TED2007
Jaime Lerner: A song of the city
Jaime Lerner的城市頌歌
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Jaime Lerner重新規劃了他在巴西的故鄉Curitiba的城市用地。演講中，他他改變了全球範圍內城市規劃者對城市中心用地的可能性的看法。
Jaime Lerner - City evangelist
From building opera houses with wire to mapping the connection between the automobile and your mother-in-law, Jaime Lerner delights in discovering eccentric solutions to vexing urban problems. In the process he has transformed the face of cities worldwide. Full bio
From building opera houses with wire to mapping the connection between the automobile and your mother-in-law, Jaime Lerner delights in discovering eccentric solutions to vexing urban problems. In the process he has transformed the face of cities worldwide. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:19
I hope you'll understand my English.
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我希望你們能夠明白我的英文。
00:21
In the mornings it is terrible, and the afternoon is worst.
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它在早上很糟糕，到了下午更是一塌糊塗。
00:27
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
00:30
During many years, I made some speeches starting with this
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在過去的很多年里，我都用這個作為我演講的開頭：
00:35
saying: "City is not a problem, it's a solution."
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"城市不是一個問題，而是一個解決辦法。”
00:40
And more and more, I'm convinced that
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而且我越來越相信
00:46
it's not only a solution for a country,
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這不僅僅對國家來說是一個解決方法，
00:50
but it's a solution for the problem of climate change.
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對氣候變化來說更是這樣。
00:55
But we have a very pessimistic approach about the cities.
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但是我們對城市的現狀很悲觀。
01:02
I'm working in cities for almost 40 years,
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快40年了，我一直在不同的城市里工作，
01:06
and where every mayor is trying to tell me his city is so big,
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而每個城市的市長都嘗試著告訴我，噢，他的城市是那麼的大。
01:13
or the other mayors say, "We don't have financial resources,"
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其他的一些市長說，我們沒有經濟來源。
01:19
I would like to say
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我想說的是，
01:22
from the experience I had: every city in the world
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從我的經驗看，世界上所有的城市
01:26
can be improved in less than three years.
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都可以在3年以內得到改進。
01:34
There's no matter of scale. It's not a question of scale,
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這和階級無關，階級不是問題，
01:38
it's not a question of financial resources.
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也不是經濟來源的問題。
01:41
Every problem in a city has to have its own equation of co-responsibility
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城市里的所有問題都與公共責任感有某種聯繫。
01:48
and also a design.
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當然，還有一個規劃的問題。
01:51
So to start, I want to introduce some characters
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所以，在開始，我想從我為青少年寫的
01:57
from a book I made for teenagers.
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一本書里的介紹一些角色。
02:00
The best example of quality of life is the turtle
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關於生活的質量的最好例子是烏龜，
02:06
because the turtle is an example of living and working together.
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因為烏龜正是一個生活和工作有機結合的例子。
02:13
And when you realize that the casque of the turtle
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當你看到烏龜的盔甲時，
02:18
looks like an urban tessitura,
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那就像是城市的保護罩，
02:23
and can we imagine, if we cut the casque of the turtle, how sad she's going to be?
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你可以想像如果我們把烏龜的盔甲弄掉，她會多麼傷心？
02:32
And that's what we're doing in our cities:
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而這正是我們對城市做的事！
02:34
living here, working here, having leisure here.
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我們在這裡生活，工作，娛樂。
02:37
And most of the people are leaving the city
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但很多人正計劃離開城市，
02:41
and living outside of the city.
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搬到近郊居住。
02:44
So, the other character is Otto, the automobile.
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然後，另一個角色是奧托，汽車。
02:50
He is invited for a party -- he never wants to leave.
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他被邀請去一個
02:55
The chairs are on the tables and still drinking,
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他坐在桌子旁，一直喝酒，
03:00
and he drinks a lot. (Laughter)
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他喝了很多。（笑聲）
03:02
And he coughs a lot. Very egotistical:
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然後，他不斷地咳嗽。十分自負。
03:06
he carries only one or two people
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他只載一個或者兩個人。
03:09
and he asks always for more infrastructure.
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而且他總是要求有更高的基礎設施。
03:16
Freeways.
