TED2019
Arnav Kapur: How AI could become an extension of your mind
阿納夫 · 卡普爾: 結合思維和機器的突破性裝置
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試試看不開口出聲，純粹用內在與自己對話。 如果能這樣上網搜尋並獲得答案，如何？ TED 研究員阿納夫 · 卡普爾首次現場公開示範他的新技術 AlterEgo：一種穿戴式的人工智慧裝置，可以讓悄然無聲地與電腦系統溝通並獲取訊息，就像你腦袋裡的聲音一樣。 讓我們進一步了解該裝置的原理，以及最新的人腦與電腦互動的深遠影響。
Arnav Kapur - Technologist
TED Fellow Arnav Kapur invents wearable AI devices that augment human cognition and give voice to those who have lost their ability to speak. Full bio
TED Fellow Arnav Kapur invents wearable AI devices that augment human cognition and give voice to those who have lost their ability to speak. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Ever since computers were invented,
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自從發明電腦以來，
00:15
we've been trying to make them
smarter and more powerful.
smarter and more powerful.
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我們一直嘗試使它們
更聰明、更強大。
更聰明、更強大。
00:19
From the abacus, to room-sized machines,
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從算盤到房間大小的電腦，
00:22
to desktops, to computers in our pockets.
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再從桌上型到能放進口袋裡的電腦。
00:25
And are now designing
artificial intelligence to automate tasks
artificial intelligence to automate tasks
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如今正在發展中的人工智慧
能夠自動執行
需要人類智慧的任務。
需要人類智慧的任務。
00:28
that would require human intelligence.
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00:31
If you look at the history of computing,
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從計算機的演變史來看，
00:33
we've always treated computers
as external devices
as external devices
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電腦始終被視為
代替我們計算和執行的外部設備。
00:36
that compute and act on our behalf.
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00:40
What I want to do is I want to weave
computing, AI and internet as part of us.
computing, AI and internet as part of us.
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我想要把計算、人工智慧
和網路，整合成我們內在的一部分，
和網路，整合成我們內在的一部分，
00:46
As part of human cognition,
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成為人類認知過程的一部分，
00:48
freeing us to interact
with the world around us.
with the world around us.
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讓我們自由地與周圍的世界互動。
00:51
Integrate human and machine intelligence
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將人類與機器智慧結合起來，
00:54
right inside our own bodies to augment us,
instead of diminishing us or replacing us.
instead of diminishing us or replacing us.
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從內在去補強我們，
而不是削弱或取代我們。
而不是削弱或取代我們。
01:00
Could we combine what people do best,
such as creative and intuitive thinking,
such as creative and intuitive thinking,
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我們能不能把人類的強項，
例如創造性和直覺思維，
例如創造性和直覺思維，
01:04
with what computers do best,
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與電腦的強項，
01:06
such as processing information
and perfectly memorizing stuff?
and perfectly memorizing stuff?
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例如資訊處理和完美記憶，
結合在一起呢？
結合在一起呢？
01:10
Could this whole be better
than the sum of its parts?
than the sum of its parts?
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一旦整合，是否比各項優勢
加總起來更好呢？
加總起來更好呢？
01:14
We have a device
that could make that possible.
that could make that possible.
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我們做了一個設備來實現這個理想。
01:17
It's called AlterEgo,
and it's a wearable device
and it's a wearable device
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它叫做 AlterEgo （改變自我），
是一種穿戴式設備，
是一種穿戴式設備，
01:19
that gives you the experience
of a conversational AI
of a conversational AI
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藉由它你可以體驗與你腦中的
01:22
that lives inside your head,
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人工智慧對話，
01:24
that you could talk to in likeness
to talking to yourself internally.
to talking to yourself internally.
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就像你與內在自我對話那樣容易。
01:29
We have a new prototype
that we're showing here,
that we're showing here,
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今天展示的是一個新的原型機，
01:31
for the first time at TED,
and here's how it works.
and here's how it works.
