Mission Blue Voyage
Dee Boersma: Pay attention to penguins
迪．波斯瑪：關注企鵝
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迪．波斯瑪要我們把企鵝當作海洋的哨兵，牠們處在海洋變遷的最前線。迪．波斯瑪與聽眾分享企鵝生活和文化的故事，並建議我們開始傾聽企鵝想告訴我們什麼。
Dee Boersma - Conservation biologist
Dee Boersma considers penguins ocean sentinels, helping us understand the effects of pollution, overfishing and climate change on the marine environment. Full bio
Dee Boersma considers penguins ocean sentinels, helping us understand the effects of pollution, overfishing and climate change on the marine environment. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I want to talk about penguins today.
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我今天想來談談企鵝，
00:18
But first, I want to start by saying that
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但首先，我想說，
00:20
we need a new operating system,
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為了海洋和地球，
00:22
for the oceans and for the Earth.
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我們需要一個新的操作系統。
00:25
When I came to the Galapagos 40 years ago,
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當我在40年前來到加拉帕戈斯群島時，
00:27
there were 3,000 people
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約有3000人
00:29
that lived in the Galapagos.
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住在加拉帕戈斯，
00:32
Now there are over 30,000.
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現在的人口則超過3萬。
00:34
There were two Jeeps on Santa Cruz.
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當時，聖克魯茲只有兩台吉普車，
00:37
Now, there are around a thousand trucks
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現在，當地約有1000輛卡車、
00:39
and buses and cars there.
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公車，和汽車。
00:42
So the fundamental problems that we face
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我們現在所面臨的基本問題
00:45
are overconsumption and too many people.
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是過度消費和人口過剩，
00:48
It's the same problems in the Galapagos,
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加拉帕戈斯也面臨同樣的問題，
00:50
except, obviously,
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只是，很顯然的，
00:52
it's worse here, in some ways, than other places.
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在某些層面上，加拉帕戈斯的情況較其他地區嚴重。
00:55
Because we've only doubled the population of the Earth
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原因就是地球的人口多了一倍，
00:58
since the 1960s -- a little more than doubled --
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自1960年代起，人口成長了比一倍還多。
01:01
but we have 6.7 billion people in the world,
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然而，世界約有67億人口，
01:04
and we all like to consume.
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而我們都喜愛消費。
01:06
And one of the major problems that we have
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我們的主要問題
01:08
is our operating system
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是我們的操作系統
01:10
is not giving us the proper feedback.
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無法給予我們正常的回饋。
01:12
We're not paying the true
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我們沒有為我們的行為
01:14
environmental costs of our actions.
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付出相同的環境代價。
01:17
And when I came at age 22 to live on Fernandina,
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22歲時，我來到費爾南迪納居住，
01:20
let me just say, that I had never
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且讓我坦言，我不曾
01:22
camped before.
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露營過，
01:24
I had never lived alone
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我也不曾
01:26
for any period of time,
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一個人住過，
01:28
and I'd never slept with sea lions
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我更不曾
01:30
snoring next to me all night.
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整夜睡在打鼾的海獅身旁。
01:33
But moreover, I'd never lived on an uninhabited island.
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此外，我從來沒有住在無人島上過。
01:36
Punta Espinosa is where I lived for over a year,
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我在蓬埃斯皮諾薩住了一年多，
01:38
and we call it uninhabited
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我們稱它無人居住，
01:40
because there are no people there.
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因為當地確實杳無人煙。
01:42
But it's alive with life;
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然而，其他生命卻讓當地別有洞天。
01:44
it's hardly uninhabited.
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因此，說它沒有生機不太恰當。
01:47
So a lot has happened in the last 40 years,
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在過去40年中，（島上）發生了很多事。
01:50
and what I learned when I came to the Galapagos
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而我在加拉帕戈斯學到的
01:52
is the importance of wild places, wild things,
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即是野生地區、野生事物，
01:55
certainly wildlife,
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當然還有野生動物的重要性，
01:57
and the amazing qualities that penguins have.
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以及企鵝所獨具的奇妙特質。
02:00
Penguins are real athletes:
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企鵝是名副其實的運動員，
02:02
They can swim 173 kilometers in a day.
