Mission Blue Voyage
Dee Boersma: Pay attention to penguins
Dee Boersma 请关注企鹅
Filmed:
Readability: 3.8
436,454 views
“请把企鹅看成海洋的哨兵，” Dee Boersma说，“它们处于海洋变迁的前沿”。通过分享企鹅的生活和文化，她建议我们聆听企鹅带给我们的启示。
Dee Boersma - Conservation biologist
Dee Boersma considers penguins ocean sentinels, helping us understand the effects of pollution, overfishing and climate change on the marine environment. Full bio
Dee Boersma considers penguins ocean sentinels, helping us understand the effects of pollution, overfishing and climate change on the marine environment. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I want to talk about penguins today.
0
1000
2000
今天，我来谈谈企鹅。
00:18
But first, I want to start by saying that
1
3000
2000
但是首先，我想说
00:20
we need a new operating system,
2
5000
2000
我们需要一个新的操作系统，
00:22
for the oceans and for the Earth.
3
7000
3000
为了海洋和地球。
00:25
When I came to the Galapagos 40 years ago,
4
10000
2000
40年前当我来到加拉帕戈斯的时候，
00:27
there were 3,000 people
5
12000
2000
大约有3000人
00:29
that lived in the Galapagos.
6
14000
3000
生活在加拉帕戈斯
00:32
Now there are over 30,000.
7
17000
2000
现在有超过3万的人口。
00:34
There were two Jeeps on Santa Cruz.
8
19000
3000
当时的圣特鲁斯只有2辆吉普车。
00:37
Now, there are around a thousand trucks
9
22000
2000
而现在，大约有1千辆卡车，
00:39
and buses and cars there.
10
24000
3000
巴士和汽车。
00:42
So the fundamental problems that we face
11
27000
3000
所以说，我们面临的最根本问题
00:45
are overconsumption and too many people.
12
30000
3000
是过度消费和人口过剩。
00:48
It's the same problems in the Galapagos,
13
33000
2000
加拉帕戈斯存在同样的问题，
00:50
except, obviously,
14
35000
2000
除了，很明显的，
00:52
it's worse here, in some ways, than other places.
15
37000
3000
在某种意义上，加拉帕戈斯的问题比其他地区的更严重。
00:55
Because we've only doubled the population of the Earth
16
40000
3000
因为地球上的人口仅翻了一番，
00:58
since the 1960s -- a little more than doubled --
17
43000
3000
自20世纪60年代起，两倍稍微多一些。
01:01
but we have 6.7 billion people in the world,
18
46000
3000
但是全世界有67亿人，
01:04
and we all like to consume.
19
49000
2000
而且我们都喜欢消费。
01:06
And one of the major problems that we have
20
51000
2000
我们的主要问题之一
01:08
is our operating system
21
53000
2000
是我们的操作系统
01:10
is not giving us the proper feedback.
22
55000
2000
不能够给我们正常的反馈。
01:12
We're not paying the true
23
57000
2000
我们并没有为我们的行为
01:14
environmental costs of our actions.
24
59000
3000
付出真实的环境代价。
01:17
And when I came at age 22 to live on Fernandina,
25
62000
3000
我22岁来到芬南代生活的时候，
01:20
let me just say, that I had never
26
65000
2000
可以说，我从来都没有
01:22
camped before.
27
67000
2000
露营过。
01:24
I had never lived alone
28
69000
2000
我也从来没有
01:26
for any period of time,
29
71000
2000
一个人住过。
01:28
and I'd never slept with sea lions
30
73000
2000
我更从来没有
01:30
snoring next to me all night.
31
75000
3000
整夜睡在打鼾的海狮身边。
01:33
But moreover, I'd never lived on an uninhabited island.
32
78000
3000
还有，我也从来没有生活在一个无人居住的岛屿上。
01:36
Punta Espinosa is where I lived for over a year,
33
81000
2000
我在蓬埃斯皮诺萨生活了一年多。
01:38
and we call it uninhabited
34
83000
2000
我们说它无人居住是
01:40
because there are no people there.
35
85000
2000
因为那里没有人。
01:42
But it's alive with life;
36
87000
2000
但是，其他的生命令它生机无限。
01:44
it's hardly uninhabited.
37
89000
3000
这不能算了无生机。
01:47
So a lot has happened in the last 40 years,
38
92000
3000
在过去的40年中，（岛上）发生了不少的事情。
01:50
and what I learned when I came to the Galapagos
39
95000
2000
我来到加拉帕戈斯所学到的
01:52
is the importance of wild places, wild things,
40
97000
3000
是野地，野生的东西，
01:55
certainly wildlife,
41
100000
2000
当然还有野生动物的重要性
01:57
and the amazing qualities that penguins have.
42
102000
3000
以及企鹅身上令人赞叹的特质。
02:00
Penguins are real athletes:
43
105000
2000
企鹅是真正的运动员。
02:02
They can swim 173 kilometers in a day.