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第一次出現在 TED ，
這是它的原理。
這是它的原理。
01:36
Normally, when we speak,
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通常，當我們說話時，
01:37
the brain sends neurosignals
through the nerves
through the nerves
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大腦發送神經信號，通過神經，
01:40
to your internal speech systems,
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到達你內部的語音系統，
01:42
to activate them and your vocal cords
to produce speech.
to produce speech.
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使你的聲帶動起來，發出話語；
01:47
One of the most complex
cognitive and motor tasks
cognitive and motor tasks
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那是我們人類所做
最複雜的認知和動作之一。
01:49
that we do as human beings.
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01:52
Now, imagine talking to yourself
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現在想像與自己對話，
01:54
without vocalizing,
without moving your mouth,
without moving your mouth,
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不出聲，不動嘴，
01:56
without moving your jaw,
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也不動下巴，
01:58
but by simply articulating
those words internally.
those words internally.
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就只在心中默念那樣。
02:02
Thereby very subtly engaging
your internal speech systems,
your internal speech systems,
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從而很巧妙地啟動
你內部的語音系統，
你內部的語音系統，
02:07
such as your tongue
and back of your palate.
and back of your palate.
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像是你的舌頭和軟顎。
02:11
When that happens,
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當你這樣做時，
02:12
the brain sends extremely weak signals
to these internal speech systems.
to these internal speech systems.
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大腦會向內部語音系統
發送極弱的信號。
發送極弱的信號。
02:17
AlterEgo has sensors,
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AlterEgo 的感測器嵌在
02:18
embedded in a thin plastic,
flexible and transparent device
flexible and transparent device
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一個有彈性、透明塑膠薄片裡，
02:23
that sits on your neck
just like a sticker.
just like a sticker.
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像張貼紙貼在脖子上。
02:27
These sensors pick up
on these internal signals
on these internal signals
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這些感測器從我們的皮膚表面
02:30
sourced deep within the mouth cavity,
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接收來自口腔深處的內部信號。
02:32
right from the surface of the skin.
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02:35
An AI program running in the background
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在後台運行的人工智慧程式
02:37
then tries to figure out
what the user's trying to say.
what the user's trying to say.
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負責解讀使用者在表達什麼。
02:41
It then feeds back an answer to the user
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然後它透過骨傳導耳機
向使用者提供答案。
02:44
by means of bone conduction,
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使用者聽到的聲音
02:46
audio conducted through the skull
into the user's inner ear,
into the user's inner ear,
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透過顱骨傳到使用者內耳中，
02:50
that the user hears,
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02:51
overlaid on top of the user's
natural hearing of the environment,
natural hearing of the environment,
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與我們接收周遭環境的聽覺重疊，
02:54
without blocking it.
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兩者並行毫無阻礙。
02:58
The combination of all these parts,
the input, the output and the AI,
the input, the output and the AI,
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這一整個輸入、輸出
和人工智慧的組合，
和人工智慧的組合，
03:02
gives a net subjective experience
of an interface inside your head
of an interface inside your head
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讓你對這個腦中的界面
得以有一個純然的主觀體驗，
得以有一個純然的主觀體驗，
03:06
that you could talk to
in likeness to talking to yourself.
in likeness to talking to yourself.
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如同你與自己交談那樣。
03:11
Just to be very clear, the device
does not record or read your thoughts.
does not record or read your thoughts.
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我要清楚指出，該設備
不會記錄或閱讀你的想法。
不會記錄或閱讀你的想法。
03:15
It records deliberate information
that you want to communicate
that you want to communicate
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它只會記錄你選擇要
透過內部語音系統
去溝通的特定信息。
去溝通的特定信息。
03:18
through deliberate engagement
of your internal speech systems.
of your internal speech systems.
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03:21
People don't want to be read,
they want to write.
they want to write.
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人們不想被讀心，他們想要表達。
03:24
Which is why we designed the system
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這就是為什麼我們將這系統
03:26
to deliberately record
from the peripheral nervous system.
from the peripheral nervous system.
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設計成只去記錄從
周邊神經系統來的訊息。
周邊神經系統來的訊息。
03:31
Which is why the control
in all situations resides with the user.
in all situations resides with the user.
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無論何種情況，主控權
都在使用者手上。
都在使用者手上。
03:37
I want to stop here for a second
and show you a live demo.
and show you a live demo.
