TEDIndia 2009
Anil Gupta: India's hidden hotbeds of invention
Anil Gupta：看不到的印度草根发明
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Anil Gupta 在发展中国家内寻觅着那些不知名的发明家们--那些本地的被贫困所掩盖的天才企业家，他们的能力可以改变很多人的生活。他展示了小蜜蜂网络（Honeybee Network）是怎么帮助这些人去建立他们所需要的沟通--得到他们应得认知度。
Anil Gupta - Innovation advocate
Anil Gupta created the Honey Bee Network to support grassroots innovators who are rich in knowledge, but not in resources. Full bio
Anil Gupta created the Honey Bee Network to support grassroots innovators who are rich in knowledge, but not in resources. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I bring to you
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我带给你们
00:19
a message from
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一个消息，它源于
00:22
tens of thousands of people --
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成千上万的人，
00:25
in the villages, in the slums,
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这些人住在村庄和贫民窟里，
00:27
in the hinterland of the country --
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在一个国家中不为人知的偏远地方，
00:29
who have solved problems
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这些人利用他们的天才智慧
00:31
through their own genius,
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解决了很多问题，
00:33
without any
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而且没有得到任何
00:35
outside help.
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外界的帮助。
00:37
When our home minister announces
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正当我们的自己国家的总理宣布，
00:40
a few weeks ago
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就在几周前，
00:43
a war on
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一场针对1/3
00:45
one third of India,
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的印度的战争，
00:47
about 200 districts that he mentioned
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他提到的大概有200个地区，
00:50
were ungovernable,
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这些地区没有得到应有的管理，
00:52
he missed the point.
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可是他漏掉了一点，
00:55
The point that we have been stressing
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在过去21年中我们一直
00:57
for the last 21 years,
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在强调一个事情
00:59
the point that
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这就是
01:01
people may be economically poor,
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有些人也许经济上很贫困，
01:03
but they're not poor in the mind.
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但是他们并不笨。
01:06
In other words,
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换种说法，
01:08
the minds on the margin
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边缘人思想
01:10
are not the marginal minds.
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不等于多余没用的思想。
01:13
That is the message,
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正是在这样的理念支撑之下
01:15
which we started 31 years ago.
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我们31年前开始了这个项目
01:17
And what did it start?
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我们当时开始了什么？
01:19
Let me just tell you, briefly, my personal journey,
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让我告诉你，简单，是我的个人旅程，
01:21
which led me to come to this point.
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它塑造了现在的我。
01:24
In '85, '86, I was in Bangladesh
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1985到1986年我当时住在孟加拉国
01:26
advising the government and the research council there
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为政府和研究院提议
01:28
how to help scientists work on the lands,
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如何去帮助科学家们在
01:30
on the fields of the poor people,
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在穷人中间工作
01:33
and how to develop research technologies,
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以及如果去发展研究技术，
01:35
which are based on the knowledge of the people.
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那是基于很多人的智慧。
01:39
I came back in '86.
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1986年我回来了。
01:42
I had been tremendously invigorated
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我当时被我在这个国家中发现
01:44
by the knowledge and creativity that I found in that country,
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的知识和创造力所鼓舞，
01:46
which had 60 percent landlessness
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这个国家有百分之六十的人口没有土地。
01:48
but amazing creativity.
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但是惊人的创造力。
01:51
I started looking at my own work:
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我开始回顾我的工作。
01:53
The work that I had done
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那些在过去10年中
01:55
for the previous 10 years,
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我完成的工作，
01:57
almost every time,
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几乎每次，
01:59
had instances of knowledge
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都有人们分享
02:01
that people had shared.
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的知识。
02:03
Now, I was paid in dollars as a consultant,
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现在，我挣着美元，作为一个顾问，
02:06
and I looked at my income tax return
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同时我看着我的政府退税
02:08
and tried to ask myself: "Is there a line in my return,
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并试着问我自己：‘有没有这么一个联系，
02:11
which shows how much of this income has gone
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可以显示出这些收入中有多少
02:13
to the people whose knowledge
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被分配给了那些拥有
02:15
has made it possible?
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让这一切变为可能的知识的人？’
02:17
Was it because I'm brilliant
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是因为我很聪明
02:19
that I'm getting this reward, or because of the revolution?
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而得到奖励，或者【不清楚】？
02:22
Is it that I write very well?
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是因为我善于写文章吗？
02:24
Is it that I articulate very well?
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是我善于雄辩嘛？
02:26
Is it that I analyze the data very well?
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是我善于分析数据吗？
02:28
Is it because I'm a professor, and, therefore,
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是因为我是一个教授吗，还是，所以，
02:30
I must be entitled to this reward from society?"
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还是说这是我应得的奖励？
02:33
I tried to convince myself that, "No, no,
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我试着去说服自己，‘不，不，
02:35
I have worked for the policy changes.
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我致力于改变政策
02:37
You know, the public policy will become
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你知道，公共政策会变得
02:39
more responsive to the needs of the poor,
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更加关心与穷人的需求，
02:41
and, therefore I think it's okay."
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这，我认为是好事。’
02:43
But it appeared to me
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但是我发现
02:46
that all these years that I'd been working on exploitation --
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这些年我一直致力于对剥削的研究，
02:49
exploitation by landlords,
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被房东剥削，
02:51
by moneylenders, by traders --
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被债主，被商人，
02:54
gave me an insight that
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我也意识到
02:56
probably I was also an exploiter,
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也许我也是一个剥削者，
02:58
because there was no line in my income tax return
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因为在我的收入退税中
03:00
which showed this income accrued
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没有一条显示出这个收入发生过是
03:02
because of the brilliance of the people --
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因为这些人的才能，
03:04
those people who have shared their knowledge and good faith and trust with me --
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那些与我分享了他们的智慧，信仰与信任的人，
03:06
and nothing ever went back to them.