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牠們一天可以游泳173公里，
02:05
They can swim at the same speed day and night --
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且日夜都能以這種速度游泳，
02:08
that's faster than any Olympic swimmer.
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這比任何奧運游泳選手的速度都還快。
02:10
I mean, they can do like seven kilometers an hour
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想想他們可以1小時游7公里，
02:12
and sustain it.
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且不斷保持這個速度。
02:14
But what is really amazing, because of this deepness here,
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但最令人驚嘆的是，因為這裡有一定的深度，
02:17
Emperor penguins can go down
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國王企鵝竟能潛水
02:19
more than 500 meters
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超過500公尺，
02:21
and they can hold their breath for 23 minutes.
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並能閉氣長達23分鐘。
02:23
Magellanic penguins, the ones that I work on,
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我所研究的麥哲倫企鵝，
02:26
they can dive to about 90 meters
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則可潛水大約90公尺，
02:28
and they can stay down for
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並能在水中
02:30
about 4.6 minutes.
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待上大約4.6分鐘。
02:32
Humans, without fins: 90 meters, 3.5 minutes.
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人類，沒有鰭：90公尺，3.5分鐘，
02:35
And I doubt anybody in this room
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而我懷疑聽眾裡是否真有人
02:37
could really hold their breath for 3.5 minutes.
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能閉氣長達3.5分鐘。
02:40
You have to train to be able to do that.
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你必須經過訓練才能閉氣那麼久。
02:42
So penguins are amazing athletes.
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所以，企鵝確實是令人驚嘆的運動員。
02:44
The other thing is, I've never met anybody
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另外，我不曾碰過
02:46
that really doesn't say that they like penguins.
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不喜歡企鵝的人。
02:49
They're comical, they walk upright,
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牠們滑稽、牠們直立行走，
02:52
and, of course, they're diligent.
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並且，想當然爾，牠們很勤奮。
02:54
And, more importantly, they're well-dressed.
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更重要的是，牠們穿著體面。
02:56
So they have all the criteria
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所以，牠們擁有
02:58
that people normally like.
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人類喜歡的一切標準。
03:00
But scientifically, they're amazing because they're sentinels.
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不過，從科學的角度來看，牠們令人驚嘆是因為牠們扮演著哨兵的角色。
03:03
They tell us about our world in a lot of different ways,
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牠們用很多不同的方式讓我們了解世界，
03:06
and particularly the ocean.
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尤其是海洋。
03:08
This is a picture of a Galapagos penguin
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這是一張加拉帕戈斯企鵝的照片，
03:10
that's on the front of a little zodiac here in the Galapagos.
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在加拉帕戈斯的前端。
03:13
And that's what I came to study.
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這也是我後來研究的內容。
03:15
I thought I was going to study the social behavior of Galapagos penguins,
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我本以為我要研究的是加拉帕戈斯企鵝的社會習性，
03:18
but you already know
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但你們知道
03:20
penguins are rare.
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企鵝是稀有動物，
03:22
These are the rarest penguins in the world.
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而加拉帕戈斯企鵝則是世界上最稀有的企鵝。
03:24
Why I thought I was going to be able to do that, I don't know.
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爲何我認為自己會研究成功，我也不知道。
03:27
But the population has changed
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然而，從我第一次來到這裡至今，
03:29
dramatically since I was first here.
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企鵝的數量已發生劇烈的變化。
03:31
When I counted penguins for the first time
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當我第一次數企鵝
03:33
and tried to do a census,
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並試著統計時，
03:35
we just counted all the individual beaks that we could
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我們的作法是數出這些島上
03:37
around all these islands.
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每一隻企鵝的喙。
03:40
We counted around 2,000, so I don't know how many penguins there really are,
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數量大概2000左右，所以我不知道企鵝的確切數量，
03:43
but I know I can count 2,000.
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不過我知道數到2000沒有問題。
03:45
If you go and do it now, the national parks
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倘若你現在去數，國家公園的企鵝總數
03:48
count about 500.
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大概只剩500隻。
03:50
So we have a quarter of the penguins
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因此，相較於40年前的企鵝數量，
03:52
that we did 40 years ago.