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高速公路。
03:18
He's a very demanding person.
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他是一個要求很高的人。
03:21
And on the other hand, Accordion, the friendly bus,
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而另一方面，阿克迪恩，那友好的巴士，
03:25
he carries 300 people --
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他載300個人，
03:28
275 in Sweden; 300 Brazilians. (Laughter)
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275個瑞典人，300個巴西人。（笑聲）
03:39
Speaking about the design: every city has its own design.
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說到規劃，每個城市都有它自己的規劃。
03:44
Curitiba, my city: three million in the metropolitan area,
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庫裡蒂巴，我的城市，3百萬人住在市中心，
03:48
1,800,000 people in the city itself.
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180萬住在城市里。
03:53
Curitiba, Rio: it's like two birds kissing themselves.
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庫裡蒂巴，里約熱內盧：他們就像是兩隻在接吻的鳥。
03:56
Oaxaca, San Francisco -- it's very easy:
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奧薩卡，舊金山-這很簡單。
03:59
Market Street, Van Ness and the waterfront.
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市集、凡内斯和海旁區。
04:02
And every city has its own design.
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每個城市都有它自己的規劃。
04:06
But to make it happen, sometimes you have to propose a scenario
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但是你要讓它實行，有時候，你需要提供一個設想。
04:10
and to propose a design --
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而去提出一個設計，
04:13
an idea that everyone, or the large majority,
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一個可以讓每個人，或者大多數人，
04:16
will help you to make it happen.
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都幫你去實現的計劃。
04:19
And that's the structure of the city of Curitiba.
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而這正是庫裡蒂巴的城市架構。
04:24
And it's an example of living and working together.
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也正是一個生活和工作有機結合的例子。
04:29
And this is where we have more density;
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在這裡，我們有更高的人口密度，
04:34
it's where we have more public transport.
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也有更多的公共交通。
04:37
So, this system started in '74. We started with 25,000 passengers a day,
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這個系統從1974年開始，那時候我們的人流只有2萬5千人一天，
04:45
now it's 2,200,000 passengers a day.
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現在我們有220萬人一天。
04:48
And it took 25 years until another city ...
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庫裡蒂巴用了25年，直至另一個城市，
04:52
which is Bogota, and they did a very good job.
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波哥大，他們做得非常好。
04:57
And now there's 83 cities all over the world that they
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而現在全世界有83個城市，他們
05:02
are doing what they call the BRT of Curitiba.
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都在實施一個被他們叫做庫裡蒂巴的BRT項目。
05:06
And one thing: it's important not for only your own city;
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還有一點，很重要，這不僅僅可以用在你自己的城市。
05:13
every city, besides its normal problems,
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而是所有城市，先不說他們一些普通的問題，
05:17
they have a very important role
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他們在全人類中扮演著一個角色 --
05:20
in being with the whole humanity.
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一個很重要的角色。
05:23
That means mostly two main issues --
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那意味著兩個重要的，對城市來說，
05:28
mobility and sustainability -- are becoming very important for the cities.
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越來越重要的因素：靈活性和可持續發展。
05:33
And this is an articulated bus, double-articulated.
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這是一輛分節巴士。而且是分雙節的。
05:38
And we are very close to my house.
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我們離我家很近。
05:41
You can come when you are in Curitiba and have a coffee there.
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當你來到庫裡蒂巴，你可以來我家看看，并喝杯咖啡。
05:46
And that's the evolution of the system.
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這將是進化后的系統。
05:48
What in the design that made the difference
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使城市會有大改變的規劃是
05:52
is the boarding tubes:
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寬闊的車道。
05:54
the boarding tube gives to the bus the same performance as a subway.
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寬闊的車道讓汽車像地鐵一樣有快速的運輸能力。
05:59
That's why, I'm trying to say,
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這就是爲什麽，我一直在嘗試著說，
06:04
it's like metro-nizing the bus.
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這就像是將巴士地下鐵化。
06:06
This is the design of the bus,
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這是對巴士的規劃。
06:12
and you can pay before entering the bus you're boarding.
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你可以在進入你要上的車之前就付錢。
06:15
And for handicapped, they can use this as a normal system.
