TED2018
Laura L. Dunn: It's time for the law to protect victims of gender violence
蘿拉 L. 鄧恩: 立法保護性別暴力受害者的時候到了
Filmed:
Readability: 6.6
1,160,633 views
如果要在美國建立準則讓性別暴力犯罪者負責任，我們就得要改變戰略，受害者的人權律師及 TED 研究會員蘿拉 L. 鄧恩如是說。我們需要的不是一間一間機構去拜訪，為改革而戰，我們需要的是把矛頭指向憲法，最終要通過平等權利修正案，以要求各州去處理性別不平等與性暴力罪刑。「藉由引導全面的改變，」鄧恩說：「我們的法律體制才能變成正義的體制，而『我也是』才終於能夠變成『不再發生』」。
Laura L. Dunn - Victims' rights attorney
TED Fellow Laura L. Dunn advocates for survivors of campus sexual violence through effective legal assistance, policy advocacy, and institutional training. Full bio
TED Fellow Laura L. Dunn advocates for survivors of campus sexual violence through effective legal assistance, policy advocacy, and institutional training. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Throughout the United States,
there is growing social awareness
there is growing social awareness
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在美國各地，
社會意識不斷在成長，
社會意識不斷在成長，
00:17
that sexual violence and harassment
are far too common occurrences
are far too common occurrences
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意識到性暴力和性騷擾太常發生在
00:20
within our various institutions --
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我們的各種機構當中——
00:23
occurrences often
without any accountability.
without any accountability.
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發生卻沒有人負責。
00:27
As a result, the Me Too
movement is upon us,
movement is upon us,
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因此，出現了「我也是」運動，
00:29
and survivors everywhere
are speaking out to demand change.
are speaking out to demand change.
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各地的性暴力倖存者
都勇於出聲，要求改變。
都勇於出聲，要求改變。
00:32
Students have rallied against
sexual assault on campus.
sexual assault on campus.
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學生團結起來，對抗校園性侵。
00:35
Service members have demanded
Congress reform the military,
Congress reform the military,
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軍隊成員要求國會要改革軍方，
00:39
and workers ranging from
Hollywood stars to janitorial staff
Hollywood stars to janitorial staff
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還有勞動者，從好萊塢
明星到工友都有，
明星到工友都有，
00:43
have called out sexual harassment
in the workplace.
in the workplace.
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大聲說出在工作場所的性騷擾遭遇。
00:47
This is a tipping point.
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這是個關鍵轉折點。
00:49
This is when a social movement
can create lasting legal change.
can create lasting legal change.
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在這樣的時刻，社會運動
能夠創造出長久的法律改變。
能夠創造出長久的法律改變。
00:53
But only if we switch tactics.
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但前提是我們要改變戰略。
00:56
Instead of going institution
by institution, fighting for reform,
by institution, fighting for reform,
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不是再一個機構一個機構
造訪，為改革而戰，
造訪，為改革而戰，
01:01
it's time to go to the Constitution.
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現在該是把矛頭
指向憲法的時候了。
指向憲法的時候了。
01:04
As it stands, the US Constitution
denies fundamental protections
denies fundamental protections
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現在的美國憲法拒絕將基本的保護
01:08
to victims of gender violence
such as sexual assault,
such as sexual assault,
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提供給性別暴力受害者，如性侵、
01:11
intimate partner violence
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親密伴侶暴力，
01:13
and stalking.
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及跟蹤的受害者。
01:14
Specifically, the Fourteenth Amendment
of the Constitution,
of the Constitution,
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明確來說，憲法第十四修正案
01:17
which prohibits state governments
from abusing its citizens,
from abusing its citizens,
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禁止州政府虐待其公民，
01:22
does not require state
governments to intervene
governments to intervene
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但它卻沒有要求州政府去干涉
01:24
when private parties abuse its citizens.
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私方對於其公民的虐待。
01:28
So what does that mean in real life?
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那在現實中是什麼意思？
01:30
That means that when a woman
calls the police from her home,
calls the police from her home,
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意思就是，當一名女子
從家中打電話報警，
從家中打電話報警，
01:33
afraid that an intruder may attack her,
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說她很害怕，覺得有位
闖入者可能會攻擊她，
闖入者可能會攻擊她，
01:36
she is not entitled
to the state's protection.
to the state's protection.
