TEDSummit 2019
Pico Iyer: What ping-pong taught me about life
皮科．艾爾: 乒乓球和勝利之謎
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皮科．艾爾在英國長大，他學到比賽的重點就是要贏。五十年後，他了解到，競爭可以「更像是愛的舉動」。在這場迷人、細膩深刻的演說中，他帶大家探究他在日本鄰坊參加的日常乒乓比賽如何解開勝利之謎，並說明為什麼不知道誰是贏家，反而會感覺像是終極的勝利。
Pico Iyer - Global author
Pico Iyer has spent more than 30 years tracking movement and stillness -- and the way criss-crossing cultures have changed the world, our imagination and all our relationships. Full bio
Pico Iyer has spent more than 30 years tracking movement and stillness -- and the way criss-crossing cultures have changed the world, our imagination and all our relationships. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Every other night in Japan,
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在日本，每隔一晚，
00:16
I step out of my apartment,
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我就會步出我的公寓，
00:18
I climb up a hill for 15 minutes,
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花十五分鐘爬上山丘，
00:21
and then I head into my local health club,
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接著前往當地的健康俱樂部，
00:25
where three ping-pong tables
are set up in a studio.
are set up in a studio.
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在俱樂部裡，有三張
乒乓球桌放在一間房間中。
乒乓球桌放在一間房間中。
00:30
And space is limited,
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空間有限，
00:32
so at every table,
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所以，每一張球桌
00:33
one pair of players practices forehands,
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都有一組球員練正手，
00:36
another practices backhands,
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另一組練習反手，
00:39
and every now and then,
the balls collide in midair
the balls collide in midair
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偶爾，球會在空中相撞，
00:42
and everybody says, "Wow!"
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大家就會出聲：「哇！」
00:46
Then, choosing lots,
we select partners and play doubles.
we select partners and play doubles.
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接著，我們用抽籤的方式
選夥伴玩雙打。
選夥伴玩雙打。
00:51
But I honestly couldn't
tell you who's won,
tell you who's won,
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但我實在無法告訴各位誰贏了，
00:54
because we change partners
every five minutes.
every five minutes.
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因為我們每五分鐘就會換夥伴。
00:59
And everybody is trying really hard
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每個人都非常努力
01:02
to win points,
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想要得分，
01:04
but nobody is keeping track
of who is winning games.
of who is winning games.
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但沒有人在記錄誰贏得了比賽。
01:08
And after an hour or so
of furious exertion,
of furious exertion,
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拼了一個小時左右，
01:13
I can honestly tell you
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我可以老實告訴各位，
01:14
that not knowing who has won
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不知道誰贏了
01:17
feels like the ultimate victory.
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感覺就像是終極的勝利。
01:21
In Japan, it's been said,
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在日本有種說法，
01:23
they've created a competitive spirit
without competition.
without competition.
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他們不用競爭就創造了競爭的精神。
01:30
Now, all of you know that geopolitics
is best followed by watching ping-pong.
is best followed by watching ping-pong.
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大家都知道，了解地緣政治學
最好的方式就是看乒乓球。
最好的方式就是看乒乓球。
01:37
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
01:38
The two strongest powers in the world
were fiercest enemies
were fiercest enemies
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世界上最大的兩個強權
是非常對立的敵人，
是非常對立的敵人，
01:43
until, in 1972, an American ping-pong team
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直到 1972 年，一支美國乒乓球隊
01:48
was allowed to visit Communist China.
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獲准造訪共產主義的中國。
01:52
And as soon as the former adversaries
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當這些過往敵手
01:54
were gathered around
some small green tables,
some small green tables,
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聚在那些小型綠色桌子旁邊，
01:58
each of them could claim a victory,
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每個人都有可能取得勝利，
02:01
and the whole world
could breathe more easily.
could breathe more easily.
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全世界也能喘口氣。
02:05
China's leader, Mao Zedong,
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中國的領導人毛澤東
02:07
wrote a whole manual on ping-pong,
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寫了一整本的乒乓手冊，
02:10
and he called the sport
"a spiritual nuclear weapon."
