TEDSalon London Spring 2012
Georgette Mulheir: The tragedy of orphanages
Georgette Mulheir：孤兒院的悲劇
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孤兒院不僅花費高，而且還會造成兒童心理與生理上無法恢復的傷害。既然如此，為什麼孤兒院依然普遍存在呢？Georgette Mulheir 沉重地指出孤兒院所造成的悲劇，並且力勸大眾終止對孤兒院的依賴，透過其它替代方式來幫助需要的孩童。
Georgette Mulheir - CEO, Lumos
Georgette Mulheir is a pioneer for the movement to end child abuse in the form of orphanages. Full bio
Georgette Mulheir is a pioneer for the movement to end child abuse in the form of orphanages. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:17
Across Europe and Central Asia,
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在歐洲和中亞
00:19
approximately one million children live in large
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大約有一百萬名孩童
00:22
residential institutions, usually known as orphanages.
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住在大型收容機構，通常稱為孤兒院
00:26
Most people imagine orphanages as a benign environment
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大部份的人想像中的孤兒院
00:29
that care for children.
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是可以照顧孩童的優良環境
00:31
Others know more about the living conditions there,
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其他人雖然了解孤兒院的居住環境
00:34
but still think they're a necessary evil.
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仍然認為孤兒院的存在是必要之惡
00:36
After all, where else would we put all of those children
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否則，我們還能將那些失去父母親的小孩
00:40
who don't have any parents?
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安置在哪裡呢？
00:42
But 60 years of research has demonstrated
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經過六十年的研究
00:45
that separating children from their families
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發現讓小孩與原生家庭分開
00:48
and placing them in large institutions
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並把他們安置在大型收容機構
00:50
seriously harms their health and development,
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會嚴重影響他們的健康與發展
00:53
and this is particularly true for young babies.
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對嬰兒來說更為嚴重
00:56
As we know, babies are born
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就我們所知
00:58
without their full muscle development,
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嬰兒出生時肌肉和大腦
01:01
and that includes the brain.
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都尚未發展完全
01:03
During the first three years of life, the brain grows
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在三歲以前，大腦會發育至完整的大小
01:06
to its full size, with most of that growth taking place
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在六個月大前，則會完成大部份的成長
01:09
in the first six months. The brain develops
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大腦就能夠對體驗和刺激
01:11
in response to experience and to stimulation.
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做出反應
01:14
Every time a young baby learns something new --
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每一次新生兒學習新的事物
01:18
to focus its eyes,
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－－比如雙眼對焦
01:20
to mimic a movement or a facial expression,
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模仿一個動作或是臉部表情
01:23
to pick something up, to form a word or to sit up --
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撿起東西、學習單字、或是坐下－－
01:27
new synaptic connections are being built in the brain.
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大腦中會產生新的聯結
01:30
New parents are astonished by the rapidity of this learning.
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新手家長對這樣快速地學習感到驚訝
01:34
They are quite rightly amazed and delighted by their children's cleverness.
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他們會對孩子的聰穎感到吃驚與開心
01:39
They communicate their delight to their children,
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他們會向孩子表達出喜悅
01:42
who respond with smiles,
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孩子露出笑容
01:44
and a desire to achieve more and to learn more.
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並且期待學會與完成更多事情
01:48
This forming of the powerful attachment between child and parent
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在父母與孩子之間強大的連結過程
01:52
provides the building blocks for physical, social,
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幫助了肢體、社交、語言、認知
01:55
language, cognitive and psychomotor development.
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以及心理性肌肉運動的發展
01:58
It is the model for all future relationships with friends,
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這是未來與朋友、夥伴以及與他們自己的小孩
02:03
with partners and with their own children.
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的人際互動範本
02:06
It happens so naturally in most families
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這件事很自然地在大部份的家庭中發生
02:08
that we don't even notice it. Most of us are unaware
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以致於我們從未察覺
02:11
of its importance to human development and, by extension,
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其對人類發展以及延伸出來
02:15
to the development of a healthy society.
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對健康社會發展的重要性
02:18
And it's only when it goes wrong that we start to realize
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直到事情開始發生狀況
02:20
the importance of families to children.
