TED2007
Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala: Want to help Africa? Do business here
恩高濟‧歐康卓－伊威拉談非洲的商機
Filmed:
Readability: 4
1,351,670 views
關於非洲，我們有不少負面印象：饑荒和疾病、衝突和貪腐。然而，恩高濟‧歐康卓－伊威拉告訴我們非洲國家不為人知的一面：關於改革、經濟成長和商業機會的事例。
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:30
Thank you very much, Chris. Everybody who came up here
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非常感謝克里斯. 每個上來這個講臺的人
00:33
said they were scared. I don't know if I'm scared,
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都說他們很緊張, 我不確定自己會不會緊張
00:37
but this is my first time of addressing an audience like this.
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但這是我第一次對這麼特別的觀眾群演講
00:41
And I don't have any smart technology for you to look at.
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我的演講不使用任何新穎的科技工具
00:45
There are no slides, so you'll just have to be content with me.
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也沒有投影片, 所以你們只能聽我說
00:48
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
00:51
What I want to do this morning is share with you a couple of stories
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我今天主要想和大家分享幾則案例
00:57
and talk about a different Africa.
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並談談不同於你們印象中的非洲
01:00
Already this morning there were some allusions to the Africa
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提到非洲, 人們往往聯想到
01:04
that you hear about all the time: the Africa of HIV/AIDS,
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HIV 與愛滋病的非洲,
01:09
the Africa of malaria, the Africa of poverty, the Africa of conflict,
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瘧疾的非洲, 貧窮的非洲, 衝突不斷的非洲
01:15
and the Africa of disasters.
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還有充滿災難的非洲
01:18
While it is true that those things are going on,
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沒錯, 這些都是事實
01:22
there's an Africa that you don't hear about very much.
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但這些並不是非洲的全貌
01:26
And sometimes I'm puzzled, and I ask myself why.
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有時候我覺得疑惑, 思考為什麼會如此
01:30
This is the Africa that is changing, that Chris alluded to.
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因為這樣的非洲正在改變, 如同克里斯所說
01:34
This is the Africa of opportunity.
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非洲充滿機會
01:36
This is the Africa where people want to take charge of
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非洲的人們想靠自己的力量
01:39
their own futures and their own destinies.
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改變自己的未來和命運
01:41
And this is the Africa where people are looking for partnerships
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為達成目標, 非洲的人們尋求合作
01:44
to do this. That's what I want to talk about today.
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這就是我今天的主題
01:48
And I want to start by telling you
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我想以一則案例做開頭
01:50
a story about that change in Africa.
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這個案例標誌著非洲的轉變
01:53
On 15th of September 2005, Mr. Diepreye Alamieyeseigha,
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2005 年 9 月 15 日, 奈及利亞前州長
01:58
a governor of one of the oil-rich states of Nigeria,
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Diepreye Alamieyeseigha 在倫敦
02:02
was arrested by the London Metropolitan Police on a visit to London.
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遭倫敦大都會警察局逮捕
02:09
He was arrested because there were transfers of eight million dollars
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他涉嫌盜用 800 萬美元
02:14
that went into some dormant accounts
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透過秘密帳戶洗錢
02:17
that belonged to him and his family.
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將贓款匯進自己和家人的戶頭
02:21
This arrest occurred because there was cooperation
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本次案件為倫敦大都會警察局
02:23
between the London Metropolitan Police
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與奈及利亞經濟金融犯罪委員會聯手合作
02:26
and the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission of Nigeria --
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由能幹又勇敢的努胡‧瑞巴杜領軍
02:29
led by one of our most able and courageous people: Mr. Nuhu Ribadu.
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成功在倫敦將 Diepreye Alamieyeseigha
02:36
Alamieyeseigha was arraigned in London.