44
107000
3000
它们1天能够游173公里。
02:05
They can swim at the same speed day and night --
45
110000
3000
而且能保持同样的速度昼夜不息。
02:08
that's faster than any Olympic swimmer.
46
113000
2000
这比任何一位奥林匹克游泳健将都快。
02:10
I mean, they can do like seven kilometers an hour
47
115000
2000
要知道它们以七千米/小时的速度游泳，
02:12
and sustain it.
48
117000
2000
并一直保持这个速度。
02:14
But what is really amazing, because of this deepness here,
49
119000
3000
但是特别令人赞叹的是，因为这里的深度，
02:17
Emperor penguins can go down
50
122000
2000
帝企鹅能下潜
02:19
more than 500 meters
51
124000
2000
超过500米，
02:21
and they can hold their breath for 23 minutes.
52
126000
2000
屏气时间长达23分钟。
02:23
Magellanic penguins, the ones that I work on,
53
128000
3000
麦哲伦企鹅，也就是我在研究的，
02:26
they can dive to about 90 meters
54
131000
2000
他们能下潜约90米，
02:28
and they can stay down for
55
133000
2000
呆在那里
02:30
about 4.6 minutes.
56
135000
2000
大约4.6分钟。
02:32
Humans, without fins: 90 meters, 3.5 minutes.
57
137000
3000
人类，不带鳍，90米，3.5分钟
02:35
And I doubt anybody in this room
58
140000
2000
我怀疑这个房间里没有人
02:37
could really hold their breath for 3.5 minutes.
59
142000
3000
能够屏住气3.5分钟。
02:40
You have to train to be able to do that.
60
145000
2000
你必须通过训练才能做到。
02:42
So penguins are amazing athletes.
61
147000
2000
所以说，企鹅是最棒的运动员。
02:44
The other thing is, I've never met anybody
62
149000
2000
另一个事情是，我从来没有见过
02:46
that really doesn't say that they like penguins.
63
151000
3000
不喜欢企鹅的人。
02:49
They're comical, they walk upright,
64
154000
3000
它们很滑稽，它们直立行走，
02:52
and, of course, they're diligent.
65
157000
2000
并且，当然，它们很勤快。
02:54
And, more importantly, they're well-dressed.
66
159000
2000
更重要的是，它们穿着优雅。
02:56
So they have all the criteria
67
161000
2000
所以它们达到了
02:58
that people normally like.
68
163000
2000
人们喜欢的所有标准。
03:00
But scientifically, they're amazing because they're sentinels.
69
165000
3000
但是在科学层面上，它们令人惊叹是因为它们充当哨兵的角色。
03:03
They tell us about our world in a lot of different ways,
70
168000
3000
它们用很多不同的方式告诉我们很多关于我们的世界的事情，
03:06
and particularly the ocean.
71
171000
2000
特别是，关于海洋。
03:08
This is a picture of a Galapagos penguin
72
173000
2000
这是加拉帕戈斯企鹅的照片
03:10
that's on the front of a little zodiac here in the Galapagos.
73
175000
3000
在加拉帕戈斯的前端
03:13
And that's what I came to study.
74
178000
2000
这也是我来研究的内容。
03:15
I thought I was going to study the social behavior of Galapagos penguins,
75
180000
3000
我想要学习加拉帕戈斯企鹅的社会行为，
03:18
but you already know
76
183000
2000
但是你已经知道
03:20
penguins are rare.
77
185000
2000
企鹅很罕见。
03:22
These are the rarest penguins in the world.
78
187000
2000
加拉帕戈斯企鹅是世界上最罕见的企鹅。
03:24
Why I thought I was going to be able to do that, I don't know.
79
189000
3000
为什么我认为我能够完成呢？我也不知道。
03:27
But the population has changed
80
192000
2000
但企鹅数量发生了巨大变化
03:29
dramatically since I was first here.
81
194000
2000
从我第一次到这里的时候
03:31
When I counted penguins for the first time
82
196000
2000
当我第一次清点企鹅，
03:33
and tried to do a census,
83
198000
2000
做企鹅数量调查的时候，
03:35
we just counted all the individual beaks that we could
84
200000
2000
我们仅仅数了这些岛上
03:37
around all these islands.
85
202000
3000
我们能数得所有的喙。
03:40
We counted around 2,000, so I don't know how many penguins there really are,
86
205000
3000
我们大约数了2000个，所以我也不知道到底有多少只企鹅，
03:43
but I know I can count 2,000.
87
208000
2000
但是我知道我能够数到2000。
03:45
If you go and do it now, the national parks
88
210000
3000
如果你现在去数的话，国家公园里
03:48
count about 500.
89
213000
2000
大概只有500只。
03:50
So we have a quarter of the penguins
90
215000
2000
所以我们现在只有40年前的
03:52
that we did 40 years ago.