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我們才開始懂得家庭對孩童的重要性
02:23
In August, 1993, I had my first opportunity to witness
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在1993年八月時
02:27
on a massive scale the impact on children
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我有了第一次的機會見證
02:31
of institutionalization and the absence of parenting.
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機構化與缺少養育對孩童的重大影響
02:36
Those of us who remember the newspaper reports
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我們之中有些人還記得
02:38
that came out of Romania after the 1989 revolution
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1989年羅馬尼亞革命後的新聞報導
02:42
will recall the horrors of the conditions in some of those institutions.
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都會回想起在某些收容機構裡的恐怖狀況
02:46
I was asked to help the director of a large institution to
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我被邀請去幫助大型機構的主管
02:49
help prevent the separation of children from their families.
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協助他們預防孩童與家庭分離
02:53
Housing 550 babies, this was Ceausescu's show orphanage,
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壽西斯古的示範孤兒院目前照顧550名嬰孩
02:57
and so I'd been told the conditions were much better.
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他們告訴我這樣的情況已經改善很多了
03:00
Having worked with lots of young children, I expected
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我有許多和幼童工作的經驗
03:02
the institution to be a riot of noise,
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因此在我的預期中
機構應該會有很多的噪音
機構應該會有很多的噪音
03:05
but it was as silent as a convent.
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但這裡卻靜得像修道院
03:07
It was hard to believe there were any children there at all,
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很難相信這裡面居然有小孩
03:10
yet the director showed me into room after room,
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主管帶我走過一間又一間的宿舍
03:13
each containing row upon row of cots,
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每一間裡面有好幾排的小床
03:16
in each of which lay a child staring into space.
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每一張床上都躺著一個凝視著空氣的孩子
03:22
In a room of 40 newborns, not one of them was crying.
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在一間有40名新生兒的房間裡
沒有一個孩子在哭
沒有一個孩子在哭
03:25
Yet I could see soiled nappies, and I could see
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我可以看到有已經髒了的尿布
03:27
that some of the children were distressed,
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還有一些難過的孩童
03:29
but the only noise was a low, continuous moan.
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然而唯一聽得見的噪音
只是不間斷的低沉呻吟聲
只是不間斷的低沉呻吟聲
03:33
The head nurse told me proudly,
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護理長驕傲地告訴我：
03:35
"You see, our children are very well-behaved."
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「你看，我們的小孩都很有教養。」
03:38
Over the next few days, I began to realize
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在之後的幾天裡
我開始了解
我開始了解
03:41
that this quietness was not exceptional.
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這樣的寧靜並不奇怪
03:43
The newly admitted babies would cry for the first few hours,
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新進的孩子也許會在前幾個小時哭
03:47
but their demands were not met, and so eventually
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但是他們的需求並未被滿足
03:49
they learned not to bother. Within a few days,
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最後他們就學會了不吵人
03:51
they were listless, lethargic, and staring into space
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幾天內，他們就會變得無精打采、成天昏睡
03:55
like all the others.
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然後變得和其他人一樣都凝視著空氣
03:57
Over the years, many people and news reports
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歷年來，許多民眾和新聞報導
04:00
have blamed the personnel in the institutions
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指責機構裡的工作人員
04:02
for the harm caused to the children, but often, one member
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因為他們傷害了孩子
04:05
of staff is caring for 10, 20, and even 40 children.
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但是通常一名職員得照顧10個、20個
甚至是40名孩童
甚至是40名孩童
04:09
Hence they have no option but to implement a regimented program.
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因此他們別無他法，只能將工作標準化
04:13
The children must be woken at 7 and fed at 7:30.
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七點要叫孩子起床、七點半要餵食
04:17
At 8, their nappies must be changed, so a staff member
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八點一到，他們的尿布就得換了
04:20
may have only 30 minutes to feed 10 or 20 children.
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所以一名員工只有半小時
來餵飽十個或二十個孩子
來餵飽十個或二十個孩子
04:23
If a child soils its nappy at 8:30, he will have to wait
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如果一個孩子在八點半時弄髒了尿布
04:27
several hours before it can be changed again.