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我先暫停一下，來做一個現場示範。
03:40
What I'm going to do is,
I'm going to ask Eric a question.
I'm going to ask Eric a question.
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我要問艾瑞克一個問題。
03:43
And he's going to search
for that information
for that information
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他搜索答案時
03:45
without vocalizing, without typing,
without moving his fingers,
without moving his fingers,
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不能出聲、不能打字、也不能動手、
03:49
without moving his mouth.
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同時也不開口。
03:51
Simply by internally asking that question.
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純粹就是在內心裡提問。
03:53
The AI will then figure out the answer
and feed it back to Eric,
and feed it back to Eric,
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人工智慧會找出答案，
通過語音和設備，
通過語音和設備，
03:57
through audio, through the device.
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反饋給艾瑞克。
03:59
While you see a laptop
in front of him, he's not using it.
in front of him, he's not using it.
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他前面有一台筆記型電腦，
可是他不會用到。
可是他不會用到。
04:03
Everything lives on the device.
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所有一切都在裝置裡。
04:05
All he needs is that sticker device
to interface with the AI and the internet.
to interface with the AI and the internet.
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只要那片貼紙裝置能與人工智慧
和網路去互動就夠了。
和網路去互動就夠了。
04:11
So, Eric, what's the weather
in Vancouver like, right now?
in Vancouver like, right now?
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卡普爾：艾瑞克，此刻
溫哥華的天氣怎樣？
溫哥華的天氣怎樣？
04:22
What you see on the screen
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螢幕上的這些字
04:24
are the words that Eric
is speaking to himself right now.
is speaking to himself right now.
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是此刻艾瑞克與他自己的對話。
04:29
This is happening in real time.
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這是即時同步的紀錄。
04:31
Eric: It's 50 degrees
and rainy here in Vancouver.
and rainy here in Vancouver.
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艾瑞克：溫哥華這裡 50 度，下雨。
04:35
Arnav Kapur: What happened is
that the AI sent the answer
that the AI sent the answer
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卡普爾：剛剛這是人工智慧
04:38
through audio, through
the device, back to Eric.
the device, back to Eric.
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透過語音及裝置將答案發送給艾瑞克。
04:41
What could the implications
of something like this be?
of something like this be?
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這樣的裝置會帶來什麼影響？
04:44
Imagine perfectly memorizing things,
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想像分毫不差的記憶力，
04:47
where you perfectly record information
that you silently speak,
that you silently speak,
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只要無聲地默念即可完美地記錄一切，
04:50
and then hear them later when you want to,
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然後在需要時得以聆聽；
04:52
internally searching for information,
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還能向內搜索訊息，
04:55
crunching numbers at speeds computers do,
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以電腦的速度處理數字，
04:58
silently texting other people.
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以及無聲地給他人發出簡訊。
05:00
Suddenly becoming multilingual,
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還有突然通曉多種語言，
05:03
so that you internally
speak in one language,
speak in one language,
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你在心裡用一種語言說話，
05:05
and hear the translation
in your head in another.
in your head in another.
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立即就在腦中聽到
另一種語言的翻譯。
另一種語言的翻譯。
05:09
The potential could be far-reaching.
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潛力深遠。
05:12
There are millions of people
around the world
around the world
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全世界有數百萬人
05:14
who struggle with using natural speech.
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喪失與生俱來的語言能力。
05:17
People with conditions such as ALS,
or Lou Gehrig's disease,
or Lou Gehrig's disease,
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例如肌萎縮側索硬化或稱盧·賈里格症
（俗稱漸凍人） 的患者，
（俗稱漸凍人） 的患者，
05:20
stroke and oral cancer,
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還有中風及口腔癌患者，
05:22
amongst many other conditions.
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以及許多其他疾病的患者。
05:25
For them, communicating is
a painstakingly slow and tiring process.
a painstakingly slow and tiring process.
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對他們來說，溝通變得
艱苦、緩慢而累人。
艱苦、緩慢而累人。
05:30
This is Doug.