91
217000
2000
四分之一。
03:54
And this is true of most of our living systems.
92
219000
3000
而且，我们的生存体系大多数都是这个情况。
03:57
We have less than we had before,
93
222000
2000
我们现在拥有的比以前少，
03:59
and most of them are in fairly steep decline.
94
224000
3000
而且相当一大部分是急剧下降。
04:02
And I want to just show you a little bit about why.
95
227000
2000
我只是想稍微给你们展示一下这是为什么。
04:04
(Braying)
96
229000
5000
（叫声）
04:09
That's a penguin braying
97
234000
2000
这是企鹅的呼喊，
04:11
to tell you that
98
236000
2000
告诉你
04:13
it's important to pay attention to penguins.
99
238000
2000
关注企鹅有多么的重要。
04:15
Most important of all,
100
240000
2000
最重要的是，
04:17
I didn't know what that was the first time I heard it.
101
242000
3000
我甚至不记得是什么时候我第一次听到这样的叫声
04:20
And you can imagine sleeping on Fernandina your first night there
102
245000
3000
你可以想象，当你睡在芬南代的第一个晚上，
04:23
and you hear this lonesome, plaintful call.
103
248000
3000
你听到这寂寞、哀怨的叫喊。
04:27
I fell in love with penguins,
104
252000
2000
我爱上了企鹅，
04:29
and it certainly has changed the rest of my life.
105
254000
2000
这无疑改变我以后的人生。
04:31
What I found out I was studying
106
256000
2000
我发现我学到的
04:33
is really the difference in how the Galapagos changes,
107
258000
3000
就是加拉帕戈斯的变化是如何的不同，
04:36
the most extreme variation.
108
261000
2000
最巨大的变化。
04:38
You've heard about these El Ninos,
109
263000
3000
你听说过厄尔尼诺现象，
04:41
but this is the extreme that penguins all over the world
110
266000
2000
但是这就是全球企鹅
04:43
have to adapt to.
111
268000
2000
必须适应的极端变化。
04:45
This is a cold-water event
112
270000
2000
还有一个全球变冷的
04:47
called La Nina.
113
272000
2000
叫拉尼娜。
04:49
Where it's blue and it's green, it means the water is really cold.
114
274000
3000
哪里是蓝色和绿色，哪里的水就是非常的冷。
04:52
And so you can see this current coming up --
115
277000
2000
你可以看见这股洋流的出现，
04:54
in this case, the Humboldt Current --
116
279000
2000
这个叫做洪保德寒流，
04:56
that comes all the way out to the Galapagos Islands,
117
281000
3000
一直流到加拉帕戈斯岛，
04:59
and this deep undersea current, the Cromwell Current,
118
284000
3000
然后这个深海洋流，克伦威尔洋流，
05:02
that upwells around the Galapagos.
119
287000
2000
在加拉帕戈斯岛的周围涌上来，
05:04
That brings all the nutrients:
120
289000
2000
带来了大量的养分。
05:06
When this is cold in the Galapagos,
121
291000
3000
当加拉帕戈斯岛变冷的时候，
05:09
it's rich, and there's plenty of food for everyone.
122
294000
3000
小岛变得富饶，每个人都有丰富的食物。
05:12
When we have extreme El Nino events,
123
297000
2000
当我们有极恶劣的厄尔尼诺现象时，
05:14
you see all this red,
124
299000
2000
你们看到的都是红色，
05:16
and you see no green
125
301000
2000
一点儿绿色都没有
05:18
out here around the Galapagos.
126
303000
2000
在加拉帕戈斯岛上。
05:20
That means that there's no upwelling,
127
305000
2000
这就意味着没有上涌的潜流，
05:22
and there's basically no food.
128
307000
3000
基本上也就没有食物。
05:25
So it's a real desert
129
310000
2000
这就成为了沙漠。
05:27
for not only for the penguins and the sea lions and the marine iguanas ...
130
312000
3000
不仅仅对于企鹅来说，对于海狮和海鬣蜥，
05:30
things die when there's no food.
131
315000
2000
没有食物就只有死亡。
05:32
But we didn't even know that that
132
317000
2000
我们根本不知道
05:34
affected the Galapagos when I went to study penguins.
133
319000
3000
这会影响加拉帕戈斯岛，在我研究企鹅的时候
05:37
And you can imagine being on an island hoping you're going to see penguins,
134
322000
3000
你可以想象在一个岛上，你希望能看见企鹅，
05:40
and you're in the middle of an El Nino event
135
325000
2000
但是因为厄尔尼诺的关系，
05:42
and there are no penguins.
136
327000
2000
一只企鹅都没有。
05:44
They're not breeding; they're not even around.
137
329000
2000
它们没有生育，它们甚至不再出现。
05:46
I studied marine iguanas at that point.