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逮捕歸案
02:39
Due to some slip-ups, he managed to escape dressed as a woman
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Alamieyeseigha 原本想扮女裝
02:43
and ran from London back to Nigeria where,
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從倫敦逃回奈及利亞, 但沒有成功
02:46
according to our constitution, those in office
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和許多國家一樣, 我們的憲法規定
02:50
as governors, president -- as in many countries --
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政府官員及總統享有刑事豁免權
02:52
have immunity and cannot be prosecuted. But what happened:
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然而, 奈及利亞國民
02:57
people were so outraged by this behavior that it was possible
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對 Alamieyeseigha 的行為感到非常氣憤
03:01
for his state legislature to impeach him and get him out of office.
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州立法院因而得以直接將其彈劾
03:08
Today, Alams -- as we call him for short -- is in jail.
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現在, Alam 正在坐牢. 我們都簡稱他Alam
03:11
This is a story about the fact that people in Africa
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這個例子顯示, 非洲人民
03:16
are no longer willing to tolerate corruption from their leaders.
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不願再忍受領袖的貪腐
03:22
This is a story about the fact that people want their resources
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這個例子也顯示, 人們希望資源都能
03:27
managed properly for their good, and not taken out to places
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妥善運用, 以人民福祉為出發點
03:32
where they'll benefit just a few of the elite.
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而不是只讓少數菁英階級受惠
03:35
And therefore, when you hear about the corrupt Africa --
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因此, 當你們聽聞在非洲層出不窮的貪腐案例
03:39
corruption all the time -- I want you to know that the people
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有一點必須明瞭, 非洲某些國家
03:43
and the governments are trying hard to fight this
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的政府和人民都努力想改善這樣的情況
03:46
in some of the countries, and that some successes are emerging.
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而且也有些成功的例子
03:50
Does it mean the problem is over? The answer is no.
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不過, 這樣就代表問題結束了嗎? 其實沒有
03:53
There's still a long way to go, but that there's a will there.
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我們還有很長的一段路要走, 我們有願景
03:57
And that successes are being chalked up on this very important fight.
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這些成功都為我們的奮鬥寫下新的記錄
04:01
So when you hear about corruption,
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下次, 當你聽到貪腐
04:03
don't just feel that nothing is being done about this --
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請不要認為我們無動於衷
04:06
that you can't operate in any African country
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請不要認為情況過於嚴重,
04:09
because of the overwhelming corruption. That is not the case.
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你們幫不上忙, 因為事實並非如此
04:12
There's a will to fight, and in many countries, that fight is ongoing
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我們願意為此努力. 在許多國家, 人們起來反抗
04:18
and is being won. In others, like mine,
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而且打了一場漂亮的仗, 在某些國家,
04:22
where there has been a long history of dictatorship in Nigeria,
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例如我的國家奈及利亞, 因為長久以來的獨裁專政
04:25
the fight is ongoing and we have a long way to go.
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要成功非常不容易
04:29
But the truth of the matter is that this is going on.
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但我們仍舊沒有放棄
04:34
The results are showing:
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也有一些成果
04:36
independent monitoring by the World Bank and other organizations
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例如, 世界銀行與其他組織成立獨立監督委員會
04:40
show that in many instances the trend is downwards
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在他們的監督之下,
04:44
in terms of corruption, and governance is improving.
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政府持續進步
04:47
A study by the Economic Commission for Africa showed
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非洲經濟委員會的一項研究指出
04:51
a clear trend upwards in governance in 28 African countries.
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有 28 個非洲國家政府正邁向清廉
04:55
And let me say just one more thing
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在我們進入下個主題之前
04:57
before I leave this area of governance.
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容我補充一點
04:59
That is that people talk about corruption, corruption.
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貪腐是當前重要的議題
05:02
All the time when they talk about it
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人們不斷討論貪腐
05:04
you immediately think about Africa.
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一提到貪腐, 大家就想到非洲
05:06
That's the image: African countries. But let me say this:
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那是多數人的印象, 將貪腐與非洲國家連結
05:10
if Alams was able to export eight million dollars into an account in London --
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但是, 如果 Alams 有辦法將 800 萬美元匯到倫敦,
05:18
if the other people who had taken money, estimated at
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如果有人有辦法從發展中國家流出
05:22
20 to 40 billion now of developing countries' monies
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200 億到 400 億至已開發國家
05:26
sitting abroad in the developed countries -- if they're able to do this,
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如果他們做得到這點
05:29
what is that? Is that not corruption?