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而對於殘疾人來說，他們可以像正常人一樣使用這套系統。
06:23
What I'm trying to say is
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但是我想說的是，
06:26
the major contribution on carbon emissions are from the cars --
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碳排放主要來自汽車排放。
06:32
more than 50 percent -- so when we depend only on cars, it's ...
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超過百分之五十。所以，當我們主要依賴汽車運輸，
06:41
-- that's why when we're talking about sustainability,
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-- 這就是爲什麽當我們在講可持續發展的時候，
06:45
it's not enough, green buildings.
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會覺得，綠色建築不足夠，
06:48
It's not enough, a new materials.
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新材料不足夠，
06:51
It's not enough, new sources of energy.
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新能源不足夠。
06:54
It's the concept of the city, the design of the city,
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這是關乎城市的概念。城市的設計。
06:58
that's also important, too. And also, how to teach the children.
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這些都很重要，還有對於怎麼樣教導孩子，這也是重要的。
07:09
I'll speak on this later on.
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我會在接下來再講有關這個的問題。
07:14
Our idea of mobility is trying
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我們有關靈活性的想法是希望
07:17
to make the connections between all the systems.
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讓所有系統互相之間連接起來。
07:20
We started in '83, proposing for the city of Rio
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我們從83年開始，為裡約熱內盧提議
07:25
how to connect the subway with the bus.
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怎樣把地下鐵和巴士連接起來。
07:28
The subway was against, of course.
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當然，受到地下鐵公司反對。
07:31
And 23 years after, they called us to develop -- we're developing this idea.
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而23年之後，他們讓我們去拓展 -- 我們正在拓展這個想法。
07:37
And you can understand how different it's going to be,
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你們會看到這將帶來多大的不同，
07:41
the image of Rio with the system --
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裡約熱內盧使用這系統的情形 --
07:44
one-minute frequency.
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一分鐘一班。
07:48
And it's not Shanghai,
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而這不是上海，
07:50
it's not being colored during the day, only at night
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白天它不會色彩斑斕，只有在晚上
07:54
it will look this way.
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你們看到的將會是這樣。
07:57
And before you say it's a Norman Foster design,
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在你說這是Norman Foster的設計之前，
08:02
we designed this in '83.
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我們在83年已經有了這個設計。
08:07
And this is the model,
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而這是模型，
08:08
how it's going to work. So, it's the same system;
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這就是它工作的模式。這是一個完全一樣的系統；
08:13
the vehicle is different. And that's the model.
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交通工具不同。因為這是個模型。
08:20
What I'm trying to say is, I'm not trying
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我想說的是，我沒有嘗試
08:23
to prove which system of transport is better.
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去證明哪個交通系統更好。
08:29
I'm trying to say we have to combine
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我想說我們需要綜合。
08:32
all the systems, and with one condition:
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綜合所有的系統，只有一個條件：
08:37
never -- if you have a subway, if you have surface systems,
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記得不要，如果你有一個地下鐵，如果你有一個地面交通系統，
08:43
if you have any kind of system --
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甚至如果你有任何形式的系統 --
08:46
never compete in the same space.
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記得不要在同一個地方比較。
08:51
And coming back to the car, I always used to say
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回到汽車那裡，我過去總會說
08:58
that the car is like your mother-in-law:
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這車就像你的岳母。
09:03
you have to have good relationship with her,
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你要和她有很好的關係，
09:06
but she cannot command your life.
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但是她不能控制你的生活。
09:11
So, when the only woman in your life is your mother-in-law,
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所以，當你的岳母是你生活中唯一一個女人的時候，
09:21
you have a problem. (Laughter)
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你就有問題了。（笑聲）
09:25
So, all the ideas about how to transform through design --
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所以所有有關如何通過規劃改變的想法 --
09:32
old quarries and open universities and botanic garden --
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舊採石場，公開大學和植物園.....
09:39
all of it's related to how we teach the children.
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所有這些都和我們該如何教育孩子有關。
09:47
And the children, we teach during six months how to separate their garbage.
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在過去的六個月里，我們教育孩子如何進行垃圾分類。
09:51
And after, the children teach their parents.