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他得等上好幾個小時才能換上乾淨的尿布
04:30
The child's daily contact with another human being
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孩子與其他人的日常接觸
04:32
is reduced to a few hurried minutes of feeding and changing,
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被減少到只有在餵食和換尿布時的匆促幾分鐘
04:37
and otherwise their only stimulation is the ceiling,
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否則他們唯一的刺激
04:40
the walls or the bars of their cots.
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就只有天花板、牆壁或是小床的橫板
04:44
Since my first visit to Ceausescu's institution,
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自從我第一次抵達壽西斯古的機構後
04:47
I've seen hundreds of such places across 18 countries,
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我已去了上百個類似的地方
04:50
from the Czech Republic to Sudan.
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從捷克到蘇丹等十八個國家
04:53
Across all of these diverse lands and cultures,
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在這些不同的地方、文化、機構
04:56
the institutions, and the child's journey through them,
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以及孩子在這之間的旅程
04:59
is depressingly similar.
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遺憾地都很雷同
05:02
Lack of stimulation often leads to self-stimulating behaviors
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缺乏刺激通常會造成自我刺激行為
05:05
like hand-flapping, rocking back and forth,
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像是拍手、前後搖晃或是侵略行為
05:08
or aggression, and in some institutions, psychiatric drugs
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在某些機構中，精神疾病的藥物
05:11
are used to control the behavior of these children,
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被用來控制這些孩子的行為
05:14
whilst in others, children are tied up to prevent them
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在其它情況時
為了避免孩子傷害自己或是其他人
為了避免孩子傷害自己或是其他人
05:17
from harming themselves or others.
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孩子會被綁起來
05:19
These children are quickly labeled as having disabilities
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這些孩子很快地會被貼上身心障礙者的標籤
05:22
and transferred to another institution for children with disabilities.
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然後被轉介到另一家
服務身心障礙孩童的機構
服務身心障礙孩童的機構
05:25
Most of these children will never leave the institution again.
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大部份這樣的孩子都不會再次離開所屬的機構
05:30
For those without disabilities, at age three,
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然而，對於沒有身心障礙的孩子
05:32
they're transferred to another institution, and at age seven,
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滿三歲時，他們會被轉到另一間機構
05:35
to yet another. Segregated according to age and gender,
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七歲時，再轉到另一間
他們會被依照年齡和性別來隔離
他們會被依照年齡和性別來隔離
05:39
they are arbitrarily separated from their siblings,
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他們被迫和兄弟姊妹分離
05:41
often without even a chance to say goodbye.
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而且通常連道別的機會都沒有
05:45
There's rarely enough to eat. They are often hungry.
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他們很少吃得飽
通常都處在飢餓的狀態
通常都處在飢餓的狀態
05:48
The older children bully the little ones. They learn to
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年長的孩子會覇凌年幼的孩子
05:51
survive. They learn to defend themselves, or they go under.
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他們學著生存、保護自己
否則他們的性命就會不保
否則他們的性命就會不保
05:54
When they leave the institution, they find it really difficult
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當他們離開機構
05:58
to cope and to integrate into society.
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會發現難以適應、融入社會
06:01
In Moldova, young women raised in institutions
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在摩爾多瓦
機構裡長大的年輕的女性
機構裡長大的年輕的女性
06:04
are 10 times more likely to be trafficked than their peers,
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被販賣的機率是同儕的十倍
06:08
and a Russian study found that two years after leaving institutions,
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一份俄國的報告指出，青少年離開機構兩年後
06:12
young adults, 20 percent of them had a criminal record,
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其中有百分之二十的人有犯罪紀錄
06:17
14 percent were involved in prostitution,
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百分之十四的人從事性交易
06:20
and 10 percent had taken their own lives.
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百分之十的人自殺了
06:24
But why are there so many orphans in Europe
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但是為什麼這幾年沒有很多戰爭或是天災
06:27
when there hasn't been a great deal of war or disaster in recent years?