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那是怎麼回事? 難道已開發國家沒有貪腐嗎?
05:33
In this country, if you receive stolen goods, are you not prosecuted?
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在你的國家, 如果你收到贓物, 你會不會被起訴呢?
05:38
So when we talk about this kind of corruption, let us also think
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因此, 當我們談到貪腐, 同時也要思考
05:41
about what is happening on the other side of the globe --
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地球上其他地方發生的事
05:44
where the money's going and what can be done to stop it.
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錢為什麼會流向外國? 我們該怎麼阻止這些行動?
05:48
I'm working on an initiative now, along with the World Bank,
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我現在和世界銀行共同執行一項新方案
05:51
on asset recovery, trying to do what we can
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盡我們最大的努力追回原有的資產
05:54
to get the monies that have been taken abroad --
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將流向國外的錢,
05:57
developing countries' moneys -- to get that sent back.
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屬於開發中國家的錢討回來
06:00
Because if we can get the 20 billion dollars sitting out there back,
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如果我們拿得回 200 億
06:03
it may be far more for some of these countries
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對某些國家來說,
06:06
than all the aid that is being put together.
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這樣的金額遠比他們所獲得的援助總額來得多
06:09
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
06:16
The second thing I want to talk about is the will for reform.
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接下來我想談談改革的意願
06:20
Africans, after -- they're tired, we're tired
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非洲長期以來都是慈善與關懷的主角
06:24
of being the subject of everybody's charity and care.
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但他們覺得累了, 我們覺得累了
06:29
We are grateful, but we know that
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我們十分感謝, 但我們知道,
06:33
we can take charge of our own destinies if we have the will to reform.
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若有心改革, 我們的命運掌握在自己手裡
06:38
And what is happening in many African countries now is a realization
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很多非洲國家終於明白, 沒有人可以代替我們,
06:42
that no one can do it but us. We have to do it.
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我們要靠自己的力量起而行動
06:46
We can invite partners who can support us, but we have to start.
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我們可以邀集支持者參與, 但我們自己要先動起來
06:50
We have to reform our economies, change our leadership,
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我們的經濟要改變, 領導階級要改變,
06:53
become more democratic, be more open to change and to information.
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我們要變得更民主, 樂於改變與接收新資訊
06:59
And this is what we started to do
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這正是我們現在在奈及利亞作的事
07:01
in one of the largest countries on the continent, Nigeria.
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奈及利亞是非洲大陸的大國之一
07:04
In fact, if you're not in Nigeria, you're not in Africa.
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事實上, 我要很認真地告訴你們,
07:07
I want to tell you that.
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如果沒到過奈及利亞, 就等於沒到過非洲
07:08
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
07:09
One in four sub-Saharan Africans is Nigerian,
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奈及利亞是南撒哈拉非洲四國之一
07:13
and it has 140 million dynamic people -- chaotic people --
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擁有 1 億 4000 萬人口, 人民組成非常複雜,
07:19
but very interesting people. You'll never be bored.
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但我們的人民都十分有趣, 你永遠不會感到無聊
07:23
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
07:24
What we started to do was to realize
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我們現在做的就是
07:26
that we had to take charge and reform ourselves.
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自我管理並改革
07:29
And with the support of a leader
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我們的領導人
07:31
who was willing, at the time, to do the reforms,
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支持改革, 也願意改革
07:34
we put forward a comprehensive reform program,
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我們自行設計並提出
07:36
which we developed ourselves.
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一個全盤改革計畫
07:38
Not the International Monetary Fund. Not the World Bank,
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這個改革計畫不同於國際貨幣基金,
07:41
where I worked for 21 years and rose to be a vice president.
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不同於我待了二十一年, 擔任常務副行長的世界銀行
07:45
No one can do it for you. You have to do it for yourself.
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沒有人可以幫我們, 我們要自力自強
07:47
We put together a program that would, one: get the state
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這個計畫的目標在於
07:51
out of businesses it had nothing -- it had no business being in.
