un cerc
09:06
a ring of sugar palms around the area.
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de palmieri de zahar in jurul ariei.
09:09
These sugar palms turn out to be fire-resistant --
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Acesti palmieri de zahar sunt rezistenti la foc
09:12
also flood-resistant, by the way --
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si, apropo, si la inundatii.
09:14
and they provide a lot of income for local people.
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Plus furnizeaza un venit bun pentru localnici.
09:18
This is what it looks like:
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Merge cam asa:
09:20
the people have to tap them twice a day -- just a millimeter slice --
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Oamenii trebuie sa decupeze o fanta de doua ori pe zi, doar de 1 mm,
09:23
and the only thing you harvest is sugar water,
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si singurul lucru recoltat e apa de zahar,
09:26
carbon dioxide, rain fall and a little bit of sunshine.
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dioxid de carbon, apa de ploaie si un pic de soare.
09:30
In principle, you make those trees into
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In principiu, transformi acesti copaci in
09:32
biological photovoltaic cells.
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celule biologice fotovoltaice.
09:35
And you can create so much energy from this --
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Poti crea atata energie,
09:38
they produce three times more energy per hectare per year,
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acesti palmieri produc de 3 ori mai multa energie pe hectar anual,
09:43
because you can tap them on a daily basis.
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daca ii creztezi in fiecare zi.
09:45
You don't need to harvest [unclear]
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Nu trebuie sa recoltezi partea organica
09:47
or any other of the crops.
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sau alte recolte.
09:49
So this is the combination where we have all this genetic potential in the tropics,
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Avem tot acest potential genetic la tropice inca neexploatat.
09:53
which is still unexploited, and doing it in combination with technology.
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Trebuie combinat cu technologia,
09:57
But also your legal side needs to be in very good order.
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dar totul trebuie de asemenea sa fie legal.
10:01
So we bought that land,
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Deci am cumparat acest teren
10:03
and here is where we started our project --
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si aici am inceput proiectul nostru,
10:05
in the middle of nowhere.
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în acest loc departe de civilizatie.
10:07
And if you zoom in a bit you can see that all of this area
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Daca privesti mai de-aproape vezi ca toata aceasta arie
10:11
is divided into strips that go over different types of soil,
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e impartita in fâsii compuse din tipuri diferite de sol,
10:14
and we were actually monitoring,
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pe care le monitorizam,
10:17
measuring every single tree in these 2,000 hectares, 5,000 acres.
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masurand fiecare copac pe aceste 2.000 hectare, 5.000 acri.
10:23
And this forest is quite different.
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Aceasta padure este insa diferita.
10:26
What I really did was I just followed nature,
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Am urmat exemplul naturii,
10:28
and nature doesn't know monocultures,
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si natura nu stie de monocultura.
10:31
but a natural forest is multilayered.
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O padure naturala are multe nivele.
10:34
That means that both in the ground and above the ground
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Asta inseamna ca și in pamant si deasupra pamantului
10:36
it can make better use of the available light,
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se foloseste mai eficient lumina disponibila,
10:39
it can store more carbon in the system, it can provide more functions.
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se poate stoca mai mult carbon in system, se pot indeplini mai multe functii,
10:44
But, it's more complicated. It's not that simple, and you have to work with the people.
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dar e mai complicat, nu e simplu, trebuie lucrat cu oamenii.
10:48
So, just like nature,
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Asadar imitam natura.
10:51
we also grow fast planting trees and underneath that,
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Plantam copaci tropicali care cresc rapid si sub ei
10:54
we grow the slower growing, primary-grain forest trees of a very high diversity
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pe cei care cresc mai greu, de o mare diversitate care pot optimiza
11:00
that can optimally use that light. Then,
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lumina filtrata, iar apoi la fel de important
11:02
what is just as important: get the right fungi in there
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introducem ciupercile potrivite,
11:06
that will grow into those leaves, bring back the nutrients
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care vor creste printre frunze si vor returna nutrientii
11:09
to the roots of the trees that have just dropped that leaf within 24 hours.