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現在的企鵝只剩下1/4。
03:54
And this is true of most of our living systems.
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我們多數的生存系統也面臨了這種情況。
03:57
We have less than we had before,
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我們擁有的較之前少，
03:59
and most of them are in fairly steep decline.
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且大部分是在急遽下降中。
04:02
And I want to just show you a little bit about why.
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接下來，我要給大家看看一小部分的原因。
04:04
(Braying)
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(叫聲)
04:09
That's a penguin braying
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那是企鵝的叫聲，
04:11
to tell you that
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告訴各位
04:13
it's important to pay attention to penguins.
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關注企鵝是很重要的。
04:15
Most important of all,
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最重要的是，
04:17
I didn't know what that was the first time I heard it.
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我已忘記第一次聽到這個聲音是在何時。
04:20
And you can imagine sleeping on Fernandina your first night there
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你可以想像睡在費爾南迪納的第一夜，
04:23
and you hear this lonesome, plaintful call.
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就聽到這孤獨單調的呼喚。
04:27
I fell in love with penguins,
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我愛上了企鵝，
04:29
and it certainly has changed the rest of my life.
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這點無疑改變了我往後的人生。
04:31
What I found out I was studying
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後來，我發現我在研究的
04:33
is really the difference in how the Galapagos changes,
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其實是加拉帕戈斯改變了多少，
04:36
the most extreme variation.
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且是最極端的變化。
04:38
You've heard about these El Ninos,
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你曾聽過聖嬰現象，
04:41
but this is the extreme that penguins all over the world
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但這是全球的企鵝
04:43
have to adapt to.
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所必須適應的極端變化。
04:45
This is a cold-water event
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這則是讓海水異常變冷的
04:47
called La Nina.
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反聖嬰現象。
04:49
Where it's blue and it's green, it means the water is really cold.
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藍色與綠色的地方代表水溫非常冷。
04:52
And so you can see this current coming up --
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你可以看到這股洋流的出現－
04:54
in this case, the Humboldt Current --
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它叫做祕魯寒流－
04:56
that comes all the way out to the Galapagos Islands,
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一直流到加拉帕戈斯群島。
04:59
and this deep undersea current, the Cromwell Current,
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還有這個深海洋流：克倫威爾洋流，
05:02
that upwells around the Galapagos.
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在加拉帕戈斯周圍湧出。
05:04
That brings all the nutrients:
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洋流帶來了大量養分。
05:06
When this is cold in the Galapagos,
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當加拉帕戈斯的天氣轉冷，
05:09
it's rich, and there's plenty of food for everyone.
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小島變得豐饒，大家都有足夠的食物。
05:12
When we have extreme El Nino events,
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當極端的聖嬰現象發生，
05:14
you see all this red,
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你看到的是一片紅色，
05:16
and you see no green
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完全沒有綠色
05:18
out here around the Galapagos.
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在加拉帕戈斯周圍。
05:20
That means that there's no upwelling,
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這代表沒有上湧的洋流，
05:22
and there's basically no food.
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基本上也代表沒有食物。
05:25
So it's a real desert
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於是，這裡就變成了沙漠，
05:27
for not only for the penguins and the sea lions and the marine iguanas ...
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不單是對企鵝、海獅，和海鬣蜥而言。
05:30
things die when there's no food.
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沒有食物，生物就會死亡。
05:32
But we didn't even know that that
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然而，當我過去研究企鵝的時候，
05:34
affected the Galapagos when I went to study penguins.
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我們根本不知道這會影響加拉帕戈斯島。
05:37
And you can imagine being on an island hoping you're going to see penguins,
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想像你在一個島上，期盼能看到企鵝，
05:40
and you're in the middle of an El Nino event
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但因為當地有聖嬰現象，
05:42
and there are no penguins.
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所以看不到任何企鵝。
05:44
They're not breeding; they're not even around.
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牠們不是在繁衍後代，牠們根本不在那兒。
05:46
I studied marine iguanas at that point.
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那個時間點，我研究了海鬣蜥。
05:49
But this is a global phenomenon, we know that.