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然後，他們回去教他們的父母。
09:56
And now we have 70 percent --
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所以現在，我們有百分之七十的（垃圾分類）
09:59
since 20 years, it's the highest rate of separation of garbage in the world.
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是這20年來，全球最高的垃圾分類率。
10:05
Seven zero.
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七零。
10:07
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
10:12
So teach the children.
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所以要教導孩子。
10:15
I would like to say, if we want to have a sustainable world
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我想說，如果我們想有一個可持續發展的世界，
10:21
we have to work with everything what's said,
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我們要去做每一樣剛說過的事。
10:25
but don't forget the cities and the children.
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但是不要忘記城市和孩子們。
10:30
I'm working in a museum and also a multi-use city,
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我正在一所博物館工作，也是一個多用途城市，
10:34
because you cannot have empty places during 18 hours a day.
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因為你不可能每天18小時都對著空蕩蕩的地方。
10:39
You should have always
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你應該總有
10:42
a structure of living and working together.
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一個生活和工作結合的理念。
10:46
Try to understand the sectors in the city
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嘗試去理解城市中24小時都在
10:49
that could play different roles during the 24 hours.
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扮演不同角色的部門的工作。
10:55
Another issue is, a city's like our family portrait.
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另外一件事就是，一個城市就像我們的家庭合照。
10:59
We don't rip our family portrait,
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儘管我們不喜歡叔叔的鼻子，
11:02
even if we don't like the nose of our uncle,
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但是我們不會撕掉我們的家庭合照
11:07
because this portrait is you.
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因為這合照代表了你。
11:10
And these are the references that we have in any city.
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這是任何城市都會有的特徵：
11:16
This is the main pedestrian mall;
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這是主步行街；
11:19
we did it in 72 hours. Yes, you have to be fast.
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我們在72小時內就完成了。是的，你需要做得很快。
11:24
And these are the references from our ethnic contribution.
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這是因為我們人種多樣性而有的特徵。
11:30
This is the Italian portal,
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這是意大利式的拱門，
11:32
the Ukrainian park, the Polish park, the Japanese square, the German park.
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烏克蘭式和波蘭式的公園，日本式的廣場，德國式的公園。
11:39
All of a sudden, the Soviet Union, they split.
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由於，蘇聯解體了，
11:43
And since we have people from
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我們就有了
11:45
Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, [unclear],
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烏茲別克斯坦的，卡薩克斯坦的，塔吉克斯坦的，[都說不清楚了]
11:49
we have to stop the program.
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看來，我們得停止這項計劃了。
11:51
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
11:53
Don't forget: creativity starts when you cut a zero from your budget.
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不要忘記：創造力。它從你在你的預算里減去一個零的時候就開始了。
12:02
If you cut two zeros, it's much better.
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如果你減去兩個零，那效果會更好。
12:07
And this is the Wire Opera theater. We did it in two months.
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這是Wire 歌劇院。我們在2個月內完成了它。
12:14
Parks -- old quarries that they were transformed into parks.
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公園-由舊採石場改成哦公園。
12:18
Quarries once made the nature, and
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採石場，曾是自然的一部份，
12:23
sometimes we took this and we transformed.
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我們拿過來，并把它改造。
12:27
And every part can be transformed;
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它的任何一個部份都可以被改造-
12:32
every frog can be transformed in a prince.
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就好像每一隻青蛙都可以變身成王子。
12:38
So, in a city, you have to work fast.
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所以，在城市里，你需要工作速度。
12:42
Planning takes time. And I'm proposing urban acupuncture.
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計劃需要時間。而我正計劃做城市針灸。
12:48
That means me, with some focal ideas to help the normal process of planning.
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意思是，我用一些出色的點子去加快普通的計劃進程。
12:56
And this is an acupuncture note --
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這就是一個針灸筆記—
12:59
or I.M. Pei's. Some small ones
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或者說是貝垏銘的。一些小的筆記 --
13:06
can make the city better.
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他們能讓城市變得更美好。
13:09
The smallest park in New York, the most beautiful:
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又或者是紐約最小的一個公園，最美的：
13:14
32 meters.