"a spiritual nuclear weapon."
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他把這項運動稱為
「靈性的核武」。
「靈性的核武」。
02:16
And it's been said that the only
honorary lifelong member
honorary lifelong member
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據說，美國乒聯
唯一的榮譽終身會員
02:20
of the US Table Tennis Association
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02:22
is the then-President Richard Nixon,
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是當時的總統尼克森，
02:25
who helped to engineer
this win-win situation
this win-win situation
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他透過乒乓交際手腕
協助策劃了這個雙贏局面。
02:29
through ping-pong diplomacy.
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02:33
But long before that,
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但，其實早在那之前，
現代世界的歷史
現代世界的歷史
02:34
really, the history of the modern world
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02:37
was best told through
the bouncing white ball.
the bouncing white ball.
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就最適合透過反彈的白球來說明。
02:42
"Ping-pong" sounds
like a cousin of "sing-song,"
like a cousin of "sing-song,"
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「乒乓」聽起來像是
「唱歌（英文發音類似）」的表親，
「唱歌（英文發音類似）」的表親，
02:46
like something Eastern,
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聽起來有東方味，
02:48
but actually, it's believed
that it was invented by high-class Brits
that it was invented by high-class Brits
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但其實，一般相信
它是在維多利亞時期
它是在維多利亞時期
由上流英國人所發明，
02:53
during Victorian times,
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02:55
who started hitting wine corks
over walls of books after dinner.
over walls of books after dinner.
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他們在晚餐之後將酒瓶塞
打向書牆，發明了乒乓。
打向書牆，發明了乒乓。
03:00
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
03:01
No exaggeration.
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沒有誇大。
03:02
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
03:03
And by the end of World War I,
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第一次世界大戰尾聲時，
03:05
the sport was dominated by players
from the former Austro-Hungarian Empire:
from the former Austro-Hungarian Empire:
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這項運動被前奧匈帝國球員給主宰：
03:11
eight out of nine
early world championships
early world championships
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早期的世界冠軍，九個中有八個
03:14
were claimed by Hungary.
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被匈牙利拿走。
03:16
And Eastern Europeans grew so adept
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而東歐人非常善長
03:19
at hitting back everything
that was hit at them
that was hit at them
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把打向他們的任何東西打回去，
03:23
that they almost brought
the whole sport to a standstill.
the whole sport to a standstill.
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他們幾乎把這整個運動
打到停滯狀態。
打到停滯狀態。
03:27
In one championship match
in Prague in 1936,
in Prague in 1936,
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1936 年在布拉格的
一場冠軍賽事中，
一場冠軍賽事中，
03:31
the first point is said to have lasted
two hours and 12 minutes.
two hours and 12 minutes.
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到了兩小時十二分時
才有人得了第一分。
才有人得了第一分。
03:37
The first point!
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第一分！
03:38
Longer than a "Mad Max" movie.
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比《衝鋒飛車隊》電影還長。
03:41
And according to one of the players,
the umpire had to retire with a sore neck
the umpire had to retire with a sore neck
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根據一位球員的說法，
在那一分出現之前，
裁判就已經因為脖子酸痛而離場。
裁判就已經因為脖子酸痛而離場。
03:47
before the point was concluded.
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03:49
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
03:50
That player started hitting
the ball back with his left hand
the ball back with his left hand
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球員開始用左手把球打回去，
03:54
and dictating chess moves between shots.
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在打擊之間口述棋步。
03:57
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
03:58
Many in the audience
started, of course, filing out,
started, of course, filing out,
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當然，許多觀眾
開始一個接一個離開，
開始一個接一個離開，
04:01
as that single point lasted
maybe 12,000 strokes.
maybe 12,000 strokes.
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因為要得一分可能
要揮一萬兩千拍。
要揮一萬兩千拍。
04:06
And an emergency meeting of
the International Table Tennis Association
the International Table Tennis Association
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國際桌球總會立即
04:11
had to be held then and there,
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召開緊急會議，
04:14
and soon the rules were changed
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規則很快就被改變了，
04:16
so that no game could last
longer than 20 minutes.
longer than 20 minutes.