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讓國家開始進行真正的商業活動
07:55
The state should not be in the business
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國家不應該從事
07:57
of producing goods and services
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生產貨物或服務等商業行為
07:58
because it's inefficient and incompetent.
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不僅沒有效率, 也不合適
08:01
So we decided to privatize many of our enterprises.
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我們決定將多數國營企業民營化
08:05
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
08:10
We -- as a result, we decided to liberalize many of our markets.
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因此, 我們決定開放多數市場
08:14
Can you believe that prior to this reform --
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這個改革從 2003 年年底開始,
08:17
which started at the end of 2003, when I left Washington
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在那之前, 我剛從華盛頓
08:21
to go and take up the post of Finance Minister --
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返國擔任財政部長
08:25
we had a telecommunications company that was only able to develop
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你們相信嗎? 我們的電信公司在 30 年裡
08:29
4,500 landlines in its entire 30-year history?
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竟然只牽了 4500 條電話線?
08:34
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
08:36
Having a telephone in my country was a huge luxury.
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在我的國家, 擁有一台電話是非常奢侈的事
08:39
You couldn't get it. You had to bribe.
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一般人沒辦法擁有, 必須靠賄賂
08:41
You had to do everything to get your phone.
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為了擁有電話, 什麼都得做
08:43
When President Obasanjo supported and launched
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總統奧巴山約支持我們的方案
08:46
the liberalization of the telecommunications sector,
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同意開放電信業民營
08:51
we went from 4,500 landlines to 32 million GSM lines, and counting.
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我們從只有 4500 條電話線進步到有 3200 萬 GSM 線
08:59
Nigeria's telecoms market is the second-fastest growing in the world,
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奈及利亞的電信市場成長率居全球第二
09:04
after China. We are getting investments of about a billion dollars a year
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僅次於中國. 每年約有 10 億元資金投注在電信業
09:09
in telecoms. And nobody knows, except a few smart people.
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除了少數幾個聰明人以外, 沒有人知道
09:15
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
09:18
The smartest one, first to come in,
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最早加入的聰明人是
09:22
was the MTN company of South Africa.
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南非的 MTN 集團
09:24
And in the three years that I was Finance Minister,
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在我擔任財政部長的三年間
09:28
they made an average of 360 million dollars profit per year.
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他們每年的平均獲利為 3 億 6000 萬美元
09:33
360 million in a market -- in a country that is a poor country,
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在一個國民平均所得低於 500 美元的貧窮國家,
09:39
with an average per capita income just under 500 dollars per capita.
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擁有 3億 6000 萬美元的市場,
09:44
So the market is there.
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由此可見非洲的潛力
09:46
When they kept this under wraps, but soon others got to know.
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MTN 集團沒有公開這個訊息, 但不久大家都知道了
09:50
Nigerians themselves began to develop
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奈及利亞人民開始籌組公司,
09:53
some wireless telecommunications companies,
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建立無線網路電信系統
09:55
and three or four others have come in.
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之後陸續有三, 四家公司加入
09:57
But there's a huge market out there,
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但市場還未完全飽和
10:00
and people don't know about it, or they don't want to know.
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世人對此一無所知, 或者說他們毫無興趣
10:05
So privatization is one of the things we've done.
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民營化是我們目前已經上路的政策
10:08
The other thing we've also done is to manage our finances better.
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另一項政策是讓我們的財政制度更健全
10:15
Because nobody's going to help you and support you
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若我們自己不做,
10:18
if you're not managing your own finances well.
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沒有人可以幫我們完成
10:21
And Nigeria, with the oil sector, had the reputation
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奈及利亞的石油業很發達, 然而
10:25
of being corrupt and not managing its own public finances well.
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其貪腐也是出了名, 政府欠缺良好的財政管理
10:30
So what did we try to do? We introduced a fiscal rule
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我們怎麼改變這樣的狀況呢? 我們引進財政法規
10:35
that de-linked our budget from the oil price.