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此時她卻沒資格得到州的保護。
01:40
Not only can the police fail to respond,
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不但警方可以不回應，
01:43
but she will be left
without any legal remedy
without any legal remedy
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若最後確實發生了
本可預防的傷害，
本可預防的傷害，
01:45
if preventable harm occurs as a result.
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她仍然無法得到任何法律賠償。
01:49
How can this be?
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怎麼會這樣？
01:50
It is because the state, theoretically,
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原因是因為，在理論上，
01:53
acts on behalf of
all citizens collectively,
all citizens collectively,
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州可以代表整體公民來做事，
01:57
not any one citizen individually.
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但不可代表個別的公民。
02:00
The resulting constitutional flaw
directly contradicts international law,
directly contradicts international law,
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這樣所產生出來的憲法瑕疵，
直接與國際法律抵觸，
直接與國際法律抵觸，
02:05
which requires nation-states to intervene
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國際法律要求民族國家要干涉
02:07
and protect citizens against
gender violence by private parties
gender violence by private parties
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並保護公民，
避免受到私方的性別暴力，
避免受到私方的性別暴力，
02:11
as a human right.
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這是一種人權。
02:13
Instead of requiring intervention,
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我們的憲法不但沒有要求干涉，
02:15
our Constitution leaves discretion --
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反而是把酌情權——
02:18
discretion that states have used
to discriminate systemically
to discriminate systemically
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州用來做系統性區別的酌情權——
02:21
to deny countless victims any remedy.
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用來拒絕提供任何賠償給受害者。
02:25
Unlike what you may have seen
on "Law & Order: SVU,"
on "Law & Order: SVU,"
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和影集《法律與秩序：特殊受害者》
演的不一樣，
演的不一樣，
02:28
justice is rare for victims
of gender violence.
of gender violence.
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性別暴力的受害者通常
都不會見到正義伸張。
都不會見到正義伸張。
02:31
And even in those rare cases
where law enforcement has chosen to act,
where law enforcement has chosen to act,
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即使在少數的案例中，
執法單位選擇採取行動，
執法單位選擇採取行動，
02:36
victims have no rights
during the resulting criminal process.
during the resulting criminal process.
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在發生的刑事訴訟過程中，
受害者也沒有權利可言。
受害者也沒有權利可言。
02:40
You see, victims are not parties
in a criminal case.
in a criminal case.
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你們要知道，在刑事案件中，
受害者並不算其中一方。
受害者並不算其中一方。
02:43
Rather, they are witnesses;
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他們的身分倒是像個證人。
02:45
their bodies, evidence.
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他們的身體，是證據。
02:48
The prosecution does not represent
the interests of a victim.
the interests of a victim.
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檢方並不代表受害者的利益。
02:52
Rather, the prosecution represents
the interests of the state.
the interests of the state.
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檢方代表的反而是州的利益。
02:56
And the state has the discretion
to dismiss criminal charges,
to dismiss criminal charges,
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而州有酌情權，
可以駁回刑事指控，
可以駁回刑事指控，
02:59
enter lax plea deals
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進入鬆散的認罪協商，
03:01
and otherwise remove
a victim's voice from the process,
a victim's voice from the process,
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並用其他方式讓受害者
無法在訴訟過程中發聲，
無法在訴訟過程中發聲，
03:04
because again,
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因為，同樣的，
03:06
a state theoretically represents
the interests of all citizens collectively
the interests of all citizens collectively
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理論上，州代表的是
所有公民的集體利益，
所有公民的集體利益，
03:11
and not any one citizen individually.
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不是任何個別公民。
03:16
Despite this constitutional flaw,
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儘管憲法有瑕疵，
03:18
some victims of gender violence
have found protections
have found protections
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有些性別暴力的受害者還是在
聯邦公民權法規底下找到保護，
03:20
under federal Civil Rights statutes,
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03:22
such as Title IX.
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如教育法修正案第九條。
03:24
Title IX is not just about sports.