138
331000
3000
那个时候，我研究了海鬃蜥。
05:49
But this is a global phenomenon, we know that.
139
334000
3000
但我们都知道这是一个全球化的现象。
05:52
And if you look along the coast of Argentina, where I work now,
140
337000
2000
如果你看看阿根廷的海岸，我现在工作的地方
05:54
at a place called Punta Tombo --
141
339000
2000
有个地方叫东波角
05:56
the largest Magellanic penguin colony in the world
142
341000
2000
那是世界上麦哲伦企鹅最大的居住地，
05:58
down here about 44 degrees south latitude --
143
343000
3000
大约在南纬44度，
06:02
you see that there's great variation here.
144
347000
2000
你能看到有很大的变化。
06:04
Some years, the cold water
145
349000
2000
有几年，
06:06
goes all the way up to Brazil,
146
351000
2000
寒流一直流到巴西，
06:08
and other years, in these La Nina years, it doesn't.
147
353000
3000
有几年，拉尼娜的那几年，寒流没有流到巴西。
06:11
So the oceans don't always act together; they act differently,
148
356000
3000
所以说，海洋并没有总是在一起变化，他们也有不同
06:14
but that is the kind of variation
149
359000
2000
但是正是这种不同
06:16
that penguins have to live with,
150
361000
2000
企鹅要面对
06:18
and it's not easy.
151
363000
2000
这并不容易。
06:20
So when I went to study the Magellanic penguins,
152
365000
2000
所以，当我研究麦哲伦企鹅的时候，
06:22
I didn't have any problems.
153
367000
2000
我没有遇到任何问题。
06:24
There were plenty of them.
154
369000
2000
那里有大量的麦哲伦企鹅。
06:26
This is a picture at Punta Tombo in February
155
371000
2000
这是东波角二月份的照片
06:28
showing all the penguins along the beach.
156
373000
2000
所有的企鹅都在海滩上。
06:30
I went there because the Japanese wanted to start harvesting them
157
375000
3000
我去那里是因为日本打算开始残杀他们，
06:33
and turning them into high fashion golf gloves,
158
378000
3000
将他们变成高级时装的高尔夫手套，
06:36
protein and oil.
159
381000
2000
蛋白质和鱼油。
06:38
Fortunately, nobody has harvested any penguins
160
383000
3000
幸运的是，还没有人扑杀任何企鹅，
06:41
and we're getting over 100,000 tourists a year to see them.
161
386000
3000
大概一年有10多万的游客来看它们。
06:44
But the population is declining
162
389000
3000
因为企鹅数量一直在减少，
06:47
and it's declined fairly substantially, about 21 percent
163
392000
3000
而且减少幅度相当大，大概有21%。
06:50
since 1987, when I started these surveys,
164
395000
3000
从1987年起，当我开始调查的时候，
06:53
in terms of number of active nests.
165
398000
2000
这是根据企鹅巢穴得出的数据。
06:55
Here, you can see where Punta Tombo is,
166
400000
2000
现在大家看到的是东波角的地理位置
06:57
and they breed in incredibly dense colonies.
167
402000
2000
他们在很密集的地方繁殖。
06:59
We know this because of long-term science,
168
404000
3000
我们知道这些是因为长期的科学研究，
07:02
because we have long-term studies there.
169
407000
2000
是因为我们长期在那里的调查。
07:04
And science is important in informing decision makers,
170
409000
3000
科学对于决策是很重要的，
07:07
and also in changing how we do
171
412000
2000
对于改变我们的行为
07:09
and knowing the direction of change that we're going in.
172
414000
3000
以及改变的方向也很重要。
07:12
And so we have this penguin project. The Wildlife Conservation Society
173
417000
3000
所以，我们有这个企鹅项目，野生动物保护协会
07:15
has funded me along with a lot of individuals
174
420000
3000
为我们提供资金，还有其他很多的个人
07:18
over the last 27 years
175
423000
2000
过去27年中，
07:20
to be able to produce these kinds of maps.
176
425000
2000
使我们能够绘制这样的地图。
07:22
And also, we know that it's not only
177
427000
2000
而且，我们只知道，不仅仅
07:24
Galapagos penguins that are in trouble,
178
429000
2000
加拉帕戈斯企鹅有困难，
07:26
but Magellanics and many other species of penguins.
179
431000
3000
麦哲伦企鹅也有，还有其他种类的企鹅
07:29
And so we have started a global penguin society
180
434000
3000
所以我们开始（建立）一个全球化的企鹅社会，
07:32
to try to focus on the real plight of penguins.
181
437000
3000
试着重点关注企鹅面临的真正困难。
07:35
This is one of the plights of penguins: oil pollution.
182
440000
3000
石油污染是企鹅所面临的困境的一种。
07:38
Penguins don't like oil
183
443000
2000
企鹅不喜欢石油，
07:40
and they don't like to swim through oil.