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讓財政預算與石油價格脫勾
10:37
Before we used to just budget on whatever oil we bring in,
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以往, 我們以石油帶來的產值衡量預算
10:41
because oil is the biggest, most revenue-earning sector
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因為石油是我們最大宗, 收益最佳的產業
10:46
in the economy: 70 percent of our revenues come from oil.
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我們國家 70% 的收入都來自石油
10:49
We de-linked that, and once we did it, we began to budget
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我們讓預算與石油收入脫勾, 在那之後,
10:53
at a price slightly lower than the oil price
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我們訂定的預算較石油收入來得少一些
10:56
and save whatever was above that price.
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因此可省下一筆錢
11:01
We didn't know we could pull it off; it was very controversial.
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我們不知道是否能成功, 這項政策備受爭議
11:04
But what it immediately did was that the volatility
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但可以確定的是, 我們的經費波動逐漸減緩
11:07
that had been present in terms of our economic development --
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以往, 奈及利亞的經濟發展極度仰賴石油
11:10
where, even if oil prices were high, we would grow very fast.
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石油價格上升時, 經濟成長快速
11:14
When they crashed, we crashed.
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石油價格下跌, 我們的經濟也跟著衰退
11:16
And we could hardly even pay anything, any salaries, in the economy.
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我們甚至無法支付任何費用, 也無法發給薪水
11:21
That smoothened out. We were able to save, just before I left,
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新政策解決了這樣的窘境. 我們能夠節流
11:25
27 billion dollars. Whereas -- and this went to our reserves --
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在我卸任之前, 共省下 270 億, 這些錢存在國庫
11:31
when I arrived in 2003, we had seven billion dollars in reserves.
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我於 2003 年就任前, 國庫只有 70 億
11:36
By the time I left, we had gone up to almost 30 billion dollars. And
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在我卸任前, 我們共省下約 300 億美元
11:39
as we speak now, we have about 40 billion dollars in reserves
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現在, 財政管理制度得到改善,
11:43
due to proper management of our finances.
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國庫約有 400 億經費
11:48
And that shores up our economy, makes it stable.
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這些錢支撐著我們的經濟, 使其得以穩定發展
11:51
Our exchange rate that used to fluctuate all the time
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我們的外匯率向來起伏不定
11:54
is now fairly stable and being managed so that business people
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但現在已趨穩定, 也在掌控之中
11:58
have a predictability of prices in the economy.
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方便商業人士做預測與評估
12:05
We brought inflation down from 28 percent to about 11 percent.
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我們讓通貨膨脹從 28% 降至 11%
12:11
And we had GDP grow from an average of 2.3 percent the previous decade
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原本我們的國內生產毛額較十年前上升約 2.3%
12:17
to about 6.5 percent now.
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現在已達到 6.5%
12:21
So all the changes and reforms we were able to make
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我們所做的轉變與改革
12:24
have shown up in results that are measurable in the economy.
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已可在經濟活動看到成果
12:27
And what is more important, because we want to get away from oil
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更重要的是, 因為我們想擺脫對石油的依賴
12:31
and diversify -- and there are so many opportunities
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擴大經濟活動範圍.
12:33
in this one big country, as in many countries in Africa --
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如同許多非洲國家一樣, 奈及利亞有很多機會
12:38
what was remarkable is that much of this growth came
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值得注意的是, 我們的成長並不是單靠石油
12:41
not from the oil sector alone, but from non-oil.
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而是石油以外的其他產業
12:44
Agriculture grew at better than eight percent.
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我們的農業成長超過 8%
12:47
As telecoms sector grew, housing and construction,
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電信業, 住宅業與建築業皆有所成長
12:51
and I could go on and on. And this is to illustrate to you that
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這類例子不勝枚舉. 我舉這些例子是為了證明
12:56
once you get the macro-economy straightened out,
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只要總體經濟環境穩固
12:58
the opportunities in various other sectors are enormous.
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其他部門將擁有廣大的發展機會
13:03
We have opportunities in agriculture, like I said.