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教育法修正案第九條
不只和運動有關。
不只和運動有關。
03:26
Rather, it prohibits all forms
of sex discrimination,
of sex discrimination,
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它禁止所有形式的性別歧視，
03:29
including sexual violence and harassment
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包括在接受聯邦資助的
教育專案計畫中
教育專案計畫中
03:32
within educational programs
that accept federal funding.
that accept federal funding.
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發生的性暴力和性騷擾。
03:36
While initially targeting
sex discrimination within admissions,
sex discrimination within admissions,
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雖然一開始的目標是
為了防止入學的性別歧視，
為了防止入學的性別歧視，
03:39
Title IX has actually evolved over time
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教育法修正案第九條
仍有隨著時間演變，
仍有隨著時間演變，
03:42
to require educational institutions
to intervene and address gender violence
to intervene and address gender violence
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開始要求教育機構
干涉和處理性別暴力，
干涉和處理性別暴力，
03:46
when committed by certain parties,
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只要是由某些方所犯下的，
03:48
such as when teachers, students
or campus visitors commit sexual assault
or campus visitors commit sexual assault
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比如老師、學生，
或校園訪客犯下性侵
或校園訪客犯下性侵
03:53
or harassment.
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或性騷擾。
03:55
So what this means
is that through Title IX,
is that through Title IX,
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所以，意思就是說，
透過教育法修正案第九條，
透過教育法修正案第九條，
03:58
those who seek access to education
are protected against gender violence
are protected against gender violence
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接受教育的人能受到保護，
不受到性別暴力的傷害，
不受到性別暴力的傷害，
04:02
in a way that otherwise
does not exist under the law.
does not exist under the law.
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在法律之下，其他情況
是沒有這種保護方式的。
是沒有這種保護方式的。
04:05
It is Title IX that requires
educational institutions
educational institutions
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教育法修正案第九條要求教育機構
04:09
to take reports
of gender violence seriously,
of gender violence seriously,
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要認真看待關於性別暴力的通報，
04:11
or to suffer liability.
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否則就要負責任。
04:14
And through campus-level proceedings,
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透過校園層級的訴訟程序，
04:16
Title IX goes so far as to give
victims equitable rights
victims equitable rights
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教育法修正案第九條
能夠做到在校園訴訟程序中
能夠做到在校園訴訟程序中
04:19
during the campus process,
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給予受害者公平的權利，
04:21
which means that victims can represent
their own interests during proceedings,
their own interests during proceedings,
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也就是說，在訴訟程序中，
受害者可以代表他們自身的利益，
受害者可以代表他們自身的利益，
04:25
rather than relying on
educational institutions to do so.
educational institutions to do so.
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而不用依靠教育機構
來代表他們的利益。
來代表他們的利益。
04:30
And that's really important,
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這點十分重要，
04:31
because educational institutions have
historically swept gender violence
historically swept gender violence
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因為教育機構過去有不良記錄，
刻意隱瞞性別暴力，
04:35
under the rug,
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04:36
much like our criminal justice
system does today.
system does today.
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和我們現今的刑事司法體制很像。
04:40
So while Civil Rights
protects some victims,
protects some victims,
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所以，雖然公民權能保護一些受害者，
04:42
we should want to protect all victims.
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我們應該要保護的是所有的受害者。
04:45
Rather than going
institution by institution,
institution by institution,
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與其一個機構一個機構造訪，
04:48
fighting for reform on campus,
in the military, in the workplace,
in the military, in the workplace,
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為了校園、軍隊、
工作場所的改革而戰，
工作場所的改革而戰，
04:51
it's time to go to the Constitution
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現在該是把矛頭指向憲法，
04:55
and pass the Equal Rights Amendment.
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並通過平等權利修正案的時候了。
04:57
Originally proposed in 1923,
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平等權利修正案
原本在 1923 年提出，
原本在 1923 年提出，
04:59
the Equal Rights Amendment would guarantee
gender equality under the law,
gender equality under the law,
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旨在保障法律下的性別平等，
05:04
and much like Title IX on campus,
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很像教育法修正案第九條之於校園，
05:06
that constitutional amendment could
require states to intervene
require states to intervene
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該憲法修正案能夠要求各州去干涉
05:09
and address gender violence
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並處理性別暴力，
05:11
as a prohibitive form
of sex discrimination.
of sex discrimination.