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la radacinile copacilor care si-au pierdut frunzele in ultimele 24 de ore.
11:13
And they become like nutrient pumps.
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Ele actioneaza ca pompe de nutrienti,
11:15
You need the bacteria to fix nitrogen,
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sunt necesare bacteriile ca sa fixeze azotul,
11:18
and without those microorganisms, you won't have any performance at all.
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fara aceste microorganisme nu vor fi nici un fel de resultate.
11:23
And then we started planting -- only 1,000 trees a day.
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Am inceput sa plantam -- numai 1.0000 de copaci pe zi.
11:27
We could have planted many, many more, but we didn't want to
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Am fi putut sa plantam mult mai multi, dar nu am vrut
11:30
because we wanted to keep the number of jobs stable.
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pentru ca am vrut sa pastram numarul de joburi constant.
11:33
We didn't want to lose the people
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N-am vrut sa pierdem oamenii
11:36
that are going to work in that plantation.
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care urmau sa lucreze pe plantatie.
11:40
And we do a lot of work here.
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E multa munca aici.
11:42
We use indicator plants to look at what soil types,
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Folosim plante indicator pentru a stabili tipurile de sol,
11:45
or what vegetables will grow, or what trees will grow here.
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și ce vegetale sau copaci pot creste in acel sol.
11:48
And we have monitored every single one of those trees from space.
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Am monitorizat fiecare copac din spatiu.
11:53
This is what it looks like in reality;
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Asa arata in realitate,
11:55
you have this irregular ring around it,
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exista acest inel neregulat in jur,
11:57
with strips of 100 meters wide, with sugar palms
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cu fâsii late de 100 m cu palmieri de zahar
12:01
that can provide income for 648 families.
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care pot produce venit pentru 648 de familii.
12:04
It's only a small part of the area.
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E doar o mica parte din intreaga arie.
12:07
The nursery, in here, is quite different.
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Pepiniera de aici e foarte diferita.
12:10
If you look at the number of tree species we have in Europe, for instance,
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Daca te uiti la numarul de specii de copaci pe care-i avem in Europa, de ex.,
12:13
from the Urals up to England, you know how many?
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de la Urali pana in Anglia, stiti cate sunt?
12:16
165.
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165.
12:18
In this nursery, we're going to grow 10 times more than the number of species.
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In aceasta pepiniera vom creste de 10 ori mai multe specii.
12:22
Can you imagine?
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Va imaginati?
12:24
You do need to know what you are working with,
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Trebuie intr-adevar sa stii cu ce lucrezi,
12:26
but it's that diversity which makes it work.
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dar e acea diversitate care face totul sa mearga.
12:29
That you can go from this zero situation,
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Poti porni de la aceasta situatie zero,
12:32
by planting the vegetables and the trees, or directly, the trees
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plantand vegetalele si copacii, ori numai copacii,
12:36
in the lines in that grass there,
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pe liniile din iarba,
12:38
putting up the buffer zone, producing your compost,
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creand o zona tampon, producandu-ti ingrasamintele,
12:41
and then making sure that at every stage of that up growing forest
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apoi asigurandu-te ca la fiecare stagiu al padurii in crestere
12:46
there are crops that can be used.
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exista recolte care pot fi folosite.
12:48
In the beginning, maybe pineapples and beans and corn;
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La inceput, poate ananas, fasole si porumb.
12:50
in the second phase, there will be bananas and papayas;
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In a doua faza, vor fi babane si papaya.
12:53
later on, there will be chocolate and chilies.
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Mai tarziu, ciocolata si ardei iute.
12:56
And then slowly, the trees start taking over,
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Apoi incet, copacii incep sa domine,
12:58
bringing in produce from the fruits, from the timber, from the fuel wood.
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producand fructe, cherestea, lemn pentru combustibil.