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這位是道格。
05:32
Doug was diagnosed with ALS
about 12 years ago
about 12 years ago
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大約 12 年前，道格
被診斷為漸凍人，
被診斷為漸凍人，
05:34
and has since lost the ability to speak.
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從此失去了說話的能力。
05:37
Today, he uses an on-screen keyboard
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如今他使用螢幕鍵盤，
05:39
where he types in individual letters
using his head movements.
using his head movements.
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用頭部動作將英文字母逐一輸入。
05:42
And it takes several minutes
to communicate a single sentence.
to communicate a single sentence.
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一個句子得花掉好幾分鐘。
05:46
So we went to Doug and asked him
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我們去找道格，
05:48
what were the first words
he'd like to use or say, using our system.
he'd like to use or say, using our system.
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如果用我們的系統，
他要說的第一句話是什麼。
他要說的第一句話是什麼。
05:54
Perhaps a greeting, like,
"Hello, how are you?"
"Hello, how are you?"
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或許是「哈囉，你好嗎？」的問候
05:57
Or indicate that he needed
help with something.
help with something.
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或者表達他需要什麼樣的幫助。
06:01
What Doug said that he wanted
to use our system for
to use our system for
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道格說他可以用我們的系統
06:03
is to reboot the old system he had,
because that old system kept on crashing.
because that old system kept on crashing.
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去重新開機，因為他那個
舊系統老是當機。
舊系統老是當機。
06:07
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
06:10
We never could have predicted that.
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這完全出乎我們的意料。
06:12
I'm going to show you a short clip of Doug
using our system for the first time.
using our system for the first time.
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我要給你看道格第一次
使用我們系統的短片。
使用我們系統的短片。
06:22
(Voice) Reboot computer.
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（語音）重新啟動電腦。
06:26
AK: What you just saw there
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卡普爾：你剛才看到的
06:27
was Doug communicating or speaking
in real time for the first time
in real time for the first time
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是道格失去說話的能力後
第一次能夠即時地溝通和說話。
06:31
since he lost the ability to speak.
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06:34
There are millions of people
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有數百萬人或許可以像道格這樣，
06:35
who might be able to communicate
in real time like Doug,
in real time like Doug,
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即時地與其他人、朋友和家人溝通。
06:39
with other people, with their friends
and with their families.
and with their families.
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06:43
My hope is to be able to help them
express their thoughts and ideas.
express their thoughts and ideas.
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我希望能幫助他們表達想法和意見。
06:48
I believe computing, AI and the internet
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我相信計算機，人工智慧和網路
06:51
would disappear into us
as extensions of our cognition,
as extensions of our cognition,
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能夠內化成我們認知的延伸，
06:54
instead of being external
entities or adversaries,
entities or adversaries,
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不再是外部裝置或競爭對手，
06:58
amplifying human ingenuity,
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它們可以擴大人類的聰明才智，
07:00
giving us unimaginable abilities
and unlocking our true potential.
and unlocking our true potential.
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賦予我們難以想像的能力，
而且釋放我們的真正潛力。
而且釋放我們的真正潛力。
07:05
And perhaps even freeing us
to becoming better at being human.
to becoming better at being human.
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甚至可能還解放我們，
去善盡作為人類的本分。
去善盡作為人類的本分。
07:10
Thank you so much.
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非常感謝。
07:11
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
07:17
Shoham Arad: Come over here.
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秀涵 · 阿瑞德：過來這裡。
07:23
OK.
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好。
07:25
I want to ask you a couple of questions,
they're going to clear the stage.
they're going to clear the stage.
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我想問你幾個問題，
他們要清理那邊的舞台。
他們要清理那邊的舞台。
07:29
I feel like this is amazing,
it's innovative,
it's innovative,
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我覺得這很棒、很有創意，
07:33
it's creepy, it's terrifying.
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也有點毛骨悚然、令人恐懼。
07:36
Can you tell us what I think ...
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你能告訴我們為什麼——
07:38
I think there are some
uncomfortable feelings around this.
uncomfortable feelings around this.
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我覺得這個發明引發
了一種令人不自在的感覺。
了一種令人不自在的感覺。
07:41
Tell us, is this reading your thoughts,
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請告訴我們，這個裝置是像讀心術嗎？
07:43
will it in five years,
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是否在五年之內，
07:44
is there a weaponized version of this,
what does it look like?
what does it look like?