184
445000
2000
而且也不喜欢在石油中游泳。
07:42
The nice thing is, if you look down here in Argentina,
185
447000
2000
好的事情是，如果你从阿根廷往下看，
07:44
there's no surface oil pollution from this composite map.
186
449000
3000
在这个综合性地图上，没有一处石油污染。
07:47
But, in fact, when we went to Argentina,
187
452000
2000
但是，事实上，当我们去阿根廷的时候，
07:49
penguins were often found
188
454000
2000
经常发现企鹅
07:51
totally covered in oil.
189
456000
3000
全身裹着石油。
07:54
So they were just minding their own business.
190
459000
2000
他们只是想管好他们自己，
07:56
They ended up swimming through ballast water that had oil in it.
191
461000
3000
却最终在有石油的压载水中游泳。
07:59
Because when tankers carry oil
192
464000
2000
这是因为，当油轮运输石油的时候，
08:01
they have to have ballast at some point,
193
466000
2000
在某些时候他们必须要有压载，
08:03
so when they're empty, they have the ballast water in there.
194
468000
2000
当油轮清空时，需要将压载水压入船体。
08:05
When they come back, they actually dump
195
470000
2000
归航时，实际上油轮又将混有石油的压载水
08:07
this oily ballast water into the ocean.
196
472000
2000
倒入海洋。
08:09
Why do they do that? Because it's cheaper,
197
474000
2000
为什么要这样做呢?因为这样省钱，
08:11
because they don't pay the real environmental costs.
198
476000
3000
因为他们不用为环境破坏买单。
08:14
We usually don't, and we want to start
199
479000
2000
我们通常情况下不这样，我们希望开始
08:16
getting the accounting system right
200
481000
2000
建立完善的会计系统
08:18
so we can pay the real cost.
201
483000
2000
以便我们能付出真正的代价。
08:20
At first, the Argentine government said, "No, there's no way.
202
485000
2000
起初，阿根廷政府说，“不。绝对不可能。
08:22
You can't find oiled penguins in Argentina.
203
487000
2000
你不可能发现在阿根廷发现裹着石油的企鹅。
08:24
We have laws,
204
489000
2000
我们有法律。
08:26
and we can't have illegal dumping; it's against the law."
205
491000
3000
我们不允许非法倾倒废物。这是违法的。“
08:29
So we ended up spending nine years
206
494000
2000
所以我们最终用了9年的时间
08:31
convincing the government that there were lots of oiled penguins.
207
496000
3000
让政府相信有大量的企鹅生活在石油之中。
08:34
In some years, like this year, we found
208
499000
2000
有些年份，比如今年，我们发现
08:36
more than 80 percent
209
501000
2000
超过百分之八十的
08:38
of the adult penguins dead on the beach
210
503000
2000
成年企鹅死在海滩上，
08:40
were covered in oil.
211
505000
2000
全身裹着石油。
08:42
These little blue dots are the fledglings --
212
507000
3000
这些小蓝点代表着幼鸟。
08:45
we do this survey every March --
213
510000
2000
我们每年三月份都会做这样调查，
08:47
which means that they're only in the environment
214
512000
3000
这就意味着他们只有在
08:50
from January until March,
215
515000
2000
一月份到三月份在这个环境中
08:52
so maybe three months at the most
216
517000
2000
所以或许最多只有三个月，
08:54
that they could get covered in oil.
217
519000
2000
它们就会裹上石油。
08:56
And you can see, in some years over 60 percent
218
521000
2000
你看到有些年份，超过百分之六十的
08:58
of the fledglings were oiled.
219
523000
2000
幼鸟被石油污染。
09:00
Eventually, the government listened
220
525000
2000
最终，政府听从了，
09:02
and, amazingly, they changed their laws.
221
527000
3000
而且令人惊叹的是，他们修改了法律。
09:05
They moved the tanker lanes
222
530000
2000
他们将油轮航线向着远离海岸线
09:07
40 kilometers farther off shore,
223
532000
3000
的方向又移了40公里，
09:10
and people are not doing as much illegal dumping.
224
535000
3000
而且没有那么多人为非法倾倒的废物
09:13
So what we're seeing now
225
538000
2000
所以，我们现在看到
09:15
is very few penguins are oiled.
226
540000
2000
只有很少数的企鹅在石油之中。
09:17
Why are there even these penguins oiled?
227
542000
2000
为什么还是有企鹅在石油中呢？
09:19
Because we've solved the problem in Chubut province,
228
544000
3000
因为我们解决了Chubut省的问题，
09:22
which is like a state in Argentina
229
547000
3000
Chubut省相当于阿根廷的一个州，
09:25
where Punta Tombo is --
230
550000
2000
东波角所在的州
09:27
so that's about 1,000 kilometers of coastline --
231
552000
2000
那里大概有1000公里的海岸线-
09:29
but we haven't solved the problem
232
554000
2000
但我们没有解决
09:31
in northern Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil.