13:02
And finally, the sugar palm forest takes over
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In final, padurea de palmieri de zahar pune stapanire
13:05
and provides the people with permanent income.
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și furnizeaza oamenilor venit permanent.
13:07
On the top left, underneath those green stripes,
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In partea de sus stanga, sub acele fâsii verzi,
13:10
you see some white dots -- those are actually individual pineapple plants
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vedeti niste puncte albe -- sunt palmieri de ananas
13:14
that you can see from space.
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care pot fi vazuti din spatiu.
13:16
And in that area we started growing some acacia trees
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In zona aceea am inceput sa crestem salcami Acacia
13:21
that you just saw before.
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pe care ia-ti vazut mai devreme.
13:23
So this is after one year.
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Asa arata dupa un an.
13:25
And this is after two years.
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Si asa arata dupa doi ani. E verde.
13:27
And that's green. If you look from the tower --
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Daca privesti din turn,
13:30
this is when we start attacking the grass.
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acesta-i momentul cand am inceput sa atacam iarba.
13:33
We plant in the seedlings
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Am plantat puieții
13:35
mixed with the bananas, the papayas, all the crops for the local people,
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amestecati cu bananieri, papaya și toate culturile pentru localnici,
13:39
but the trees are growing up fast in between as well.
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dar și copacii cresc repede.
13:42
And three years later, 137 species of birds are living here.
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Iar 3 ani mai tarziu am avut 137 de specii de pasari.
13:45
(Applause)
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(Aplauze)
13:51
So we lowered air temperature three to five degrees Celsius.
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Am redus temperatura aerului cu 3-5 grade Celsius.
13:55
Air humidity is up 10 percent.
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Umiditatea aerului a crescut cu 10%.
13:57
Cloud cover -- I'm going to show it to you -- is up.
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Acoperirea cu nori -- o sa va arat -- a crescut.
13:59
Rainfall is up.
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Volumul de ploaie a crescut.
14:01
And all these species and income.
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Plus toate aceste specii, si venit.
14:03
This ecolodge that I built here,
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Aceasta cabana ecoturistica, ecolodge, pe care am construit-o,
14:05
three years before, was an empty, yellow field.
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era acum trei ani intr-un camp gol și galben.
14:08
This transponder that we operate with the European Space Agency --
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Acest transponder pe care-l operam cu European Space Agency
14:12
it gives us the benefit that every satellite that comes over to calibrate itself
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are avantajul ca fiecare satelit care orbiteaza deasupra lui pentru calibrare
14:16
is taking a picture.
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face o poza.
14:18
Those pictures we use to analyze how much carbon, how the forest is developing,
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Folosim aceste poze sa analizam nivelul de carbon, evolutia padurii,
14:22
and we can monitor every tree using satellite images through our cooperation.
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si putem monitoriza fiecare copac folosind aceste imagini prin cooperare.
14:28
We can use these data now
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Putem folosi toate aceste informatii
14:30
to provide other regions with recipes and the same technology.
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ca sa furnizam altor regiuni retete si technologii similare.
14:34
We actually have it already with Google Earth.
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De fapt, deja avem la dispozitie Google Earth.
14:36
If you would use a little bit of your technology to put tracking devices in trucks,
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Daca am instala pe camione dispozitive de urmarire GPS
14:40
and use Google Earth in combination with that,
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si in acelasi timp am folosi Google Earth
14:43
you could directly tell what palm oil has been sustainably produced,
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am putea determina direct care ulei de palmier a fost produs sustenabil,
14:47
which company is stealing the timber,
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care companie fura cherestea,
14:50
and you could save so much more carbon
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si am putea reduce mai mult carbonul
14:52
than with any measure of saving energy here.
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decat cu orice alta masura de economisire a energiei.
14:55
So this is the Samboja Lestari area.
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Asta este zona Samboja Lestari.
14:58
You measure how the trees grow back,
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Masuram cat de repede se regenereaza copacii,
15:00
but you can also measure the biodiversity coming back.