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比賽不得超過二十分鐘。
04:20
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
04:22
Sixteen years later,
Japan entered the picture,
Japan entered the picture,
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十六年後，日本也來參一腳，
04:26
when a little-known
watchmaker called Hiroji Satoh
watchmaker called Hiroji Satoh
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一名沒沒無聞的鐘錶匠佐藤博治
04:30
showed up at the world championships
in Bombay in 1952.
in Bombay in 1952.
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於 1952 年出現在
孟買的世界冠軍賽。
孟買的世界冠軍賽。
04:36
And Satoh was not very big,
he wasn't highly rated,
he wasn't highly rated,
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佐藤個子不高，排名不在前面，
04:40
he was wearing spectacles,
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他戴著眼鏡，
04:43
but he was armed with a paddle
that was not pimpled,
that was not pimpled,
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但是他所配備的球拍
不像其他球拍是顆粒面的，
04:48
as other paddles were,
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04:49
but covered by a thick spongy rubber foam.
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而是表面厚厚的海棉橡膠泡沫。
04:54
And thanks to this silencing
secret weapon,
secret weapon,
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因為有這個安靜的秘密武器，
04:59
the little-known Satoh won a gold medal.
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不為人知的佐藤贏得金牌。
05:02
One million people came out
into the streets of Tokyo
into the streets of Tokyo
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他返鄉時，東京有一百萬人
05:07
to greet him upon his return,
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走上街頭歡迎他，
05:09
and really, Japan's postwar resurgence
was set into motion.
was set into motion.
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日本的戰後復興就這麼啟動了。
05:16
What I learned, though,
at my regular games in Japan,
at my regular games in Japan,
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不過，我在日本一般比賽中所學到的
05:21
is more what could be called
the inner sport of global domination,
the inner sport of global domination,
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比較是所謂全球統治的內在運動，
05:27
sometimes known as life.
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也就是人生。
05:30
We never play singles in our club,
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在我們的俱樂部中，
我們從來不單打，
我們從來不單打，
05:34
only doubles,
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只進行雙打，
05:35
and because, as I say,
we change partners every five minutes,
we change partners every five minutes,
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因為，如我所說的，
我們每五分鐘就換夥伴，
我們每五分鐘就換夥伴，
05:39
if you do happen to lose,
you're very likely to win
you're very likely to win
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如果你剛好輸了，六分鐘之後，
你很可能就會贏。
05:43
six minutes later.
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05:45
We also play best-of-two sets,
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我們也會玩三局兩勝制，
05:48
so often, there's no loser at all.
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通常就完全不會有輸家。
05:52
Ping-pong diplomacy.
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乒乓交際手腕。
05:54
And I always remember
that as a boy growing up in England,
that as a boy growing up in England,
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我在英國長大，一直記得
05:57
I was taught that the point
of a game was to win.
of a game was to win.
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被教導比賽的目的是獲勝。
06:02
But in Japan, I'm encouraged to believe
that, really, the point of a game
that, really, the point of a game
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但在日本，大家鼓勵我相信，
其實比賽的重點
其實比賽的重點
06:07
is to make as many people as possible
around you feel that they are winners.
around you feel that they are winners.
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是要盡可能讓你身邊
有越多人感覺自己是贏家。
有越多人感覺自己是贏家。
06:13
So you're not careening up and down
as an individual might,
as an individual might,
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所以你就不會像獨自
一個人那樣載沉載浮，
一個人那樣載沉載浮，
06:16
but you're part of a regular,
steady chorus.
steady chorus.
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你屬於一個平凡穩定的團隊。
06:21
The most skillful players in our club
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在我們的俱樂部中，球技最好的球員
06:25
deploy their skills to turn
a 9-1 lead for their team
a 9-1 lead for their team
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會把他們的技巧用在
讓他們球隊九比一領先的局面
讓他們球隊九比一領先的局面
06:29
into a 9-9 game in which everybody
is intensely involved.
is intensely involved.