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然而，我們都知道這是個全球性的現像，
05:52
And if you look along the coast of Argentina, where I work now,
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倘若觀察阿根廷海岸，也就是我現在工作的地方，
05:54
at a place called Punta Tombo --
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那裡有個地方叫湯波角，
05:56
the largest Magellanic penguin colony in the world
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那是世界上最大的麥哲倫企鵝居住地。
05:58
down here about 44 degrees south latitude --
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大約在南緯44度，
06:02
you see that there's great variation here.
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你可以看到這裡的變化很大。
06:04
Some years, the cold water
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有幾年，
06:06
goes all the way up to Brazil,
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寒流會一直流到巴西，
06:08
and other years, in these La Nina years, it doesn't.
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但在反聖嬰現象的這幾年，寒流則不會流到巴西。
06:11
So the oceans don't always act together; they act differently,
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因此，海洋不會一成不變，而是變幻莫測。
06:14
but that is the kind of variation
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但這種變化
06:16
that penguins have to live with,
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是企鵝必須面對的，
06:18
and it's not easy.
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且一點都不容易。
06:20
So when I went to study the Magellanic penguins,
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因此，當我赴當地研究麥哲倫企鵝，
06:22
I didn't have any problems.
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我並沒有碰上麻煩。
06:24
There were plenty of them.
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當地的麥哲倫企鵝很多。
06:26
This is a picture at Punta Tombo in February
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這是二月時在湯波角拍的照片，
06:28
showing all the penguins along the beach.
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所有企鵝都在沙灘上。
06:30
I went there because the Japanese wanted to start harvesting them
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我會到那邊是因為日本人想開始捕殺牠們，
06:33
and turning them into high fashion golf gloves,
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並把牠們變成時尚的高球手套、
06:36
protein and oil.
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蛋白質，和油。
06:38
Fortunately, nobody has harvested any penguins
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幸運的是，還沒有人捕殺任何一隻企鵝，
06:41
and we're getting over 100,000 tourists a year to see them.
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反而一年有十萬多名遊客去一睹牠們的盧山面目。
06:44
But the population is declining
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然而，企鵝的數量正在下降中，
06:47
and it's declined fairly substantially, about 21 percent
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且下降的幅度相當大，自我從1987年開始調查，
06:50
since 1987, when I started these surveys,
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已下降了大約百分之21，
06:53
in terms of number of active nests.
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這些數據是根據企鵝的巢穴數量計算而得。
06:55
Here, you can see where Punta Tombo is,
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現在大家看到的是湯波角的位置，
06:57
and they breed in incredibly dense colonies.
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此地的企鵝在很密集的地方繁殖。
06:59
We know this because of long-term science,
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我們會知道這些，得歸因於長期的科學發展，
07:02
because we have long-term studies there.
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也歸因於我們長期在當地的研究。
07:04
And science is important in informing decision makers,
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科學不僅對決策很重要，
07:07
and also in changing how we do
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它對改變我們的行爲，
07:09
and knowing the direction of change that we're going in.
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以及讓我們了解改變的方向也同樣重要。
07:12
And so we have this penguin project. The Wildlife Conservation Society
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因此，我們有了這項企鵝研究計畫。野生動物保護協會
07:15
has funded me along with a lot of individuals
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在過去27年中，
07:18
over the last 27 years
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贊助我和其他人，
07:20
to be able to produce these kinds of maps.
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讓我們有辦法繪製出這些地圖。
07:22
And also, we know that it's not only
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此外，我們知道不單只有
07:24
Galapagos penguins that are in trouble,
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加拉帕戈斯企鵝遭遇到麻煩，
07:26
but Magellanics and many other species of penguins.
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就連麥哲倫企鵝和其他種類的企鵝也碰到同樣的麻煩。
07:29
And so we have started a global penguin society
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所以，我們建立了一個全球企鵝社群，
07:32
to try to focus on the real plight of penguins.
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以關注企鵝面臨的真實困境。
07:35
This is one of the plights of penguins: oil pollution.
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企鵝面臨的困境之一是石油污染。
07:38
Penguins don't like oil
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企鵝不喜歡石油，
07:40
and they don't like to swim through oil.