233
556000
3000
整个阿根廷北部，乌拉圭和巴西的问题
09:35
So now I want to show you that penguins are affected.
234
560000
2000
所以现在，我想给你们展示这如何影响企鹅们。
09:37
I'm just going to talk about two things.
235
562000
2000
我只谈两件事情。
09:39
This is climate change. Now this has really been a fun study
236
564000
3000
首先是气候变化。现在这个真是一项很有趣的研究，
09:42
because I put satellite tags on the back
237
567000
2000
因为我把卫星标记放置在
09:44
of these Magellanic penguins.
238
569000
2000
麦哲伦企鹅的背部。
09:46
Try to convince donors to give you a couple thousand dollars
239
571000
3000
这是为了使捐款者给你几千美金
09:49
to glue a satellite tag on the back of penguins.
240
574000
3000
把一个卫星标记贴在企鹅背部。
09:52
But we've been doing this now for more than a decade to learn where they go.
241
577000
3000
但是，我们这样做了10多年来研究它们去到哪里。
09:55
We thought we needed a marine protected area
242
580000
2000
我们认为我们需要一个海洋保护区，
09:57
of about 30 kilometers,
243
582000
2000
大约30公里
09:59
and then we put a satellite tag on the back of a penguin.
244
584000
2000
而且我们还得把卫星标记放置在企鹅背部
10:01
And what the penguins show us --
245
586000
2000
这样，企鹅展示给我们的，
10:03
and these are all the little dots
246
588000
2000
就是这些小点点
10:05
from where the penguins' positions were
247
590000
2000
代表企鹅的所在，
10:07
for penguins in incubation in 2003 --
248
592000
2000
是2003年孵化小企鹅的地点。
10:09
and what you see is some of these individuals
249
594000
3000
你看到的是一些个体
10:12
are going 800 kilometers away from their nests.
250
597000
3000
会到离它们巢穴800公里远的地方去。
10:15
So that means as their mate
251
600000
2000
这就意味着，在它们的伴侣
10:17
is sitting on the nest incubating the eggs,
252
602000
3000
坐在巢穴中，孵化小企鹅的时候，
10:20
the other one is out there foraging,
253
605000
2000
另一半在外出觅食。
10:22
and the longer they have to stay gone,
254
607000
2000
它们需要离开的时间越长，
10:24
the worse condition the mate is in when the mate comes back.
255
609000
3000
当它们回去的时候，它们所面临的情况就越严重。
10:27
And, of course, all of this then leads to a vicious cycle
256
612000
3000
当然，所有的这些导致一个恶性循环，
10:30
and you can't raise a lot of chicks.
257
615000
2000
你就无法养活大量的小企鹅。
10:32
Here you see in 2003 --
258
617000
2000
你们看2003年，
10:34
these are all the dots of where the penguins are --
259
619000
2000
所有的点代表企鹅所在的位置，
10:36
they were raising a little over
260
621000
2000
它们只能养活
10:38
a half of a chick.
261
623000
3000
一半多一点的小企鹅。
10:41
Here, you can see in 2006,
262
626000
2000
这里，你们可以观察到2006年，
10:43
they raised almost three quarters
263
628000
2000
每个家庭养活了
10:45
of a chick per nest,
264
630000
2000
大概四分之三的小企鹅。
10:47
and you can see that they're closer to Punta Tombo;
265
632000
3000
你发现它们离东波角越来越近，
10:50
they're not going as far away.
266
635000
3000
它们没有走远。
10:53
This past year, in 2009,
267
638000
2000
过去的这一年，2009年，
10:55
you can see that they're now raising
268
640000
2000
你们可以发现它们只养育了
10:57
about a fourth of a chick,
269
642000
2000
四分之一的小企鹅。
10:59
and some of these individuals are going
270
644000
2000
有些个体
11:01
more than 900 kilometers away from their nests.
271
646000
3000
要离开它们的巢穴900多公里。
11:04
So it's kind of like you having a job in Chicago,
272
649000
2000
这就好像你在芝加哥有一份工作，
11:06
and then you get transferred
273
651000
2000
然后你搬到
11:08
to St. Louis,
274
653000
2000
圣路易斯，
11:10
and your mate is not happy about this
275
655000
2000
你的伴侣为此不高兴，
11:12
because you've got to pay airfare,
276
657000
2000
因为你得付机票钱，
11:14
because you're gone longer.
277
659000
2000
而且你离开的时间更长。
11:16
The same thing's true for penguins as well.
278
661000
3000
对于企鹅来说是一样的。
11:19
And they're going about, on average now,
279
664000
2000
它们现在
11:21
40 kilometers farther than they did a decade ago.
280
666000
3000
跟10年前相比，平均要多走40公里。
11:25
We need to be able to get information out to the general public.