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并且没有任何东西去回馈给他们。
03:08
So much so, that much of my work till that time
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以至于，那么多我那个时候的工作
03:10
was in the English language.
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都是英文的。
03:12
The majority of the people from whom I learned didn't know English.
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我曾经受益过的大部分人都不懂英文。
03:15
So what kind of a contributor was I?
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我反思：我过去都做了些什么贡献？
03:17
I was talking about social justice,
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我在谈论社会公正，
03:19
and here I was, a professional
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并且这里我是一个
03:21
who was pursuing the most unjust act --
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遵循最不公的行为的专家，
03:23
of taking knowledge from the people, making them anonymous,
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从人们那里得到知识，让他们默默无闻，
03:26
getting rent from that knowledge
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我因为这些知识而变得富裕
03:28
by sharing it and doing consultancy, writing papers and
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我作顾问，写报告，
03:30
publishing them in the papers,
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在报纸上发表
03:32
getting invited to the conferences,
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到各种会议做演说
03:34
getting consultancies and whatever have you.
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提供咨询服务等
03:37
So then, a dilemma rose in the mind that,
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然后，在思想中发生一个矛盾面，
03:39
if I'm also an exploiter, then this is not right;
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如果我是一个剥削者，那就是不对的，
03:42
life cannot go on like that.
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生活不能这样下去。
03:45
And this was a moment of great pain and trauma
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同时这是非常痛苦的时刻
03:48
because I couldn't live with it any longer.
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因为我不能在这样生活下去了。
03:52
So I did a review of
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所以如果我重新审视，
03:54
ethical dilemma and value conflicts and management research,
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在做社会科学以及管理研究时遇到的伦理困境
03:56
wrote, read about 100 papers.
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写作，阅读大概100个报告。
03:59
And I came to the conclusion that
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然后我得到一个结论，
04:01
while dilemma is unique,
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虽然矛盾是特殊的，
04:03
dilemma is not unique; the solution had to be unique.
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矛盾不特殊，但解决方法必须是特殊的。
04:06
And one day -- I don't know what happened --
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然后一天--我不知道什么发什么了--
04:08
while coming back from the office towards home,
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当从办公室回家的时候，
04:11
maybe I saw a honey bee
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也许我看见了一只蜜蜂，
04:13
or it occurred to my mind that if I only could be like the honey bee,
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或者发生在我的意识中，如果我可以成为一只蜜蜂，
04:16
life would be wonderful.
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生命也许会很美妙。
04:18
What the honey bee does: it pollinates,
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蜜蜂的工作是什么：它们授粉，
04:21
takes nectar from the flower,
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从花中得到花蜜，
04:23
pollinates another flower, cross-pollinates.
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授粉给另一朵花，交叉授粉。
04:25
And when it takes the nectar,
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同时当它得到花蜜，
04:27
the flowers don't feel shortchanged.
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花并不会感到不公。
04:30
In fact, they invite the honey bees
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其实，鲜花还因为有鲜艳的颜色
04:32
through their colors,
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而招来了小蜜蜂
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and the bees don't keep all the honey for themselves.
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同时蜜蜂也不会保留所有的蜜。
04:38
These are the three guiding principles of the Honey Bee Network:
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蜜蜂的社会有3条准则--
04:42
that whenever we learn something from people
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那就是无论什么时候我们从他人那学到一些东西
04:44
it must be shared with them in their language.
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那这些东西同时也必须通过他们的语言和这些人分享。
04:47
They must not remain anonymous.
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他们必须得到认可而不是被忽略。
04:49
And I must tell you that after 20 years,
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而我必须告诉你，20年后，
04:52
I have not made one percent of change
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我专注于自己职业上的这种行为
04:55
in the professional practice of this art.
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从没有改变过一点点
04:57
That is a great tragedy -- which I'm carrying still with me
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这使我感觉我仍然背负着这样的行为是一种悲剧，
04:59
and I hope that all of you will carry this with you --
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并且我希望你们所有人都秉着这样的
05:01
that the profession still legitimizes publication
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能力去合法的发表
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of knowledge of people without attributing them
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他人的知识而忽略他们
05:07
by making them anonymous.
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的存在。
05:09
The research guidelines of U.S. National Academy of Sciences
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美国国家科学机关的研究大纲
05:11
or Research Councils of the U.K.
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或者英国的研究院
05:13
or of Indian Councils of Science Research
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或者是印度科学研究所
05:15
do not require
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没有要求，
05:17
that whatever you learn from people, you must share back with them.
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不管你从别人那学到些什么都必须要和他们分享。
05:20
We are talking about an accountable society,
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我们讨论的是一个负责的社会，
05:22
a society that is fair and just,
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一个公平的的社会。
05:24
and we don't even do justice in the knowledge market.
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然而我们甚至在知识市场上做不到公正。
05:26
And India wants to be a knowledge society.
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而印度希望成为一个知识社会。
05:28
How will it be a knowledge society?
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要怎么做才能成为一个知识社会？
05:30
So, obviously, you cannot have two principles of justice,
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显然，我们不能有两个不同的公证制度，
05:32
one for yourself and one for others.
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一个给自己，一个给别人。
05:34
It must be the same.
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这个制度必须是相同。
05:36
You cannot discriminate.
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不能有歧视。
05:38
You cannot be in favor of your own values,
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不能只对自己的价值观有利，
05:40
which are at a distance from
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而和周围人的价值观
05:42
the values that you espouse.
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形成一定的距离。
05:45
So, fairness to one and to the other
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所以，人人平等
05:47
is not divisible.