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如同我先前提到的, 我們的農業前景看好
13:06
We have opportunities in solid minerals. We have a lot of minerals
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我們有豐富的固體礦物
13:10
that no one has even invested in or explored. And we realized
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還有很多礦物尚未開發, 此外我們也明白,
13:13
that without the proper legislation to make that possible,
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若沒有合宜的立法, 就不可能發展礦業
13:16
that wouldn't happen. So we've now got a mining code
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所以我們訂定了採礦法規
13:19
that is comparable with some of the best in the world.
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這項法規與世界上其他礦業法規一樣完備
13:23
We have opportunities in housing and real estate.
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我們的住宅與房地產業前景看好
13:25
There was nothing in a country of 140 million people --
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我的國家有 1 億 4000 萬人,
13:29
no shopping malls as you know them here.
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然而卻沒有大家所熟知的購物中心
13:35
This was an investment opportunity for someone
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這對於某些人來說是投資的機會
13:38
that excited the imagination of people.
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他們正摩拳擦掌, 準備一展鴻圖
13:41
And now, we have a situation in which the businesses in this mall
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現在, 進駐購物中心的企業
13:44
are doing four times the turnover that they had projected.
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總營業額是他們預期中的四倍
13:48
So, huge things in construction, real estate,
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現在, 房地產, 抵押市場等都活絡起來,
13:51
mortgage markets. Financial services:
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我們的財政服務如下:
13:54
we had 89 banks. Too many not doing their real business.
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我們原有 89 間銀行, 但大多不是辦理銀行業務
13:58
We consolidated them from 89 to 25 banks by requiring
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我們將其整併為 25 間
14:02
that they increase their capital -- share capital.
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要求他們增加資本, 也就是股本
14:07
And it went from about 25 million dollars to 150 million dollars.
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股本由原本的 2500 萬增加為 1 億 5000 萬美元
14:12
The banks -- these banks are now consolidated, and that strengthening
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這些銀行經過整合後,
14:16
of the banking system has attracted a lot of investment from outside.
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體系漸漸穩固, 吸引更多外資
14:20
Barclays Bank of the U.K. is bringing in 500 million.
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英國的巴克萊銀行投入 5 億元,
14:24
Standard Chartered has brought in 140 million.
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渣打銀行投入 1 億 4000 萬元
14:28
And I can go on. Dollars, on and on, into the system.
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我還可以舉出很多例子, 資金就這樣一波波湧入
14:31
We are doing the same with the insurance sector.
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保險業也是一樣
14:33
So in financial services, a great deal of opportunity.
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因此在金融服務方面, 我們有很多機會
14:36
In tourism, in many African countries, a great opportunity.
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對很多非洲國家來說, 旅遊業也是個前景在望的產業
14:42
And that's what many people know East Africa for:
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如同世人所熟知, 很多東非國家致力於發展旅遊業
14:46
the wildlife, the elephants, and so on.
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他們有野生動物, 大象等
14:49
But managing the tourism market in a way
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不過, 最重要的還是
14:51
that can really benefit the people is very important.
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選擇有利旅遊業發展的管理方式
14:55
So what am I trying to say? I'm trying to tell you
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為什麼我會這樣說呢? 我想告訴大家
14:58
that there's a new wave on the continent.
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在非洲大陸的一個新興風潮
15:01
A new wave of openness and democratization in which, since 2000,
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從 2000 年開始, 超過三分之二的非洲國家
15:06
more than two-thirds of African countries have had
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走向開放與民主
15:08
multi-party democratic elections.
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舉行多黨民主選舉
15:11
Not all of them have been perfect, or will be,
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雖然目前並不完善, 也可能無法達到完善,
15:14
but the trend is very clear.
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但這股風潮不會停滯
15:16
I'm trying to tell you that since the past three years,
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過去三年來,
15:20
the average rate of growth on the continent has moved
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非洲大陸的年均增長率從
15:23
from about 2.5 percent to about five percent per annum.
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2.5% 進步到 5%
15:27
This is better than the performance of many OECD countries.
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遠比許多 OECD 成員國來得高
15:32
So it's clear that things are changing.