281
670000
3000
我们需要获取更多的信息并且让每个人都知道。
11:28
And so we started a publication
282
673000
2000
所以我们跟环保协会共同
11:30
with the Society for Conservation
283
675000
2000
创办了一期刊物。
11:32
that we think presents cutting-edge science
284
677000
2000
我们用一种革新的方式
11:34
in a new, novel way,
285
679000
2000
来传达当今最前沿的科学知识。
11:36
because we have reporters that are good writers
286
681000
3000
因为我们有记者，他们都是很棒的作家，
11:39
that actually can distill the information
287
684000
2000
他们也能够提炼信息，
11:41
and make it accessible to the general public.
288
686000
3000
并将其变成能够供大众接受的信息。
11:44
So if you're interested in cutting-edge science
289
689000
2000
所以，如果你对尖端科技
11:46
and smarter conservation,
290
691000
2000
和睿智的谈话有兴趣，
11:48
you should join with our 11 partners --
291
693000
3000
你应该加入到我们的11个合作伙伴的行列中来。
11:51
some of them here in this room, like the Nature Conservancy --
292
696000
3000
他们有些现在就在这个房间里，像大自然保护协会，
11:54
and look at this magazine
293
699000
2000
读读这本杂志，
11:56
because we need to get information out about conservation
294
701000
3000
因为我们需要将有关环保的信息
11:59
to the general public.
295
704000
2000
传播给普通大众。
12:01
Lastly I want to say that
296
706000
2000
好，最后我想说，
12:03
all of you, probably,
297
708000
2000
在座的可能
12:05
have had some relationship at some time in your life
298
710000
2000
都有过
12:07
with a dog, a cat, some sort of pet,
299
712000
3000
跟一只狗、一只猫，或者任何宠物在一起的时候，
12:10
and you recognized that those are individuals.
300
715000
2000
你们认同它们是独立的个体。
12:12
And some of you consider them almost part of your family.
301
717000
3000
有些人甚至认为它们几乎是家庭的一部分。
12:15
If you had a relationship with a penguin,
302
720000
3000
如果你们和企鹅在一起，
12:18
you'd see it in the same sort of way.
303
723000
2000
你们对待它们也是一样的。
12:20
They're amazing creatures
304
725000
2000
它们是令人惊叹的动物，
12:22
that really change how you view the world
305
727000
2000
会改变你看世界的方式，
12:24
because they're not that different from us:
306
729000
2000
因为它们们跟我们没有区别并不大。
12:26
They're trying to make a living,
307
731000
2000
它们只是想维持生计。
12:28
they're trying to raise their offspring,
308
733000
2000
只是想养育它们的子孙。
12:30
they're trying to get on and survive in the world.
309
735000
3000
它们只是想在这个世界上生活。
12:33
This is Turbo the Penguin.
310
738000
2000
这是一只名叫涡轮的企鹅。
12:35
Turbo's never been fed.
311
740000
2000
涡轮从来没有被喂养过。
12:37
He met us and got his name
312
742000
2000
他遇到我们后，我们给他起的这个名字
12:39
because he started standing under
313
744000
2000
因为他开始站在
12:41
my diesel truck: a turbo truck,
314
746000
2000
我的柴油卡车下面，一辆涡轮增压车，
12:43
so we named him Turbo.
315
748000
2000
所以我们叫他涡轮。
12:45
Turbo has taken to knocking on the door with his beak,
316
750000
2000
涡轮学会了用他的喙敲门。
12:47
we let him in and he comes in here.
317
752000
2000
我们让他进来，他就进来了。
12:49
And I just wanted to show you
318
754000
2000
我只是想给大家看看
12:51
what happened one day
319
756000
2000
当涡轮带来个朋友时
12:53
when Turbo brought in a friend.
320
758000
3000
发生了些什么。
12:56
So this is Turbo.
321
761000
2000
这是涡轮
12:58
He's coming up to one of my graduate students and flipper patting,
322
763000
3000
他来到我的一个研究生面前，拍打他的蹼
13:01
which he would do to a female penguin.
323
766000
3000
就好像他对着一位雌性企鹅一样
13:05
And you can see, he's not trying to bite.
324
770000
2000
你看，他并没有打算咬你
13:07
This guy has never been in before
325
772000
2000
这位兄弟从来没有来过
13:09
and he's trying to figure out, "What is going on?
326
774000
2000
他正努力弄清楚“发生了什么？
13:11
What is this guy doing?
327
776000
2000
他在干什么呢？
13:13
This is really pretty weird."
328
778000
2000
这真是奇怪呀。”
13:15
And you'll see soon
329
780000
2000
你一会儿就会看到
13:17
that my graduate student ...
330
782000
2000
我的研究生
13:19
and you see, Turbo's pretty intent
331
784000
2000
你也会看到，涡轮拍打蹼
13:21
on his flipper patting.