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是不能被分割的。
05:49
Look at this picture.
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看看这张照片。
05:51
Can you tell me where has it been taken from,
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你能告诉我它是在哪儿拍摄的吗，
05:53
and what is it meant for? Anybody?
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并且谁能告诉我它是意在什么？
05:56
I'm a professor; I must quiz you. (Laughter)
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我是个教授，我必须考考你们。
06:00
Anybody? Any guess at all?
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谁？哪怕是猜一猜？
06:03
Pardon? (Audience Member: Rajasthan.)
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对不起？（听众：Rajastha。）
06:05
Anil Gupta: But what has it been used for? What has it been used for?
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Anil Gupta：可是这张照片是被用作什么的？它曾经被用做什么？
06:07
(Murmuring)
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（窃窃私语）
06:09
Pardon?
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对不起？
06:11
You know, you're so right. We must give him a hand,
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你知道吗，你是对的。我们必须给予他鼓励。
06:14
because this man knows how insensitive our government is.
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因为这个人知道我们的政府有多迟钝。
06:17
Look at this. This is the site of the government of India.
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看看这个。这个是印度政府的所在地。
06:19
It invites tourists
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它吸引了
06:21
to see the shame of our country.
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很多游客去观看我们的国家的耻辱。
06:23
I'm so sorry to say that.
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我对我所说的感到非常抱歉。
06:25
Is this a beautiful picture
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这是一张很美的照片--
06:27
or is it a terrible picture?
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或者是很糟的？
06:29
It depends upon how you look at the life of the people.
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这完全取决你怎么看到人们的生活。
06:32
If this woman has to carry water on her head
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如有这个女人要用头顶着
06:34
for miles and miles and miles,
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水行走几十甚至上百英里，
06:36
you cannot be celebrating that.
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你不能为这事感到庆幸。
06:39
We should be doing something about it.
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我们必须做些什么。
06:41
And let me tell you, with all the science and technology at our command,
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那么让我告诉你，我们现在所拥有的所有科学技术，
06:44
millions of women still carry water on their heads.
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成百上千万的妇女仍然需要用他们的头搬运水。
06:47
And we do not ask this question.
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而我们却没有问问自己。
06:49
You must have taken tea in the morning.
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你每天早上都喝茶。
06:52
Think for a minute.
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用一点时间想一想。
06:54
The leaves of the tea, plucked from the bushes;
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茶叶，摘自茶树。
06:57
you know what the action is? The action is:
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你知道这是一系列什么动作吗？这一系列的动作是：
06:59
The lady picks up a few leaves, puts them in the basket on the backside.
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采茶女采下几片叶子，把它们放在背后的篮子里。
07:02
Just do it 10 times;
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只要做十几次；
07:04
you will realize the pain in this shoulder.
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你就会发现肩膀有多疼。
07:06
And she does it a few thousand times
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而她需要每天重复
07:08
every day.
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做几千次。
07:11
The rice that you ate in the lunch, and you will eat today,
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你们午餐吃的米饭，你今天将要吃的，
07:14
is transplanted by women
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是妇女们弯着腰
07:16
bending in a very awkward posture,
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摆成非常奇怪的姿势移植的，
07:18
millions of them,
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成百上千万的妇女，
07:20
every season, in the paddy season,
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每一季，在谷季，
07:22
when they transplant paddy
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当他们移植稻谷时
07:25
with their feet in the water.
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他们是光着脚的。
07:27
And feet in the water will develop fungus,
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脚在水里会诱发真菌，
07:29
infections,
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感染。
07:31
and that infection pains
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而且感染很疼
07:33
because then other insects bite that point.
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因为昆虫会咬这些感染的地方。
07:36
And every year,
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而且每年，
07:38
99.9 percent of the paddy is transplanted manually.
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百分之99.9的稻谷是手工移植的。
07:41
No machines have been developed.
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没有人发明这样的机器。
07:43
So the silence of scientists,
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所以科学家的沉寂，
07:45
of technologists, of public policy makers,
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科技的沉寂，公众政策决策者的沉寂，
07:48
of the change agent, drew our attention that this is not on, this is not on;
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改革中心的沉寂，这引起了我们的注意，不能继续这样下去了
07:51
this is not the way society will work.
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这不是将来社会的工作方式。
07:53
This is not what our parliament would do. You know,
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这不是我们的国会会做的事，你知道。
07:56
we have a program for employment:
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我们有劳工方案。
07:58
One hundred, 250 million people
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2亿5千万人
08:00
have to be given jobs for 100 days by this great country.
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从这个国家得到了100天的工作。
08:03
Doing what? Breaking stones, digging earth.
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做什么哪？他们砸石头，挖地。
08:06
So we asked a question to the parliament:
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我们问问政府国会，
08:09
Do poor have heads?
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穷人有头脑吗？
08:12
Do poor have legs, mouth and hands, but no head?
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穷人有腿，嘴和手，但是没有头脑？
08:15
So Honey Bee Network builds upon the resource in which poor people are rich.
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蜜蜂网络建立在穷人阶级也是富有的。
08:18
And what has happened?
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然而发生了什么？
08:20
An anonymous, faceless, nameless person
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匿名，没有脸部，没有名字，人们
08:23
gets in contact with the network,
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在网络里联系，
08:25
and then gets an identity.
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然后得到一个身份。
08:27
This is what Honey Bee Network is about.
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这就是蜜蜂网络的工作方式。
08:29
And this network grew voluntarily,
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这个网络自行成长，
08:31
continues to be voluntary,
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并且继续自行成长，
08:33
and has tried to map the minds
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同时也在尝试
08:35
of millions of people
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去发掘我们国家以及世界其他地区的创意个体
08:37
of our country and other parts of the world who are creative.