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很明顯地, 非洲的局勢正在改變
15:36
Conflicts are down on the continent;
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非洲大陸的衝突減少了
15:39
from about 12 conflicts a decade ago,
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十年前, 約有十二起衝突
15:41
we are down to three or four conflicts --
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現在已減為三至四起零星衝突
15:43
one of the most terrible, of course, of which is Darfur.
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其中最嚴重的, 無非就是蘇丹的達佛地區
15:46
And, you know, you have the neighborhood effect where
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此外還有鄰近效應,
15:49
if something is going on in one part of the continent,
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當非洲的某一區起了衝突
15:51
it looks like the entire continent is affected.
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整個大陸都會受到影響
15:54
But you should know that this continent is not --
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不過我們必須瞭解
15:57
is a continent of many countries, not one country.
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非洲並非只有一個國家, 而是有許多國家組成
16:03
And if we are down to three or four conflicts,
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如果我們將衝突縮減至只剩三, 四起
16:05
it means that there are plenty of opportunities to invest
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就表示有機會可以創造
16:08
in stable, growing, exciting economies
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穩定, 不斷成長, 激勵人心的經濟
16:15
where there's plenty of opportunity.
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我們有充足的機會
16:19
And I want to just make one point about this investment.
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談到投資, 我只提一點
16:24
The best way to help Africans today
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要幫助非洲, 當前最好的辦法就是
16:27
is to help them to stand on their own feet.
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幫助我們用自己的力量站起來
16:30
And the best way to do that is by helping create jobs.
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從何幫起? 請協助我們創造工作機會
16:35
There's no issue with fighting malaria and putting money in that
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我所指的並不是挹注金錢對抗瘧疾
16:39
and saving children's lives. That's not what I'm saying. That is fine.
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並不是挽救孩童的生命. 這些都很好, 但不是我的重點
16:44
But imagine the impact on a family: if the parents can be employed
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請想像一下, 如果一個家庭的父母親都有工作
16:48
and make sure that their children go to school,
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他們的孩子可以上學
16:50
that they can buy the drugs to fight the disease themselves.
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他們有能力去看病, 買藥, 那不是很好嗎?
16:53
If we can invest in places where you yourselves make money
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如果我們可以資助某些地區
16:57
whilst creating jobs and helping people stand on their own feet,
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幫助人們找到工作, 讓他們能自力更生,
17:02
isn't that a wonderful opportunity? Isn't that the way to go?
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而投資人又可以賺錢, 那不是很好的機會嗎? 我們還在等什麼呢?
17:07
And I want to say that some of the best people to invest in
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我必須告訴大家,
17:10
on the continent are the women.
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目前大力資助非洲大陸的人, 以女性居多
17:13
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
17:20
I have a CD here. I'm sorry that I didn't say anything on time.
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我這裡有一片光碟. 很抱歉, 我們可能沒有時間播放
17:25
Otherwise, I would have liked you to have seen this.
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我原本想讓大家看
17:27
It says, "Africa: Open for Business."
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光碟名稱是: "非洲: 商業新據點"
17:31
And this is a video that has actually won an award
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內容是一部影片,
17:34
as the best documentary of the year.
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這部影片曾獲得年度最佳紀錄片獎,
17:36
Understand that the woman who made it
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製做這部影片的女性
17:38
is going to be in Tanzania, where they're having the session in June.
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在六月將會到坦尚尼亞, 在那裡展開新的拍攝工作
17:44
But it shows you Africans, and particularly African women, who
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這部影片呈現了非洲人, 尤其是非洲女性
17:49
against all odds have developed businesses, some of them world-class.
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如何克服一切困難發展商業, 其中包括國際貿易
17:54
One of the women in this video, Adenike Ogunlesi,
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影片中一位女性叫 Adenike Ogunlesi,
17:57
making children's clothes --
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她是童裝製造商,
17:59
which she started as a hobby and grew into a business.
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原本只是將縫製童裝當作嗜好, 後來自行創業
18:04
Mixing African materials, such as we have,
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融合非洲當地的素材
18:08
with materials from elsewhere.