332
786000
2000
的意图
13:23
And now he's looking at the other guy,
333
788000
2000
现在他看着那个家伙
13:25
saying, "You are really weird."
334
790000
2000
说到“你好奇怪呀”
13:27
And now look at this: not friendly.
335
792000
2000
看这里，可是不友好
13:29
So penguins really differ in their personalities
336
794000
3000
所以企鹅的性格是不同的
13:32
just like our dogs and our cats.
337
797000
3000
就像我们的狗和猫一样。
13:35
We're also trying to collect our information
338
800000
3000
我们同时也试图收集更多信息，
13:38
and become more technologically literate.
339
803000
3000
并学会掌握更多的技术。
13:41
So we're trying to put that
340
806000
2000
所以我们将这些信息输入
13:43
in computers in the field.
341
808000
2000
相关领域的电脑。
13:45
And penguins are always involved in helping us
342
810000
3000
企鹅总是加入进来，
13:48
or not helping us in one way or another.
343
813000
3000
用这样或那样的方式，帮助我们，或者不帮助我们。
13:51
This is a radio frequency ID system.
344
816000
3000
这是一个无线电频率身份识别系统。
13:54
You put a little piece of rice in the foot of a penguin
345
819000
3000
我们在企鹅脚上放了一些米
13:57
that has a barcode, so it tells you who it is.
346
822000
2000
它们脚上有条形码，用来告诉我们这是企鹅是谁。
13:59
It walks over the pad, and you know who it is.
347
824000
2000
企鹅走过垫子，你就知道这是谁。
14:01
Okay, so here are a few penguins coming in.
348
826000
3000
现在有几只企鹅过来了。
14:04
See, this one's coming back to its nest.
349
829000
2000
请看，这只正要回它的窝。
14:06
They're all coming in at this time,
350
831000
2000
他们都在此刻一块儿来了，
14:08
walking across there, just kind of leisurely coming in.
351
833000
2000
一起走过去，都有那么点悠闲。
14:10
Here's a female that's in a hurry. She's got food.
352
835000
2000
哦，这位女士可是急匆匆的
14:12
She's really rushing back, because it's hot,
353
837000
3000
她真是急着往回赶，因为很热呀，
14:15
to try to feed her chicks.
354
840000
2000
要赶紧回去喂孩子。
14:17
And then there's another fellow that will leisurely come by.
355
842000
3000
那位兄弟正慢悠悠地走过来。
14:20
Look how fat he is. He's walking back to feed his chicks.
356
845000
3000
看他多胖呀。他也是回去喂他的孩子。
14:23
Then I realize that they're playing
357
848000
2000
这下我意识到他们
14:25
king of the box.
358
850000
3000
在玩箱子。
14:28
This is my box up here, and this is the system that works.
359
853000
3000
我的箱子在这里，这也就是这个正在工作的系统。
14:31
You can see this penguin, he goes over, he looks at those wires,
360
856000
3000
你可以看到这只企鹅，他走过去，他盯着这些电线看，
14:34
does not like that wire.
361
859000
3000
他不喜欢那条电线。
14:37
He unplugs the wire; we have no data.
362
862000
3000
他就拔出那根电线，我们就没有数据了。
14:40
(Laughter)
363
865000
2000
（笑声）
14:42
So, they really are pretty amazing creatures.
364
867000
3000
所以说，他们真的是非常奇妙的动物。
14:47
OK.
365
872000
2000
好吧。
14:49
Most important thing is:
366
874000
2000
最重要的事是，
14:51
Only you can change yourself,
367
876000
2000
只有你可以改变你自己。
14:53
and only you can change the world
368
878000
2000
而且，只有你可以改变这个世界，
14:55
and make it better, for people
369
880000
2000
让这个世界变得更美好，为了人类自己，
14:57
as well as penguins.
370
882000
2000
也为了企鹅们。
14:59
So, thank you very much. (Applause)
371
884000
2000
最后，非常感谢大家。
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Dee Boersma - Conservation biologistDee Boersma considers penguins ocean sentinels, helping us understand the effects of pollution, overfishing and climate change on the marine environment.
Why you should listen
To Dee Boersma, penguins are more than charming birds in tuxes. Highly sensitive to variations in the ocean, penguins are sentinels, sounding the alarm on environmental threats to marine ecosystems. As director of the Wildlife Conservation Society's Penguin Project, she has dedicated almost three decades to tracking them in the South Atlantic. Using "nametags" -- numbered metal bands -- Boersma and her team follow hundreds of individual penguins to learn where they go, what they eat and how they survive to the next breeding season.
Boersma's studies show that the birds must now swim further in search of food, costing energy and time, leading to detrimental consequences for their mate and young. Her data does not paint a pretty picture, but local conservation efforts she spearheaded, such as moving oil tanker lanes further from the coast, have been successful. Humans, she notes, are responsible for penguins' current woes but can also be their saviors.
Dee Boersma | Speaker | TED.com