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的无限智慧
08:41
They could be creative in terms of education,
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他们可能是教育上的创新；
08:43
they may be creative in terms of culture,
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文化上的创新；
08:45
they may be creative in terms of institutions;
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机构上的创新，
08:47
but a lot of our work is in the field of technological creativity,
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但是我们的工作是在科技方面的
08:49
the innovations,
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创新
08:51
either in terms of contemporary innovations,
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有现代的创新，
08:53
or in terms of traditional knowledge.
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也有基于传统知识的创新
08:56
And it all begins with curiosity.
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而他们都开始于好奇心。
08:58
It all begins with curiosity.
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他们都始于好奇心。
09:00
This person, whom we met -- and you will see it on the website,
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这个人，我们遇见的，你们会在网站上见到，
09:02
www.sristi.org -- this tribal person,
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Soshidoto Arjii，他是个土著，
09:05
he had a wish.
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他有一个希望。
09:07
And he said, "If my wish gets fulfilled" --
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他说，“如果我愿望成真”--
09:10
somebody was sick and he had to monitor --
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有人生病了并且需要看护--“
09:13
"God, please cure him.
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神啊，请治愈他。
09:15
And if you cure him, I will get my wall painted."
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如果有你治好他，我会在墙上作画。”
09:18
And this is what he got painted.
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而这是他画的。
09:20
Somebody was talking yesterday about Maslowian hierarchy.
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有人昨天谈到马斯洛需求阶梯图
09:22
There could be nothing more wrong than
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没有比马斯洛的这个模型
09:24
the Maslowian model of hierarchy of needs
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对人的需求的描述更错误的了
09:26
because the poorest people in this country can get enlightenment.
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因为这个国家的穷人是可以获得灵光的。
09:29
Kabir, Rahim, all the great Sufi saints,
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Kalwi，Rahim，所有伟大的苏非派圣人，
09:32
they were all poor people,
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他们都是穷人，
09:34
and they had a great reason. (Applause)
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并且他们有一个很大的理由。
09:36
Please do not ever think that
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请在满足你物质需要求和其他需求之后
09:38
only after meeting your physiological needs and other needs
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再去考虑你的
09:40
can you be thinking about your spiritual needs or your enlightenment.
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精神需求。
09:43
Any person anywhere is capable
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任何人在任何地点都能
09:45
of rising to that highest point of attainment,
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达到那种造诣的至高点，
09:48
only by the resolve that they have in their mind that they must achieve something.
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他们必须需达到目标只有那样他们才能解决他们的心事。
09:51
Look at this.
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看看这个。
09:53
We saw it in Shodh Yatra. Every six months we walk
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我们在远征的时候看到了。每6个月，我们都会走到
09:55
in different parts of the country.
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印度不同的地区
09:57
I've walked about 4,000 kilometers in the last 12 years.
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在过去的12年中我们步行了4000公里。
09:59
So on the wayside
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在路边，
10:01
we found these dung cakes,
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我么发现这些晒干的排泄物，
10:03
which are used as a fuel.
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他们可以作为燃料。
10:05
Now, this lady, on the wall of the dung cake heap,
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你们看见这位女士，她站在这座又排泄物堆成的墙下
10:08
has made a painting.
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画了一张画。
10:10
That's the only space she could express her creativity.
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这个是她唯一可以表现自己创造力的地方。
10:12
And she's so marvelous.
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而且她十分优秀。
10:14
Look at this lady, Ram Timari Devi,
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看看这为女士，Ram Timari Devi,
10:16
on a grain bin. In Champaran, we had a Shodh Yatra
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他在一个坚巴兰的谷物篮上，我们当时在进行远征
10:18
and we were walking
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我们走在
10:20
in the land where Gandhiji went
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曾经走过的地方
10:22
to hear about the tragedy, pain
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我们在那里听到了
10:24
of indigo growers.
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靛青种植者的痛苦故事
10:26
Bhabi Mahato in Purulia and Bankura.
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办库拉普鲁利亚的Bhabi Mahato。
10:28
Look at what she has done.
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看看她都干了什么。
10:30
The whole wall is her canvas. She's sitting there with a broom.
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整个墙都是画板。她戴着一个扫把坐在那儿。
10:33
Is she an artisan or an artist?
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她是一位工匠还是一个艺术家？
10:35
Obviously she's an artist; she's a creative person.
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很显然他是一位艺术家；她是一个富有创造力的人。
10:37
If we can create markets for these artists,
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如果我们能为这些艺术家创造一个市场，
10:40
we will not have to employ them for digging earth and breaking stones.
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我们就不会只是雇用他们挖地或者碎石了。
10:43
They will be paid for what they are good at, not what they're bad at.
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他们会因为自己所擅长的得到酬劳，而不是那些他们不擅长的。
10:46
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
10:51
Look at what Rojadeen has done.
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看看Rojadeen都做了些什么。
10:53
In Motihari in Champaran,
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在坚巴兰的莫提哈里，
10:55
there are a lot of people who sell tea on the shack
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有很多人在棚子中出售茶叶
10:57
and, obviously, there's a limited market for tea.
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显然，茶的市场是有限的，
11:00
Every morning you have tea, as well as coffee.
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每天早上你可以喝茶也可以喝咖啡。
11:02
So he thought, why don't I convert
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所以他想，我们为什么不能把
11:04
a pressure cooker into a coffee machine?
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压力锅改造成咖啡机。
11:06
So this is a coffee machine. Just takes a few hundred rupees.