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做為禁止性別歧視的一種措施。
05:14
While the Equal Rights Amendment
did not pass in the 1970s,
did not pass in the 1970s,
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雖然在七○年代，
平等權利修正案沒有被通過，
平等權利修正案沒有被通過，
05:18
it actually came within
three states of doing so.
three states of doing so.
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其實已經有三個州就快要通過了。
05:21
And within the last year,
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去年，
05:22
at least one of those states
has ratified the amendment,
has ratified the amendment,
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至少其中一州已經批准了該修正案，
05:26
because we live
in different political times.
in different political times.
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因為我們身在不同的政治時代。
05:29
From the Women's March
to the Me Too movement,
to the Me Too movement,
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從女性大遊行到「我也是」運動，
05:31
we have the growing
political will of the people
political will of the people
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大家不斷成長的政治意志
05:34
necessary to create lasting, legal change.
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已經足以創造出長久的法律變遷。
所以，身為維護受害者權利的律師，
05:37
So as a victims' rights attorney
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05:38
fighting to increase
the prospect of justice
the prospect of justice
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我努力為全國各地的倖存者
05:41
for survivors across the country
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伸張正義，
05:43
and as a survivor myself,
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我也同為受害者，
05:46
I'm not here to say, "Time's Up."
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我不是來這裡說「時間到了」。
05:49
I'm here to say, "It's time."
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我是來這裡說「是時候了」。
05:51
It's time for accountability
to become the norm after gender violence.
to become the norm after gender violence.
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該是建立準則讓性別暴力
犯罪者負責任的時候了。
犯罪者負責任的時候了。
05:54
It's time to pass
the Equal Rights Amendment,
the Equal Rights Amendment,
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該是通過平等權利修正案的時候了，
05:58
so that our legal system
can become a system of justice,
can become a system of justice,
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這樣我們的法律體制
才能變成正義的體制，
才能變成正義的體制，
06:01
and #MeToo can finally become "no more."
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而「我也是」才能終於
能夠變成「不再發生」。
能夠變成「不再發生」。
06:06
Thank you.
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謝謝。
06:07
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Laura L. Dunn - Victims' rights attorneyTED Fellow Laura L. Dunn advocates for survivors of campus sexual violence through effective legal assistance, policy advocacy, and institutional training.
Why you should listen
Laura L. Dunn, Esq., advances victims' rights through legislative and policy efforts, as well as direct representation of survivors in campus, criminal and civil systems. As a nationally-recognized victim-turned-victims’ rights attorney and social entrepreneur, her work has been featured by National Public Radio, PEOPLE Magazine, Forbes, the National Law Journal, the New York Times and many more .
While a law student, Dunn contributed to the 2011 and 2014 Title IX guidance issued by the US Department of Education. She also worked with Congress to pass the 2013 Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act and its federal regulations. For this advocacy, Vice President Joe Biden and Senate Judiciary Chairman Patrick Leahy have publicly recognized Dunn. Upon graduation from Maryland Law, she founded the survivor-led and DC-based legal organization, SurvJustice. It is still the only national nonprofit representing victims of campus sexual violence in hearings across the country and is currently the lead plaintiff in a pending federal lawsuit against the Trump administration over Title IX.
As an attorney, Dunn is now a published legal scholar, an adjunct law professor, a member of the American Bar Association's Commission on Domestic & Sexual Violence and its Criminal Justice Section's Task Force on College Due Process, a liaison to the American Law Institute’s Model Penal Code on Sexual Assault and its Student Sexual Misconduct Project, an accomplished litigator who helped win the first-ever recognition of a federal victim-advocate privilege in court and an expert legal consultant on various campus sexual assault lawsuits.
For her work, Dunn has received a 2015 Echoing Green Global Fellowship, the 2016 Benjamin Cardin Public Service Award, the 2017 Department of Justice’s Special Courage Award and a 2018 TED Fellowship, along with other honors and recognitions.
Laura L. Dunn | Speaker | TED.com