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dar si biodiversitatea care se reface.
15:04
And biodiversity is an indicator of how much water can be balanced,
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Biodiversitatea e un indicator pt. cat de multa apa poate fi echilibrata,
15:08
how many medicines can be kept here.
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si cate remedii pot fi aplicate aici.
15:11
And finally I made it into the rain machine
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In final am transformat-o intr-o masina de ploaie
15:14
because this forest is now creating its own rain.
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pentru ca acum aceasta padure isi creeaza singura ploaia.
15:17
This nearby city of Balikpapan has a big problem with water;
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Orasul invecinat Balikpapan are mari probleme cu apa.
15:21
it's 80 percent surrounded by seawater,
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E inconjurat 80% cu apa de mare,
15:24
and we have now a lot of intrusion there.
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si noi avem acum un mare impact acolo.
15:26
Now we looked at the clouds above this forest;
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Am monitorizat norii deasupra acestei paduri,
15:29
we looked at the reforestation area, the semi-open area and the open area.
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zona reimpadurita, zona semi-impadurita si zona defrisata.
15:33
And look at these images.
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Priviti aceste imagini.
15:36
I'll just run them very quickly through.
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Le voi rula insa foarte repede.
15:38
In the tropics, raindrops are not formed from ice crystals,
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La tropice, picaturile de ploaie nu se formeaza din cristale de gheata
15:41
which is the case in the temperate zones,
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ca in zonele temperate.
15:43
you need the trees with [unclear], chemicals that come out of the leaves of the trees
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Aici e nevoie de copaci cu fermenți microscopici, chimicalele produse de frunze
15:48
that initiate the raindrops.
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care initiaza picaturile de ploaie.
15:50
So you create a cool place where clouds can accumulate,
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Creezi o zona racoroasa unde norii se pot acumula
15:54
and you have the trees to initiate the rain.
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si ai copacii care initiaza ploaia.
15:56
And look, there's now 11.2 percent more clouds --
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Priviti, avem acum 11.2% mai multi nori
16:00
already, after three years.
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fata de acum 3 ani.
16:02
If you look at rainfall, it was already up 20 percent at that time.
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Nivelul ploii a crescut cu 20%.
16:07
Let's look at the next year,
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Pentru anul urmator
16:09
and you can see that that trend is continuing.
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vedem ca aceeasi tendinta continua.
16:11
Where at first we had a small cap of higher rainfall,
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Unde am avut un plafon de ploi mai abundente
16:14
that cap is now widening and getting higher.
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acel plafon acum se largeste si se ridica la inaltimi mai mari.
16:17
And if we look at the rainfall pattern
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Daca ne uitam la peridiocitatea ploilor
16:20
above Samboja Lestari, it used to be the driest place,
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deasupra Samboja Lestari, care era cea mai uscata zona,
16:24
but now you see consistently see a peak of rain forming there.
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acum se vede sistematic un maxim de ploaie formandu-se acolo.
16:28
So you can actually change the climate.
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Prin urmare putem efectiv schimba clima.
16:32
When there are trade winds of course the effect disappears,
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In perioada vanturilor tropicale, evident acest efect dispare,
16:36
but afterwards, as soon as the wind stabilizes,
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dar de indata ce vanturile se stabilizeaza
16:39
you see again that the rainfall peaks come back above this area.
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vedem iar un maximum de precipitatii deasupra acestei arii.
16:43
So to say it is hopeless is not the right thing to do,
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Deci afirmand ca e fara speranta nu e corect,
16:48
because we actually can make that difference
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pentru ca de fapt putem schimba mediul
16:50
if you integrate the various technologies.
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daca integram diverse technologii.
16:54
And it's nice to have the science, but it still depends mostly upon the people,
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Stiinta ne ajuta, dar totusi depinde in principal de oameni,
16:58
on your education.
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de instruirea lor.
17:00
We have our farmer schools.
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Avem scoli de fermieri.