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在歐洲仍有許多孤兒？
06:31
In fact, more than 95 percent of these children have living parents,
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事實上，其中超過百分之九十五的孩子
他們的父母還在世
他們的父母還在世
06:35
and societies tend to blame these parents
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通常社會上的輿論傾向責備這些家長
06:37
for abandoning these children, but research shows that
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遺棄他們的孩子
06:40
most parents want their children, and that the primary drivers
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但是研究報告顯示大部份的家長想要留住孩子
06:43
behind institutionalization
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而造成機構收養的主因
06:46
are poverty, disability and ethnicity.
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來自於貧窮、身心障礙以及種族身份等問題
06:50
Many countries have not developed inclusive schools,
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許多國家並未發展全納教育的學校
06:53
and so even children with a very mild disability
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因此即使孩子有非常輕微的身心障礙
06:56
are sent away to a residential special school,
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都會在六到七歲的時候
06:58
at age six or seven.
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被送到住宿型的特教學校
07:00
The institution may be hundreds of miles away from the family home.
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機構可能離家好幾百英里遠
07:04
If the family's poor, they find it difficult to visit,
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如果這戶人家很窮
他們會發現探訪孩子不容易
他們會發現探訪孩子不容易
07:07
and gradually the relationship breaks down.
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然後他們彼此間的關係就會逐漸變淡
07:11
Behind each of the million children in institutions,
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上百萬名在機構裡居住的孩子背後
07:14
there is usually a story of parents who are desperate
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通常都會有一段故事
07:18
and feel they've run out of options, like Natalia in Moldova,
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關於他們的家長感到絕望、別無他法
像是住在摩爾多瓦的納塔莉亞
像是住在摩爾多瓦的納塔莉亞
07:23
who only had enough money to feed her baby,
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她所有的錢只夠餵飽孩子
07:26
and so had to send her older son to the institution;
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所以她必須將長子送到機構裡
07:29
or Desi, in Bulgaria, who looked after her four children
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或是住在保加利亞的德西
07:32
at home until her husband died,
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她的丈夫還在世前，她在家帶四個小孩
07:34
but then she had to go out to work full time,
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但是在她的丈夫過世之後
她必須去做全職工作
她必須去做全職工作
07:37
and with no support, felt she had no option
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由於沒有任何支援，別無他法
07:39
but to place a child with disabilities in an institution;
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她不得不送出一名身障的孩子到機構去
07:43
or the countless young girls too terrified to tell their parents
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另外還有一些數不清的年輕女孩
07:46
they're pregnant, who leave their babies in a hospital;
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由於太害怕要告訴父母她們懷孕了
因此把寶寶留在醫院裡
因此把寶寶留在醫院裡
07:49
or the new parents, the young couple who have
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也有一些新手父母
07:52
just found out that their firstborn child has a disability,
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發現他們的第一個孩子身體有殘缺
07:57
and instead of being provided with positive messages
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醫生沒有選擇要提供關於孩子潛力的正向訊息
08:00
about their child's potential, are told by the doctors,
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反而告訴他們：
08:03
"Forget her, leave her in the institution,
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「忘了這個孩子吧，把她放在機構裡
08:06
go home and make a healthy one."
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回家去生個健康的孩子。」
08:09
This state of affairs is neither necessary nor is it inevitable.
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這種事既不必要，但也無法避免
08:13
Every child has the right to a family, deserves
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每一個孩子都有權利擁有、也需要一個家
08:16
and needs a family, and children are amazingly resilient.
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而且孩子擁有驚人地恢復精神能力
08:20
We find that if we get them out of institutions and into loving
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我們發現如果讓孩子早點離開機構、回到家中
08:22
families early on, they recover their developmental delays,
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他們會恢復發展遲緩的部份
08:26
and go on to lead normal, happy lives.
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然後會逐漸恢復正常
過著快樂的生活
過著快樂的生活
08:29
It's also much cheaper to provide support to families
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另外，和機構相比
08:32
than it is to provide institutions.
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家庭支援所需的補助費用也低許多
08:35
One study suggests that a family support service
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一份研究報告指出
08:38
costs 10 percent of an institutional placement,
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提供給家庭支援的補助費用
只佔機構安置的百分之十
只佔機構安置的百分之十
08:41
whilst good quality foster care
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而較優良的寄養服務
08:43
costs usually about 30 percent.