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也不喜歡在石油中游泳。
07:42
The nice thing is, if you look down here in Argentina,
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好事是，如果你看看阿根廷，
07:44
there's no surface oil pollution from this composite map.
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你從這張合成的地圖上看不到石油污染。
07:47
But, in fact, when we went to Argentina,
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然而，真實情況是當我們到達阿根廷，
07:49
penguins were often found
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我們常發現企鵝
07:51
totally covered in oil.
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全身沾滿了油污。
07:54
So they were just minding their own business.
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牠們只是在做自己的事，
07:56
They ended up swimming through ballast water that had oil in it.
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卻落得必須在飄滿石油的水中游泳。
07:59
Because when tankers carry oil
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原因是當油輪載著石油，
08:01
they have to have ballast at some point,
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石油就是這些油輪的壓艙物，
08:03
so when they're empty, they have the ballast water in there.
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而當船身清空的時候，油輪就必須將水引入船體。
08:05
When they come back, they actually dump
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每當油輪回航，油輪便將船中油膩的壓艙水
08:07
this oily ballast water into the ocean.
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往海中傾倒。
08:09
Why do they do that? Because it's cheaper,
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為什麼會這樣？因為比較省錢，
08:11
because they don't pay the real environmental costs.
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因為這些船隻不必爲環境付出真正的代價。
08:14
We usually don't, and we want to start
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我們通常不會這樣，而是想開始
08:16
getting the accounting system right
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建立完好的會計系統，
08:18
so we can pay the real cost.
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好讓人人都能爲自己的所作所為買單。
08:20
At first, the Argentine government said, "No, there's no way.
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剛開始，阿根廷政府表示，「不，不可能。
08:22
You can't find oiled penguins in Argentina.
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你在阿根廷看不到被石油污染的企鵝，
08:24
We have laws,
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我們有法律規定，
08:26
and we can't have illegal dumping; it's against the law."
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不允許非法傾倒廢油，那是違法的。」
08:29
So we ended up spending nine years
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所以我們花了九年的時間，
08:31
convincing the government that there were lots of oiled penguins.
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讓政府相信當地有很多被石油污染的企鵝。
08:34
In some years, like this year, we found
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有某幾年，像是這一年，我們發現
08:36
more than 80 percent
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超過80%
08:38
of the adult penguins dead on the beach
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的成年企鵝死在沙灘上，
08:40
were covered in oil.
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牠們全身沾滿了石油。
08:42
These little blue dots are the fledglings --
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這些小藍點代表幼雛，
08:45
we do this survey every March --
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我們每年三月都會做這項調查，
08:47
which means that they're only in the environment
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這代表幼鳥在這裡的時間
08:50
from January until March,
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只從1月到3月。
08:52
so maybe three months at the most
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所以牠們被石油污染的機會
08:54
that they could get covered in oil.
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最多有三個月。
08:56
And you can see, in some years over 60 percent
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你可以看到在某幾年中，超過60%
08:58
of the fledglings were oiled.
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的幼雛全身佈滿石油。
09:00
Eventually, the government listened
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最後，政府聽進去了，
09:02
and, amazingly, they changed their laws.
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令人訝異的是，他們也進行了修法。
09:05
They moved the tanker lanes
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他們將油輪航線
09:07
40 kilometers farther off shore,
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移到岸邊40公里外的地方，
09:10
and people are not doing as much illegal dumping.
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且人們傾倒廢油的非法動作也降低許多。
09:13
So what we're seeing now
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所以，我們現在看到的是，
09:15
is very few penguins are oiled.
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只有極少數的企鵝遭到石油污染。
09:17
Why are there even these penguins oiled?
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為什麼還是有被石油污染的企鵝？
09:19
Because we've solved the problem in Chubut province,
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因為我們解決了丘布特省的問題，
09:22
which is like a state in Argentina
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它像是阿根廷境內的一個州，
09:25
where Punta Tombo is --
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也是湯波角的所在地，
09:27
so that's about 1,000 kilometers of coastline --
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那邊的海岸線大概有1000公里，
09:29
but we haven't solved the problem
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但我們還沒解決
09:31
in northern Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil.