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这种咖啡机只花费几百卢比。
11:08
People bring their own cooker,
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很多人把他们的锅拿来，
11:10
he attaches a valve and a steam pipe,
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加上阀门和蒸汽管，
11:13
and now he gives you espresso coffee. (Laughter)
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然后就可以做特浓咖啡了。
11:15
Now, this is a real, affordable
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这是种真正而且便宜
11:18
coffee percolator that works on gas.
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的燃气式咖啡机。
11:20
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
11:22
Look at what Sheikh Jahangir has done.
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看看Sheikh Jahangir所做的。
11:25
A lot of poor people do not have
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很多穷人没有
11:27
enough grains to get ground.
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足够的谷物种植。
11:29
So this fellow is bringing
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所以这个人就拿来了
11:31
a flour-grinding machine on a two-wheeler.
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装了两个轮子的磨面机。
11:33
If you have 500 grams, 1000, one kilogram,
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如果你有500克,1000克,
11:36
he will grind it for it for you; the flourmill will not grind such a small quantity.
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这个机器可以帮你磨面；而普通的磨面机通常不会只磨这么少量
11:39
Please understand the problem of poor people.
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请理解穷人的面对的问题。
11:41
They have needs which
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这些人他们有自身的一些需求
11:43
have to be met efficiently
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要在能量、成本和质量方面
11:45
in terms of energy, in terms of cost, in terms of quality.
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得到最高效的满足
11:48
They don't want second-standard, second-quality outputs.
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他们不想要此等的质量或产品
11:51
But to be able to give them high-quality output
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但是他们想要的他们出产的好东西
11:53
you need to adapt technology to their needs.
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就得需要让他们得到合适的科技。
11:55
And that is what Sheikh Jahangir did.
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这就是Sheihk Jahangir所做的。
11:57
But that's not enough, what he did. Look at what he did here.
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但是他做的还不够。看看他在这做的。
12:02
If you have clothes, and you don't have enough time to wash them,
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如果你有衣服却没有时间洗，
12:05
he brought a washing machine
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他可以给你带来一个装有
12:07
to your doorstep, mounted on a two-wheeler.
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两个轮子的洗衣机。
12:09
So here's a model where
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这有一个有两个轮子的
12:11
a two-wheeler washing machine ...
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洗衣机模型...
12:13
He is washing your clothes and drying them at your doorstep.
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他会在你们的门口为你洗衣凉衣。
12:15
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
12:17
You bring your water, you bring your soap,
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自带水和肥皂。
12:20
I wash the clothes for you. Charge 50 paisa, one rupee
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我这机器可以为你洗衣服，只需要1卢比
12:23
for you per lot,
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1卢比50PESA（重量单位）
12:25
and a new business model can emerge.
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同时建立了一个新型的商业模型。
12:27
Now, what we need is, we need
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现在我们需要
12:29
people who will be able to scale them up.
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一些可以帮助他们扩大其商业规模的人。
12:31
Look at this.
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看看这个。
12:33
It looks like a beautiful photograph.
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看起来像一幅美丽的照片。
12:35
But you know what it is? Can anybody guess what it is?
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但是你们知道这是什么？有人能猜一猜吗？
12:37
Somebody from India would know, of course.
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印度来的人能知道，当然。
12:39
It's a tawa.
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这是一个tawa（一种印度厨具）。
12:42
It's a hot plate made of clay.
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它是一种用陶土做的盘子。
12:46
Now, what is the beauty in it?
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那么，这东西美在什么地方？
12:49
When you have a non-stick pan,
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一个不粘锅，
12:51
it costs about,
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花费大概是，
12:53
maybe, 250 rupees,
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250卢比，
12:55
five dollars, six dollars.
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5-6美元，
12:57
This is less than a dollar
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这个是一个小于1美元的方法。
12:59
and this is non-stick;
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这是一个不粘锅。
13:01
it is coated with one of these
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他表面包着一种
13:03
food-grade materials.
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食物降解材料。
13:05
And the best part is that,
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最好的地方是，
13:07
while you use a costly non-stick pan,
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当时用着一个很贵的不粘锅时，
13:09
you eat the so-called Teflon
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你同时也吃了一种叫特氟龙的物质，
13:11
or Teflon-like material
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或者类似的材料。
13:13
because after some time the stuff disappears. Where has it gone?
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因为过了一段时间后这些物质就消失了。去哪儿了哪？
13:15
It has gone in your stomach. It was not meant for that. (Laughter)
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去了你的胃里。他不是为了食用而发明出来的。
13:18
You know? But here
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你知道，但是这儿，
13:20
in this clay hot plate,
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这个陶土锅，
13:23
it will never go into your stomach.
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它不会被你吃掉，
13:25
So it is better, it is safer;
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所以这个更好；更安全；
13:27
it is affordable, it is energy-efficient.
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更便宜；而且环保。
13:30
In other words, solutions by the poor people need not be cheaper,
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换种说法，穷人的方法不一定是此等的方法
13:33
need not be, so-called, jugaad, need not be some kind of makeshift arrangement.
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也不一定是山寨或简易货
13:36
They have to be better, they have to be more efficient,
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而是更好，更加高效
13:38
they have to be affordable.
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同时必须便宜的东西
13:40
And that is what Mansukh Bhai Prajapati has done.
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这就是Mansukh Bhai Prajapati所做的。
13:42
He has designed this plate with a handle.
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你为这种锅设计了个手柄。
13:45
And now with one dollar,
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只要1美元，
13:47
you can afford a better alternative
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你可以得到一个比
13:49
than the people market is offering you.
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这个市场提供个你的更好的选择。
13:51
This lady, she developed
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这位女士，她发明
13:53
a herbal pesticide formulation.
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了一个硬件杀虫剂配方。
13:55
We filed the patent for her,
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我们（国家创新基金）
13:57
the National Innovation Foundation.