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32米。
13:17
So, I want just to end saying
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所以最後我想說
13:20
that you can always propose new materials -- new sustainable materials --
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你總是可以發現新的材料，新的可持續發展的材料，
13:27
but keep in mind that we have to work fast
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但記住我們要工作得很快。
13:31
to the end, because we don't have the whole time to plan.
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最後，我們沒有充足的時間去計劃。
13:41
And I think creativity, innovation is starting.
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所以我想創造力、改革應該要開始。
13:47
And we cannot have all the answers.
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我們不可能獲得所有的答案。
13:52
So when you start --
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所以當你開始的時候 --
13:55
and we cannot be so prepotent on having all the answers --
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我們不可能優先獲得所有答案。
14:00
it's important starting and having the contribution from people,
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讓人們開始并為城市做出貢獻是十分重要的，
14:05
and they could teach you
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而且如果你不在正軌，
14:08
if you're not in the right track.
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他們會教導你。
14:11
At the end, I would like if you can help me to sing the sustainable song.
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最後，如果可以的話，我想讓你們和我一起唱持續發展歌。
14:19
OK?
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可以嗎？
14:22
Please, allow me just two minutes.
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拜託，只是兩分鐘而已。
14:25
You're going to make the music and the rhythm.
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你知道，你們幫忙打節奏。
14:31
♫ Toonchi-too! Toonchi-too! Toonchi-too! ♫
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♫咚咚！咚咚！咚咚！♫
14:35
♫ Toonchi-too! Toonchi-too! Toonchi-too! ♫
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♫咚咚！咚咚！咚咚！♫
14:38
♫ It's possible! It's possible! You can do it! You can do it! ♫
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♫一切皆可能！一切皆可能！你可以的！你可以的！♫
14:42
♫ Use less your car! Make this decision! ♫
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♫少用你的車！下定你的決心！♫
14:45
♫ Avoid carbon emission! It's possible! It's possible! ♫
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♫避免碳排放！一切皆可能！一切皆可能！♫
14:50
♫ You can do it! You can do it! ♫
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♫你可以的！你可以的！♫
14:52
♫ Live closer to work! ♫
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♫家離工作更近！♫
14:56
♫ Work closer to home! Save energy in your home! ♫
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♫工作與家更親!為你的家省下能源！♫
15:04
♫ It's possible! It's possible! You can do it! ♫
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♫一切皆可能！一切皆可能！你可以的！♫
15:07
♫ You can do it! Separate your garbage! ♫
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♫你可以的!垃圾分類！♫
15:11
♫ Organic, schmorganic! Save more! Waste less! It's possible! ♫
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♫有機的，還是有機的！省下更多！浪費更少！一切皆可能！♫
15:17
♫ You can do it! Please, do it now! ♫
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♫你可以的！來吧！動起來-就現在！♫
15:25
Thank you.
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謝謝。
15:27
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jaime Lerner - City evangelistFrom building opera houses with wire to mapping the connection between the automobile and your mother-in-law, Jaime Lerner delights in discovering eccentric solutions to vexing urban problems. In the process he has transformed the face of cities worldwide.
Why you should listen
For many city governments seeking visible improvements in their congested streets, the pace of change is measured in months and years. For Jaime Lerner, it's measured in hours. As mayor of Curitiba, he transformed a gridlocked commercial artery into a spacious pedestrian mall over a long weekend, before skeptical merchants had time to finish reading their Monday papers.
Since then he's become a hero not only to his fellow Brazilians, but also to the growing ranks of municipal planners seeking greener, more sustainable cities. His dictum that "creativity starts when you cut a zero from your budget" has inspired a number of his unique solutions to urban problems, including sheltered boarding tubes to improve speed of bus transit; a garbage-for-food program allowing Curitibans to exchange bags of trash for bags of groceries; and trimming parkland grasses with herds of sheep.
In addition to serving three terms as mayor of Curitiba, Lerner has twice been elected governor of Parana State in Brazil. His revolutionary career in urban planning and architecture has not only improved cities worldwide, but has also brought him international renown. Among his many awards are the United Nations Environmental Award (1990), the Child and Peace Award from UNICEF (1996), and the 2001 World Technology Award for Transportation.
Jaime Lerner | Speaker | TED.com