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阿根廷北部、烏拉圭，和巴西境內的問題。
09:35
So now I want to show you that penguins are affected.
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所以，我現在要給大家看看被這些問題影響的企鵝。
09:37
I'm just going to talk about two things.
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我只說兩件事。
09:39
This is climate change. Now this has really been a fun study
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這是氣候變遷，這其實是項有趣的研究，
09:42
because I put satellite tags on the back
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因為我把衛星標記置於
09:44
of these Magellanic penguins.
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麥哲倫企鵝的背上。
09:46
Try to convince donors to give you a couple thousand dollars
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想想要說服捐款者贊助我們幾千美元，
09:49
to glue a satellite tag on the back of penguins.
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把衛星標記貼在企鵝的後背。
09:52
But we've been doing this now for more than a decade to learn where they go.
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然而，這個動作已持續十年以上了，以了解牠們的遷徙。
09:55
We thought we needed a marine protected area
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我們認為我們需要一個海洋保護區，
09:57
of about 30 kilometers,
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範圍大約30公里，
09:59
and then we put a satellite tag on the back of a penguin.
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接著，我們便把衛星標記貼在企鵝的背部。
10:01
And what the penguins show us --
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而企鵝則透過
10:03
and these are all the little dots
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這些小點，
10:05
from where the penguins' positions were
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展示牠們的所在位置，
10:07
for penguins in incubation in 2003 --
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也就是於2003年孵化的小企鵝之位置。
10:09
and what you see is some of these individuals
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而你們看到的是某些企鵝
10:12
are going 800 kilometers away from their nests.
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會到離巢穴800公里遠的地方，
10:15
So that means as their mate
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這就意味著，當企鵝的另一半
10:17
is sitting on the nest incubating the eggs,
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正在巢穴裏孵蛋，
10:20
the other one is out there foraging,
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對方則在外頭覓食。
10:22
and the longer they have to stay gone,
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牠們的離開時間越久，
10:24
the worse condition the mate is in when the mate comes back.
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回來時另一半的狀況就越慘。
10:27
And, of course, all of this then leads to a vicious cycle
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想當然爾，這就演變成惡性循環，
10:30
and you can't raise a lot of chicks.
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而企鵝也無法養活更多幼雛。
10:32
Here you see in 2003 --
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你看到在2003年，
10:34
these are all the dots of where the penguins are --
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這些點代表企鵝的所在位置，
10:36
they were raising a little over
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牠們只能養活
10:38
a half of a chick.
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一半又多一點的幼雛。
10:41
Here, you can see in 2006,
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看到2006年，
10:43
they raised almost three quarters
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每個家庭則可養活
10:45
of a chick per nest,
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快要四分之三的幼雛。
10:47
and you can see that they're closer to Punta Tombo;
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你可以發現牠們離湯波角較近，
10:50
they're not going as far away.
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牠們不會走遠。
10:53
This past year, in 2009,
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在過去一年，也就是2009年，
10:55
you can see that they're now raising
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你可以看到牠們只養活
10:57
about a fourth of a chick,
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大約四分之一的幼雛。
10:59
and some of these individuals are going
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一些企鵝甚至去到
11:01
more than 900 kilometers away from their nests.
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離巢穴900公里遠的地方。
11:04
So it's kind of like you having a job in Chicago,
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這就像你在芝加哥工作
11:06
and then you get transferred
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然後被調至
11:08
to St. Louis,
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聖路易，
11:10
and your mate is not happy about this
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你的另一半爲此感到不快，
11:12
because you've got to pay airfare,
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因為你必須付機票錢，
11:14
because you're gone longer.
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而且你不在的時間變長了。
11:16
The same thing's true for penguins as well.
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對企鵝而言也一樣。
11:19
And they're going about, on average now,
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比起10年前，牠們現在平均
11:21
40 kilometers farther than they did a decade ago.
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多走了40公里。
11:25
We need to be able to get information out to the general public.