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帮助她申请了专利
13:59
And who knows? Somebody will license this technology
352
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谁知道，有些人会申请授权使用这个技术
14:02
and develop marketable products,
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并且开发出满足市场需要的产品，
14:05
and she would get revenue.
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同时她会得到收入。
14:07
Now, let me mention one thing:
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现在，让我说件事。
14:09
I think we need a polycentric model of development,
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我认为我们需要一个多元发展模型，
14:11
where a large number of initiatives in different parts of the country,
357
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在这个国家不同的地区和这个世界上不同的地方，
14:14
in different parts of the world,
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大规模的开展，
14:16
would solve the needs of locality
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这样可能非常有效率和适当的
14:18
in a very efficient and adaptive manner.
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解决地区的需求。
14:20
Higher the local fit,
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更好的适应地区，
14:22
greater is the chance of scaling up.
362
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就可以更好的扩大效果。
14:24
In the scaling up,
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想要扩大，
14:26
there's an inherent inadequacy
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可是先天不足的是
14:28
to match the needs of the local people,
365
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要满足当地人的实际需要，
14:31
point by point, with the supply that you're making.
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一对一的供应是远远不够的
14:33
So why are people willing to adjust with that mismatch?
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为什么有人愿意去调整这个不匹配的事？
14:36
Things can scale up, and they have scaled up.
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事情可以扩大，而且已经扩大了。
14:39
For example, cell phones: We have 400 million cellphones in this country.
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例如，手机：这个国家有4亿部手机。
14:42
Now, it is possible that I use only two buttons on the cellphone,
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现在，有可能我只使用手机的两个按键，
14:45
only three options on the cellphone.
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3个功能。
14:47
It has 300 options, I'm paying for 300; I'm using only three
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他有300个；我付了300；而我只用3个，
14:50
but I'm willing to live with it, therefore it is scaling up.
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但是我愿意拥有它，所以这样的模式是可以扩展的。
14:53
But if I had to get a match to match,
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但是如果我一定要找到相对应的，
14:55
obviously, I would need a different design of a cellphone.
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显然，我需要设计不同的手机。
14:58
So what we're saying is that scalability
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我要说的是扩展性
15:00
should not become an enemy of sustainability.
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不应该成为可持续性的敌人。
15:02
There must be a place in the world
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这个世界上
15:04
for solutions that are only relevant for a locality,
379
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必须要有一个方法是对本地最切实的方案，
15:07
and yet, one can be able to fund them.
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甚至可以找到办法来鼓励这类方案的出现
15:11
One of the greatest studies that we've been finding is
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我们已经在所有最伟大的研究的其中一个发现了
15:13
that many times investors would ask this question --
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很多次投资者们会问这个问题--
15:15
"What is a scalable model?" --
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“扩展模型是什么？”--
15:17
as if the need of a community, which is only
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他们只想到一个社区的需求是
15:19
located in a space and time
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固定在一个空间和时间的
15:21
and has those needs only located in those places,
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而且那些需求只局限在那个地方，
15:24
has no legitimate right to get them for free
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没有法律权力去解放他们，
15:26
because it's not part of a larger scale.
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因为他们不属于更大的一个图景。
15:28
So either you sub-optimize your needs to a larger scale
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结果你会减少优化你的需求以附和宏观环境
15:30
or else you remain out.
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或者你被忽略排除在外。
15:32
Now, the eminent model, the long-tail model
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著名的长尾模型
15:35
tells you that small sales
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告诉你小额销售
15:37
of a large number of books, for example,
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大量的书籍，比如说，
15:39
having only a few copies sold
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只卖出几本
15:41
can still be a viable model.
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仍可以是一个活跃的模型。
15:43
And we must find a mechanism where
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我们必须找到一个方式
15:45
people will pool in the portfolio, will invest in the portfolio,
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使人们可以把各自的智慧集中起来，我们就会投资在这个组合，
15:48
where different innovations will go to
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让不同的发明进入到
15:50
a small number of people in their localities,
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地方性的少数人当中，
15:52
and yet, the overall platform of the model will become viable.
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同时，这个模型的盈利也会变得清晰起来
15:54
Look at what he is doing.
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看看他正在做的事。
15:56
Saidullah Sahib is an amazing man.
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Saidullahsahib是个了不起的人。
15:59
At the age of 70,
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70岁的时候，
16:01
he is linking up something very creative.
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他做了一个非常有创造性的东西。
16:04
(Music)
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（音乐）
16:10
Saidullah Sahib: I couldn't wait for the boat.
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Saidullahsahib：我不能再等那艘船了。
16:17
I had to meet my love.
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我必须见到我的爱人。
16:27
My desperation made me an innovator.
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我的绝望使我成为了一个发明家。
16:38
Even love needs help from technology.
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爱情需要科技的帮助。
16:47
Innovation is the light of my wife, Noor.
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创新是我妻子的权利，不是吗。
16:51
New inventions are the passion of my life.
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我的创新是我生命的激情。
16:57
My technology.
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我的科技。
17:00
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
17:06
AG: Saidulluh Sahib is
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AG：Saidulluhsahib也是
17:08
in Motihari, again in Champaran.
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在坚巴兰的莫提哈里的人。
17:10
Wonderful human being,
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伟大的人，
17:13
but he stills sells, at this age,
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但是他仍然需要销售，在这个年纪，
17:16
honey on a cycle to earn his livelihood,
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用摩托拉着蜂蜜，去赚钱生活
17:18
because we haven't been able to convince the water park people,
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因为他不能够说服水上乐园的人，
17:21
the lake people, in [unclear] operations.