17:02
But the real success of course, is our band --
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Dar cel mai mare sucess consta in legatura dintre noi.
17:04
because if a baby is born, we will play, so everyone's our family
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Cand apare un nou nascut toti contribuim pt. ca toti suntem o familie
17:08
and you don't make trouble with your family.
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si nu dorim probleme in familie.
17:10
This is how it looks.
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Iata cum arata:
17:12
We have this road going around the area,
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Avem acest drum in jurul ariei,
17:14
which brings the people electricity and water from our own area.
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care duce oamenilor electricitate si apa din regiunea noastra.
17:18
We have the zone with the sugar palms,
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Avem zona cu palmieri de zahar
17:20
and then we have this fence with very thorny palms
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si apoi avem acest gard de palmieri cu ghimpi
17:22
to keep the orangutans -- that we provide with a place to live in the middle --
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ca sa tinem urangutanii -- intr-un habitat in mijloc --
17:27
and the people apart.
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separati de oameni.
17:29
And inside, we have this area for reforestation
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In interior avem aceasta arie de reimpadurire,
17:31
as a gene bank to keep all that material alive,
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o banca de gene pentru a perpetua toate aceste specii.
17:34
because for the last 12 years
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In ultimii 12 ani
17:36
not a single seedling of the tropical hardwood trees has grown up
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nu a crescut niciun rasad de copac cu lemn de esenta tare
17:40
because the climatic triggers have disappeared.
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pentru ca disparuse circuitul climatic.
17:43
All the seeds get eaten.
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Toate semintele ajungeau sa fie mancate.
17:45
So now we do the monitoring on the inside --
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Acum monitorizam ce se intampla inauntru,
17:47
from towers, satellites, ultralights.
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din turnuri, sateliti, avioane usoare.
17:50
Each of the families that have sold their land now get a piece of land back.
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Fiecare familie care ne-a vandut pamant primeste o parcela de teren inapoi.
17:54
And it has two nice fences of tropical hardwood trees --
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inconjurata de un gard dublu de copaci tropicali din esenta tare.
17:58
you have the shade trees planted in year one,
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Copacii de umbra sunt plantati in primul an,
18:00
then you underplanted with the sugar palms,
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apoi sunt plantati dedesupt palmieri de zahar
18:03
and you plant this thorny fence.
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si in final e plantat acest gard spinos.
18:05
And after a few years, you can remove some of those shade trees.
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Dupa cativa ani, parte din copacii de umbra se pot indeparta,
18:09
The people get that acacia timber which we have preserved with the bamboo peel,
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astfel oamenii obtin cheresteaua de salcam prezervata cu coji de bambus,
18:13
and they can build a house, they have some fuel wood to cook with.
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isi construiasc o casa sau au lemn de foc pentru gatit.
18:16
And they can start producing from the trees as many as they like.
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Si incep sa produca din copaci atata cat doresc.
18:20
They have enough income for three families.
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Au destul venit cat pentru 3 familii.
18:24
But whatever you do in that program, it has to be fully supported by the people,
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Dar orice se face in acest program trebuie sprijinit de localnici,
18:28
meaning that you also have to adjust it to the local, cultural values.
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insemnand ca trebuie sa te adaptezi la valorile culturale locale.
18:32
There is no simple one recipe for one place.
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Nu exista o reteta simpla pentru un loc.
18:36
You also have to make sure that it is very difficult to corrupt --
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De asemenea trebuie sa te asiguri ca e dificil de corupt,
18:40
that it's transparent.
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ca e transparent.
18:42
Like here, in Samboja Lestari,
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De ex. aici, in Samboja Lestari,
18:44
we divide that ring in groups of 20 families.
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impartim acel cerc in grupuri de 20 de familii.
18:47
If one member trespasses the agreement,
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Daca un membru nu respecta intelegerea
18:49
and does cut down trees,
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si taie copaci,
18:51
the other 19 members have to decide what's going to happen to him.