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我們必須把這些訊息傳給普羅大眾。
11:28
And so we started a publication
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因此，我們和環境保護協會
11:30
with the Society for Conservation
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共同創辦一本刊物，
11:32
that we think presents cutting-edge science
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這本刊物用新穎的方式
11:34
in a new, novel way,
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傳達時下的尖端科學知識。
11:36
because we have reporters that are good writers
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由於我們有很會寫作的記者，
11:39
that actually can distill the information
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他們可以萃取出訊息中的精華，
11:41
and make it accessible to the general public.
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並讓一般大眾都能輕易理解。
11:44
So if you're interested in cutting-edge science
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因此，若你對尖端科學
11:46
and smarter conservation,
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和先進的保育方法有興趣，
11:48
you should join with our 11 partners --
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你應該加入我們11位合作夥伴的行列中，
11:51
some of them here in this room, like the Nature Conservancy --
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他們之中有幾個人在現場，像是大自然保護協會。
11:54
and look at this magazine
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讀讀這本雜誌，
11:56
because we need to get information out about conservation
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因為我們必須將環境保護的訊息
11:59
to the general public.
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傳遞給普羅大眾。
12:01
Lastly I want to say that
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好，最後我想說，
12:03
all of you, probably,
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在座各位，
12:05
have had some relationship at some time in your life
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大概在你人生的某個階段裡，
12:07
with a dog, a cat, some sort of pet,
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都曾與狗、貓，或某種寵物相處過，
12:10
and you recognized that those are individuals.
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並把牠們視為獨立的個體，
12:12
And some of you consider them almost part of your family.
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有些人甚至將牠們當作家庭中的一份子。
12:15
If you had a relationship with a penguin,
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如果各位和企鵝相處過，
12:18
you'd see it in the same sort of way.
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你們對待牠們的方式也會一樣。
12:20
They're amazing creatures
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牠們是令人驚嘆的生物，
12:22
that really change how you view the world
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且會改變各位看世界的方式，
12:24
because they're not that different from us:
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因為牠們和我們沒什麼不同。
12:26
They're trying to make a living,
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牠們正試圖維持生活，
12:28
they're trying to raise their offspring,
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牠們正試圖養育後代，
12:30
they're trying to get on and survive in the world.
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牠們正試圖在世界上活下去。
12:33
This is Turbo the Penguin.
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這是隻名叫渦輪的企鵝，
12:35
Turbo's never been fed.
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渦輪從沒被飼養過，
12:37
He met us and got his name
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我們遇到牠，幫牠取了這個名字，
12:39
because he started standing under
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因為牠會站在
12:41
my diesel truck: a turbo truck,
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我的柴油車下面，一輛渦輪增壓車，
12:43
so we named him Turbo.
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所以我們就叫牠渦輪。
12:45
Turbo has taken to knocking on the door with his beak,
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渦輪習慣用牠的喙敲門，
12:47
we let him in and he comes in here.
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我們讓牠進來，然後牠就會到這裡來。
12:49
And I just wanted to show you
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我只是想給各位看看，
12:51
what happened one day
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某天當渦輪帶牠的朋友進來
12:53
when Turbo brought in a friend.
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所發生的一件事。
12:56
So this is Turbo.
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這就是渦輪，
12:58
He's coming up to one of my graduate students and flipper patting,
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牠來到我的研究生面前並拍打自己的蹼，
13:01
which he would do to a female penguin.
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這種舉動牠只會對異性的企鵝做。
13:05
And you can see, he's not trying to bite.
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如各位所見，牠沒有要咬人的意思。
13:07
This guy has never been in before
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這隻傢伙則從未進來過，
13:09
and he's trying to figure out, "What is going on?
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牠正想理解「到底發生了什麼事？
13:11
What is this guy doing?
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這傢伙到底在做什麼？
13:13
This is really pretty weird."
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這真的非常奇怪。」
13:15
And you'll see soon
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你們即將看到
13:17
that my graduate student ...
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我的研究生，
13:19
and you see, Turbo's pretty intent
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也會看到渦輪非常熱切的在
13:21
on his flipper patting.
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拍打自己的蹼。
13:23
And now he's looking at the other guy,
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現在牠看向另一隻同伴，
13:25
saying, "You are really weird."