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通常只需百分之三十的費用
08:46
If we spend less on these children but on the right services,
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如果我們可以減少支出
並且為這些孩子提供更合乎需求的服務
並且為這些孩子提供更合乎需求的服務
08:49
we can take the savings and reinvest them in high quality
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我們可以將這些省下來的費用改為
08:53
residential care for those few children with extremely complex needs.
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幫助其他有複雜需求的孩子
提供他們有更高品質的安置照顧
提供他們有更高品質的安置照顧
08:58
Across Europe, a movement is growing to shift the focus
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有一項運動正在歐洲形成
目標在改變焦點
目標在改變焦點
09:02
and transfer the resources from large institutions
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並將資源從提供低照顧品質的大型機構
09:05
that provide poor quality care to community-based services
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轉移到以社區為基礎的服務
09:09
that protect children from harm and allow them to develop
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能夠保護孩子避免受到傷害
並且讓他們得以發揮潛能
並且讓他們得以發揮潛能
09:12
to their full potential. When I first started to work in Romania
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當我二十年前剛開始在羅馬尼亞服務時
09:16
nearly 20 years ago, there were 200,000 children living
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當地有二十萬名孩童住在機構
09:20
in institutions, and more entering every day.
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而且逐日增加
09:23
Now, there are less than 10,000, and
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現在，人數已低於一萬名
09:25
family support services are provided across the country.
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而且家庭支援服務也遍及全國
09:29
In Moldova, despite extreme poverty and the terrible effects
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在摩爾多瓦，不論是極度貧窮
09:33
of the global financial crisis, the numbers of children
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還是全球經濟危機所造成的嚴重影響
09:36
in institutions has reduced by more than 50 percent
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近五年裡
住在機構裡的孩子數量已減少百分之五十以上
住在機構裡的孩子數量已減少百分之五十以上
09:38
in the last five years, and the resources are being
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資源也重新分配給
09:42
redistributed to family support services and inclusive schools.
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家庭支援服務與全納教育學校
09:46
Many countries have developed national action plans for change.
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許多國家為了改變已制定國家行動計畫
09:50
The European Commission and other major donors
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歐盟委員會以及其他主要的捐助人
09:52
are finding ways to divert money from institutions
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正在找尋能夠將經費從機構轉移至家庭支援的方法
09:56
towards family support, empowering communities
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授權給社區
09:59
to look after their own children.
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來照顧他們自己的孩子
10:01
But there is still much to be done to end the systematic
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但是要終止孩童在系統中被收養
10:04
institutionalization of children.
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仍有很多需要做的事
10:06
Awareness-raising is required at every level of society.
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我們需要提升社會各個階層的體認
10:10
People need to know the harm that institutions cause to children,
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人們需要知道機構對孩子造成的傷害
10:13
and the better alternatives that exist.
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以及現存更好的替代方式
10:16
If we know people who are planning to support orphanages,
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如果我們知道有人要支持孤兒院
10:19
we should convince them to support family services instead.
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我們應該說服他們改為支持家庭支援服務
10:23
Together, this is the one form of child abuse
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這是我們此生中
10:26
that we could eradicate in our lifetime.
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能夠為終止兒虐盡一份心力的方式之一
10:29
Thank you. (Applause)
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謝謝（鼓掌）
10:32
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Georgette Mulheir - CEO, LumosGeorgette Mulheir is a pioneer for the movement to end child abuse in the form of orphanages.
Why you should listen
We know that the early years of a person's life are critical for social and cognitive development, and that the adults present during that time have a strong influence on this growth -- so why is it so common for society to separate child and parent? Why are 1 million children across Europe and Central Asia living in large orphanages, which are harmful to their health and psyches? Georgette Mulheir wants to put an end to this practice. She works tirelessly as the CEO of Lumos, an NGO founded by JK Rowling dedicated to ending worldwide systematic institutionalization. For the past 20 years Mulheir has worked primarily in Central and Eastern Europe to shift resources away from orphanages and toward alternate family services, such as foster care and day support. Since she started working in Romania in 1993, the landscape there has improved dramatically -- from 200,000 children in orphanages to 20,000.
Georgette Mulheir | Speaker | TED.com