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ceilalti 19 membri trebuie sa decida ce se imtampla cu el.
18:54
If the group doesn't take action,
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Daca grupul nu ia nici o masura
18:56
the other 33 groups have to decide what is going to happen to the group
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celelalte 33 grupuri trebuie sa decida ce sa se intample cu grupul
19:00
that doesn't comply with those great deals that we are offering them.
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care nu se conformeaza acestor intelegeri avantajoase pe care le oferim.
19:04
In North Sulawesi it is the cooperative --
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In Sulawesi de Nord exista
19:07
they have a democratic culture there,
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exista un sistem de cooperare democratic,
19:09
so there you can use the local justice system to protect your system.
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asa ca acolo putem face uz de sistemul local de justitie sa protejam sistemul.
19:14
In summary, if you look at it, in year one the people can sell their land
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Pe scurt, in primul an oamenii isi pot vinde pamantul sa aiba venit,
19:17
to get income, but they get jobs back in the construction and the reforestation,
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dar castiga un job in constructii, reimpadurire ori lucrand cu urangutanii.
19:22
the working with the orangutans, and they can use the waste wood to make handicraft.
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Pot folosi deseurile de lemn sa faca obiecte artizanale.
19:26
They also get free land in between the trees,
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De asemenea primesc teren gratuit printre copaci,
19:29
where they can grow their crops.
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unde pot creste recolte.
19:31
They can now sell part of those fruits to the orangutan project.
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Pot vinde parte din fructe pentru proiectul cu urangutani.
19:35
They get building material for houses,
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Obtin material de constructie pentru case,
19:37
a contract for selling the sugar,
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un contract pentru vanzarea zaharului,
19:39
so we can produce huge amounts of ethanol and energy locally.
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ca noi sa putem produce local mari cantitati de etanol si energie.
19:43
They get all these other benefits: environmentally, money,
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Obtin toate aceste beneficii de mediu, bani, educatie.
19:46
they get education -- it's a great deal.
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E un acord avantajos.
19:48
And everything is based upon that one thing --
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Si totul se bazeaza pe acel aspect esential --
19:51
make sure that forest remains there.
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sa se asigure ca padurea ramane acolo.
19:54
So if we want to help the orangutans --
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Deci, daca vrem sa ajutam urangutanii --
19:57
what I actually set out to do --
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care mi-a fost scopul primordial --
20:00
we must make sure that the local people are the ones that benefit.
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trebuie sa ne asiguram ca localnicii sunt cei care beneficiaza.
20:04
Now I think the real key to doing it, to give a simple answer,
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Cred ca ingredientul cheie, ca raspuns concis,
20:08
is integration.
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este integrarea.
20:10
I hope -- if you want to know more, you can read more.
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Asta e ce sper -- si daca vreti sa stiti mai mult, puteti citi mai mult.
20:14
(Applause)
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(Aplauze)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Willie Smits - ConservationistWillie Smits has devoted his life to saving the forest habitat of orangutans, the "thinkers of the jungle." As towns, farms and wars encroach on native forests, Smits works to save what is left.
Why you should listen
Willie Smits works at the complicated intersection of humankind, the animal world and our green planet. In his early work as a forester in Indonesia, he came to a deep understanding of that triple relationship, as he watched the growing population of Sulawesi move into (or burn for fuel) forests that are home to the orangutan. These intelligent animals were being killed for food, traded as pets or simply failing to thrive as their forest home degraded.
Smits believes that to rebuild orangutan populations, we must first rebuild their forest habitat -- which means helping local people find options other than the short-term fix of harvesting forests to survive. His Masarang Foundation raises money and awareness to restore habitat forests around the world -- and to empower local people. In 2007, Masarang opened a palm-sugar factory that uses thermal energy to turn sugar palms (fast-growing trees that thrive in degraded soils) into sugar and even ethanol, returning cash and power to the community and, with luck, starting the cycle toward a better future for people, trees and orangs.
Willie Smits | Speaker | TED.com