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並說＂你真的很奇怪＂。
13:27
And now look at this: not friendly.
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再看看這個舉動，不友善。
13:29
So penguins really differ in their personalities
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所以企鵝的個性大異其趣，
13:32
just like our dogs and our cats.
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就像我們的狗和貓一樣。
13:35
We're also trying to collect our information
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我們也正試圖蒐集訊息
13:38
and become more technologically literate.
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並學習掌握更多技術。
13:41
So we're trying to put that
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因此，我們正試著把這些訊息輸入
13:43
in computers in the field.
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相關領域的電腦。
13:45
And penguins are always involved in helping us
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企鵝總是被迫參與我們的研究，要不是協助我們，
13:48
or not helping us in one way or another.
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就是不協助我們。
13:51
This is a radio frequency ID system.
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這是無線電頻率身分識別系統，
13:54
You put a little piece of rice in the foot of a penguin
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我們在每隻企鵝腳上放一小粒米，
13:57
that has a barcode, so it tells you who it is.
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米粒上有條碼以識別每隻企鵝。
13:59
It walks over the pad, and you know who it is.
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只要企鵝踏過墊子，就可以知道這是哪隻企鵝。
14:01
Okay, so here are a few penguins coming in.
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好，現在過來了幾隻企鵝。
14:04
See, this one's coming back to its nest.
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看，這隻正要回到巢穴中。
14:06
They're all coming in at this time,
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牠們都在這個時間過來，
14:08
walking across there, just kind of leisurely coming in.
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走過那邊，並帶著悠閒的感覺。
14:10
Here's a female that's in a hurry. She's got food.
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這裡有隻行色匆匆的母企鵝，
14:12
She's really rushing back, because it's hot,
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牠確實急著趕回去，因為天氣很熱，
14:15
to try to feed her chicks.
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而且牠還要餵小孩。
14:17
And then there's another fellow that will leisurely come by.
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那邊有個傢伙正悠閒的走過來，
14:20
Look how fat he is. He's walking back to feed his chicks.
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看他有多胖，牠也是要回來餵小孩。
14:23
Then I realize that they're playing
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接著，我發現牠們
14:25
king of the box.
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在玩箱子，
14:28
This is my box up here, and this is the system that works.
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這是我的箱子，而這就是正在運作的系統。
14:31
You can see this penguin, he goes over, he looks at those wires,
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你看到這隻企鵝，牠走過去，看了看那些電線，
14:34
does not like that wire.
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牠不喜歡那條電線。
14:37
He unplugs the wire; we have no data.
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牠拔掉插頭，我們的資料也就跟著不見了。
14:40
(Laughter)
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（大笑）
14:42
So, they really are pretty amazing creatures.
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所以牠們真的是令人驚嘆的動物。
14:47
OK.
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好。
14:49
Most important thing is:
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最重要的是，
14:51
Only you can change yourself,
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只有你能改變你自己，
14:53
and only you can change the world
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也只有你才能改變世界，
14:55
and make it better, for people
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讓人們和企鵝所居住的世界，
14:57
as well as penguins.
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變得更為美好。
14:59
So, thank you very much. (Applause)
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非常謝謝各位。
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Dee Boersma - Conservation biologistDee Boersma considers penguins ocean sentinels, helping us understand the effects of pollution, overfishing and climate change on the marine environment.
Why you should listen
To Dee Boersma, penguins are more than charming birds in tuxes. Highly sensitive to variations in the ocean, penguins are sentinels, sounding the alarm on environmental threats to marine ecosystems. As director of the Wildlife Conservation Society's Penguin Project, she has dedicated almost three decades to tracking them in the South Atlantic. Using "nametags" -- numbered metal bands -- Boersma and her team follow hundreds of individual penguins to learn where they go, what they eat and how they survive to the next breeding season.
Boersma's studies show that the birds must now swim further in search of food, costing energy and time, leading to detrimental consequences for their mate and young. Her data does not paint a pretty picture, but local conservation efforts she spearheaded, such as moving oil tanker lanes further from the coast, have been successful. Humans, she notes, are responsible for penguins' current woes but can also be their saviors.
Dee Boersma | Speaker | TED.com