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湖人，企业集团里的人。
17:24
And we have not been able to convince the fire brigade people
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我们也没能说服孟买消防部门
17:26
in Mumbai -- where there was a flood a few years ago
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的人，而那里几年前刚刚发生过洪水，
17:28
and people had to walk 20 kilometers, wading in the water --
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人们需要步行20公里，涉水，
17:31
that, look, you should have this cycle in your fire brigade office
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看，你们消防部门应该准备这个，
17:33
because you can then go to those lanes
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因为你们能够进入那些公共汽车
17:35
where your buses will not go, where your transport will not go.
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不能走的路，你的交通工具不能去的地方。
17:38
So we have not yet cracked the problem
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所以我们要改正这个把它做成
17:40
of making it available as a rescue device,
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一种救援设备的问题，
17:43
as a vending device during the floods in eastern India,
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在东印度的洪水中作为销售设备，
17:45
when you have to deliver things to people
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当你需要运输物资给
17:47
in different islands
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分散在不同岛上被
17:49
where they're marooned.
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放逐的人。
17:51
But the idea has a merit. The idea has a merit.
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但是这个主意有个长处；主意有一个长处。
17:54
What has Appachan done? Appachan, unfortunately, is no more,
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Appachan做过些什么？不幸的是，Appachan已经离去。
17:57
but he has left behind a message.
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但是她留下了一个信息，
17:59
A very powerful message
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一个非常有力量的信息
18:04
Appachan: I watch the world wake up every day.
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Appachan：每天我看着世界醒来。
18:07
(Music)
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（音乐）
18:22
It's not that a coconut fell on my head,
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那不像是一个椰子掉到了我的头上，
18:24
and I came upon this idea.
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我想出的这个主意。
18:31
With no money to fund my studies,
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没有钱去进行我的研究，
18:34
I scaled new heights.
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我勇攀高峰。
18:38
Now, they call me the local Spiderman.
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现在，他们称我为当地的蜘蛛侠。
18:50
My technology.
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我的技术。
18:52
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
18:55
AG: Many of you
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AG：你们很多人
18:57
might not realize and believe
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也许不会发现和相信
19:00
that we have sold this product internationally --
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我们在向世界销售这个产品--
19:02
what I call a G2G model,
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我叫它G2G模型，
19:04
grassroots to global.
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草根到全球。
19:06
And a professor in the University of Massachusetts,
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一个马萨诸塞州大学的教授，
19:08
in the zoology department,
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是动物学系的
19:10
bought this climber because she wanted
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3000
买了这个梯子因为她想
19:13
to study the insect diversity
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研究树顶端的
19:15
of the top of the tree canopy.
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昆虫种类多样化。
19:18
And this device makes it possible
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而这个设备让她有了从
19:20
for her to take samples from a larger number of palms,
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棕榈树上得到大量样本的可能，
19:22
rather than only a few,
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要不样本数会很少，
19:24
because otherwise she had to make a big platform
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没有这样的发明，她就得用更大的机器
19:26
and then climb her [unclear] would climb on that.
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而她的学生要使用这样的机器
19:28
So, you know, we are advancing the frontiers of science.
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所以，你看，我们已经站在科学的前沿了。
19:30
Remya Jose has developed ...
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Remya Jose发明了--
19:32
you can go to the YouTube and find India Innovates
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你可以去Youtube然后查找印度发明家，
19:34
and then you will find these videos.
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然后你会发现这些视频。
19:36
Innovation by her when she was in class 10th:
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当她只是10年级时候的发明：
19:38
a washing machine-cum-exercising machine.
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一台洗衣兼健身机。
19:40
Mr. Kharai who is a physically challenged person,
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Mr. Kharai是一个残疾人，
19:43
one and a half foot height, only.
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2000
他只有1.5尺高。
19:45
But he has modified a two-wheeler so that he can get autonomy
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但是它改进了轮椅以帮助他可以自由
19:48
and freedom and flexibility.
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和敏捷的行动。
19:51
This innovation is from the slums of Rio.
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这个发明来自于河边的平民窟。
19:54
And this person, Mr. Ubirajara.
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这个人，Ubirajara先生，
19:56
We were talking about, my friends in Brazil,
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我们曾经谈到的，我巴西的朋友，
19:58
how we scale up this model in China and Brazil.
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怎么去在中国和巴西扩展这个模型。
20:00
And we have a very vibrant network in China, particularly,
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而且我们特别是在中国有一个非常震撼的网络，
20:03
but also emerging in Brazil and other parts of the world.
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但是同时也是在巴西和世界的其他地方。
20:06
This stand on the front wheel, you will not find on any cycle.
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这个前轮的支架，你在其他地方找不到一个一样的。
20:09
India and China have the largest number of cycles.
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印度和中国有着最多数量的摩托车。
20:11
But this innovation emerged in Brazil.
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但是这个发明发生在巴西。
20:14
The point is, none of us should be parochial,
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重点是，我们不应狭隘，
20:17
none of us should be so nationalistic to believe
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我们不应该那么民族主义的相信
20:19
that all good ideas will come only from our country.
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只有我们的国家才能有好的主意。
20:21
No, we have to have the humility to learn
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不，我们须得用同理心去从
20:24
from knowledge of economically poor people, wherever they are.
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穷人那里学习经济性的知识，不管他们在哪。
20:27
And look at this whole range of cycle-based innovations:
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看看这些给予摩托车的发明：
20:30
cycle that's a sprayer, cycle that
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喷洒器摩托车，
20:32
generates energy from the shocks on the road.
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摩托可以由路上的的震动发电。
20:34
I can't change the condition of the road,
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我不能改变路况；
20:35
but I can make the cycle run faster.