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會發展出一個武器化的版本？
屆時它又會是什麼樣子？
屆時它又會是什麼樣子？
07:48
AK: So our first design principle,
before we started working on this,
before we started working on this,
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卡普爾：我們開始研究前的
第一個設計原則就是
第一個設計原則就是
07:52
was to not render ethics
as an afterthought.
as an afterthought.
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不要等到最後才考慮道德問題。
07:55
So we wanted to bake ethics
right into the design.
right into the design.
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因此我們一開始就把
道德規範納入其中。
道德規範納入其中。
07:59
We flipped the design.
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我們翻轉了設計。
08:00
Instead of reading
from the brain directly,
from the brain directly,
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與其直接從腦部讀取資料，
改成從自主神經系統去讀取，
08:02
we're reading from
the voluntary nervous system
the voluntary nervous system
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由你決定與裝置分享溝通那些資訊，
08:04
that you deliberately have to engage
to communicate with the device,
to communicate with the device,
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仍能享有思考裝置的好處。
08:07
while still bringing the benefits
of a thinking or a thought device.
of a thinking or a thought device.
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將人工與人類智慧結合得兩全其美。
08:11
The best of both worlds in a way.
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08:12
SA: OK, I think people are going to have
a lot more questions for you.
a lot more questions for you.
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阿瑞德：嗯，我想大家一定
有更多問題要問你。
有更多問題要問你。
08:16
Also, you said that it's a sticker.
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此外，你說它是貼紙。
08:18
So right now it sits just right here?
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現在就貼這裡嗎？
08:20
Is that the final iteration,
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這是目前最新的版本嗎？
08:21
what the final design you hope looks like?
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你希望最終的設計是什麼樣的？
08:26
AK: Our goal is for the technology
to disappear completely.
to disappear completely.
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卡普爾：我們的目標是讓技術隱身。
阿瑞德：什麼意思？
08:30
SA: What does that mean?
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08:32
AK: If you're wearing it,
I shouldn't be able to see it.
I shouldn't be able to see it.
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卡普爾：意思是，
你穿戴著它，我卻看不出來。
你穿戴著它，我卻看不出來。
因為沒有人希望它清楚秀在你的臉上，
08:34
You don't want technology on your face,
you want it in the background,
you want it in the background,
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而是要它隱身於後，增強你的能力。
08:38
to augment you in the background.
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08:39
So we have a sticker version
that conforms to the skin,
that conforms to the skin,
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所以我們做了一個貼紙版本，
08:42
that looks like the skin,
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看起來像皮膚。
08:43
but we're trying to make
an even smaller version
an even smaller version
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但我們正努力製作更小的版本，
08:46
that would sit right here.
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可以貼在這裡。
08:49
SA: OK.
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阿瑞德：好的。
08:50
I feel like if anyone has any questions
they want to ask Arnav,
they want to ask Arnav,
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我覺得如果每個人都能提問的話，
阿納夫可能得在這裡待上一個星期。
08:53
he'll be here all week.
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08:54
OK, thank you so much, Arnav.
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非常感謝你，阿納夫。
08:56
AK: Thanks, Shoham.
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卡普爾：謝謝秀涵。
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Arnav Kapur - TechnologistTED Fellow Arnav Kapur invents wearable AI devices that augment human cognition and give voice to those who have lost their ability to speak.
Why you should listen
At the MIT Media Lab, Arnav Kapur is inventing a device called Alter Ego, which lets users converse with machines, AI assistants and other people by articulating words internally. Utilizing bone conduction to transmit and receive streams of information, the result is a totally discreet and completely internal method of communication.
As Kapur says: "This work is about enabling people and extending human intelligence. Can we weave artificial intelligence and computing into the human condition, as an extension of our cognition -- combining human creativity and intuition with the power of AI, computation and information? Can we build technology that enables us, not distracts us; that augments us, instead of replacing us; that disappears into the background of the human experience, raising us to new levels of curiosity and creativity?"
Arnav Kapur | Speaker | TED.com