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與其他地方的素材
18:09
So, she'll make a little pair of dungarees with corduroys,
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例如, 將燈心絨褲子改造為工作褲
18:14
with African material mixed in. Very creative designs,
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加入非洲的素材. 她的設計非常有創意
18:20
has reached a stage where she even had an order from Wal-Mart.
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生意十分成功, 甚至連美國的 Wal-Mart 公司都向她訂貨
18:24
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
18:26
For 10,000 pieces.
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訂了 10000 件
18:29
So that shows you that we have people who are capable of doing.
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這個例子顯示我們的人民是有能力辦得到的
18:33
And the women are diligent. They are focused; they work hard.
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非洲的婦女非常勤奮, 她們專心致志, 她們認真工作
18:38
I could go on giving examples:
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我還可以舉出其他例子:
18:40
Beatrice Gakuba of Rwanda, who opened up a flower business
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盧安達的 Beatrice Gakuba 從事花業,
18:44
and is now exporting to the Dutch auction in Amsterdam each morning
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每天早上, 她的花都會送至荷蘭阿姆斯特丹拍賣
18:49
and is employing 200 other women and men to work with her.
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除此之外, 她的公司還僱用了 200 位女性與男性
18:54
However, many of these are starved for capital to expand,
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然而, 許多公司面臨資本不足的困境
18:59
because nobody believes outside of our countries
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因為非洲以外的其他國家不相信
19:02
that we can do what is necessary. Nobody thinks in terms of a market.
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我們辦得到. 沒有人認為非洲有市場
19:07
Nobody thinks there's opportunity.
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沒有人認為非洲有機會
19:10
But I'm standing here saying that those who miss the boat now,
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但我現在站在這裡, 我要告訴大家, 沒有抓緊機會的人,
19:13
will miss it forever.
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將永久失去機會
19:15
So if you want to be in Africa, think about investing.
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所以如果你們想幫助非洲, 可以考慮投資
19:22
Think about the Beatrices, think about the Adenikes of this world,
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想想 Beatrice 的例子, 想想 Adenikes 的例子
19:28
who are doing incredible things, that are bringing them
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她們都在為全球經濟帶來不可思議的力量
19:31
into the global economy, whilst at the same time making sure
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同時也讓她們
19:34
that their fellow men and women are employed,
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的同胞獲得工作機會
19:37
and that the children in those households get educated
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這些家庭的孩子因而得以接受教育
19:39
because their parents are earning adequate income.
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因為他們的父母有足夠的經濟來源
19:43
So I invite you to explore the opportunities.
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所以, 我想邀請大家一起探索更多機會
19:48
When you go to Tanzania, listen carefully,
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當你到坦尚尼亞, 請注意,
19:52
because I'm sure you will hear of the various openings that there will be
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我確信你一定會發現那裡充滿許多機會
19:56
for you to get involved in something that will do good
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若你參與其中, 不僅可為你自己帶來助益,
20:01
for the continent, for the people and for yourselves.
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非洲人民與整個非洲大陸也可因而受惠
20:06
Thank you very much.
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1181000
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謝謝大家
20:07
(Applause)
317
1182000
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(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala - EconomistNgozi Okonjo-Iweala is a respected global economist.
Why you should listen
Okonjo-Iweala was the Finance Minister of Nigeria, Africa’s largest economy, from 2003 to 2006, and then briefly the country’s Foreign Affairs Minister, the first woman to hold either position. From 2011 to 2015 she was again named Minister of Finance and Coordinating Minister for the Economy of Nigeria. Between those terms, from 2007 to 2011, she was one of the managing director of the World Bank and a candidate to the organization’s presidency. She is now a senior advisor at financial advisory and asset management firm Lazard, and she chairs the Board of the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization. At the World Bank, she worked for change in Africa and assistance for low-income countries. As Finance Minister, she attacked corruption to make Nigeria more transparent and desirable for investment and jobs, an activism that attracted criticism from circles opposed to reform.
Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala | Speaker | TED.com