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但我可以让摩托跑得快点。
20:37
That is what Kanak Das has done.
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那就是【不清楚】已经做过的。
20:39
And in South Africa,
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在南非，
20:41
we had taken our innovators,
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我们帮助发明者，
20:43
and many of us had gone there share with the colleagues in South Africa
493
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我们可以和南非的同事分享
20:46
as to how innovation can become
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这些发明是如何
20:48
a means of liberation
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从做苦工的人变
20:50
from the drudgery that people have.
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成自由的象征。
20:52
And this is a donkey cart which they modified.
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2000
他们改造了这个驴车。
20:54
There's an axle here, of 30, 40 kg,
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它有一个30，40千克重的
20:56
serving no purpose.
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轴，这是有目的的。
20:58
Remove it, the cart needs one donkey less.
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把它取下来，这个车就少用一头驴。
21:01
This is in China. This girl needed a breathing apparatus.
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这在中国。这个女孩需要呼吸仪器。
21:04
These three people in the village
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这3个村民
21:06
sat down and decided to think,
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坐下来决定说，
21:08
"How do we elongate the life of this girl of our village?"
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“我们怎么延长这个女孩在村中的寿命？”
21:10
They were not related to her, but they tried to find out,
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他们和她没有关系，但是他们试着找出答案，
21:12
"How can we use ... "
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我们如何利用洗衣机的水管，
21:15
They used a cycle, they put together a breathing apparatus.
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他们用一个摩托，他们组装了一个呼吸器。
21:18
And this breathing apparatus now saved the life,
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而且这个呼吸器救了她的命，
21:20
and she's very welcome.
509
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这个发明受到很多人欢迎
21:22
There's a whole range of innovations that we have.
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我们有各种各样的发明。
21:24
A car, which runs on compressed air
511
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一辆使用压缩空气的车
21:27
with six paisa per kilometer.
512
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花费6派萨每公里。
21:29
Assam, Kanak Gogoi.
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Assam，Kanak Gogoi。
21:31
And you would not find this car in U.S. or Europe,
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你在美国或者欧洲都找不到这种车，
21:33
but this is available in India.
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但是却在印度。
21:35
Now, this lady, she used to do the winding of the yarn
516
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现在这位女士，她以前卷线圈
21:38
for Pochampally Saree.
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来做纱丽
21:40
In one day, 18,000 times,
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一天，18000次，
21:42
she had to do this winding
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她必须卷线直到
21:44
to generate two sarees.
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生产出两纱丽。
21:46
This is what her son has done after seven years of struggle.
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7年的挣扎，这是她的儿子所做的。
21:49
She said, "Change your profession."
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她说，“改变你的职业。”
21:51
He said, "I can't. This is the only thing I know, but I'll invent a machine,
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他说，“我不能。这是我唯一知道做的，但是我要发明一个机器，
21:53
which will solve your problem."
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它可以解决你的问题。’
21:55
And this is what he did, a sewing machine in Uttar Pradesh.
525
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这是他在北方邦所完成的缝纫机。
21:57
So, this is what SRISTI is saying:
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这正是我们在可持续技术研究协会（Sristi）经常说的：
21:59
"Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world."
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“给我一个立足点，我可以移动地球。”
22:02
I will just tell you that we are also doing a competition among children
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我要告诉你们我也现在也在孩子中进行
22:05
for creativity, a whole range of things.
529
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创造力的竞争，包括各种各样的事。
22:08
We have sold things all over the world,
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我们把东西卖到了全世界，
22:10
from Ethiopia to Turkey to U.S. to wherever.
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从埃塞俄比亚土耳其到美国到任何地方。
22:13
Products have gone to the market, a few.
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2000
产品进入了几个市场。
22:15
These are the people whose knowledge made
533
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2000
这些人的知识使
22:17
this Herbavate cream for eczema possible.
534
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2000
治疗湿疹的Herbavate霜成为可能。
22:19
And here, a company which licensed this herbal pesticide
535
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这里，一家申请了使用这一草药杀虫剂技术的公司
22:21
put a photograph of the innovator on the packing
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把发明者的照片放在包装上
22:23
so that every time a user uses it,
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这样使用者每次使用的时候都能看见它，
22:25
it asks the user, "You can also be an innovator.
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它告诉客户，“你也可以成为一个发明家。
22:27
If you have an idea, send it back to us."
539
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如果你有一个主意，发给我们。”
22:30
So, creativity counts, knowledge matters,
540
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总之，想象力重要，知识重要，
22:33
innovations transform, incentives inspire.
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创新带来变革，动力带来启发
22:36
And incentives: not just material, but also non-material incentives.
542
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而且不仅仅是物质上的动力，还有精神上的动力
22:39
Thank you.
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谢谢。
22:41
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Anil Gupta - Innovation advocateAnil Gupta created the Honey Bee Network to support grassroots innovators who are rich in knowledge, but not in resources.
Why you should listen
Looking to the poor of India, business professor Anil Gupta saw innovations and talent that were not being supported. In response, he started the Honey Bee Network and began searching the country with colleagues, often on foot, finding a myriad of inventions developed out of necessity. These discoveries are documented and often shared with the global community, just as pollen is gathered by the honeybee to the benefit of both. Since 1988, the network's database of original inventions has grown to over 12,000, and its newsletter is now published in eight languages and distributed to 75 countries.
Gupta also worked with the government of India to establish the National Innovation Foundation, which holds national competitions to encourage new inventors and helps sustain them through the National Micro Venture Innovation Fund. Through his efforts, Gupta has uncovered groundbreakingly useful devices such as a pedal-operated washing machine, a micro-windmill battery charger, a hoe powered by a bicycle, and many more.
Anil Gupta | Speaker | TED.com