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轉換成九比九的局面，
讓大家和比賽緊密結合。
讓大家和比賽緊密結合。
06:34
And my friend who hits
these high, looping lobs
these high, looping lobs
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我有位朋友，他很會打高吊球，
06:39
that smaller players flail at and miss --
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小個子球員會亂打且打不中——
06:43
well, he wins a lot of points,
but I think he's thought of as a loser.
but I think he's thought of as a loser.
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他能得很多分，
但我認為他被視為是輸家。
但我認為他被視為是輸家。
06:48
In Japan, a game of ping-pong
is really like an act of love.
is really like an act of love.
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在日本，乒乓比賽其實
像是一種愛的舉動。
像是一種愛的舉動。
06:54
You're learning how to play with somebody,
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你學習的是如何和其他人一起運動，
06:56
rather than against her.
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而不是對抗其他人。
06:59
And I'll confess,
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我必須承認一開始
07:00
at first, this seemed to me
to take all the fun out of the sport.
to take all the fun out of the sport.
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我覺得這樣子運動的樂趣都沒了。
07:05
I couldn't exult after a tremendous upset
victory against our strongest players,
victory against our strongest players,
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在擊敗最強的球員之後
我不能為之狂喜，
我不能為之狂喜，
07:10
because six minutes later,
with a new partner,
with a new partner,
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因為六分鐘之後，換了新夥伴，
07:13
I was falling behind again.
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我又落後了。
07:15
On the other hand,
I never felt disconsolate.
I never felt disconsolate.
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另一方面，我從來
沒有感覺鬱鬱不樂。
沒有感覺鬱鬱不樂。
07:20
And when I flew away from Japan
and started playing singles again
and started playing singles again
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當我飛離日本，
和英國主要的對手開始再次單打時，
07:24
with my English archrival,
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07:27
I noticed that after every defeat,
I was really brokenhearted.
I was really brokenhearted.
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我發現每次輸球就真的很心碎。
07:33
But after every victory,
I couldn't sleep either,
I couldn't sleep either,
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但每次勝利之後，我也無法入睡，
07:37
because I knew there was
only one way to go,
only one way to go,
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因為我知道只剩下一條路，
07:39
and that was down.
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就是下坡。
07:43
Now, if I were trying to do
business in Japan,
business in Japan,
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如果我要在日本做生意，
07:47
this would lead to endless frustration.
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這會造成無盡的挫折感。
07:51
In Japan, unlike elsewhere,
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日本和其他地方不同，
07:53
if the score is still level
after four hours,
after four hours,
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在日本如果四小時之後仍然比數相同，
07:56
a baseball game ends in a tie,
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棒球比賽就是以平手結束，
08:00
and because the league standings
are based on winning percentage,
are based on winning percentage,
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因為聯賽排名的依據是勝率，
08:05
a team with quite a few ties
can finish ahead
can finish ahead
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有很多場平手的球隊在榜上
可能領先勝賽比較多場的球隊。
08:08
of a team with more victories.
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08:12
One of the first times an American
was ever brought over to Japan
was ever brought over to Japan
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最早被請到日本去領導
日本職業球隊的其中一位美國人
08:15
to lead a professional
Japanese baseball team,
Japanese baseball team,
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08:19
Bobby Valentine, in 1995,
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是巴比瓦倫泰，時間是 1995 年，
08:22
he took this really mediocre squad,
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他帶的球隊很平凡，
08:24
he lead them to a stunning
second-place finish,
second-place finish,
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最後卻以第二名的驚人成績結束，
08:28
and he was instantly fired.
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而他馬上被開除了。
08:30
Why?
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為什麼？
08:31
"Well," said the team spokesman,
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「嗯，」球隊發言人說：
08:33
"because of his emphasis on winning."
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「因為他強調贏球。」
08:37
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
08:38
Official Japan can feel
quite a lot like that point
quite a lot like that point
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官方的日本感覺起來就很像
08:41
that was said to last
two hours and 12 minutes,
two hours and 12 minutes,
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花了兩小時十二分鐘
才得到的那一分，
才得到的那一分，
08:45
and playing not to lose
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為了不要輸而比賽，
08:47
can take all the imagination,
the daring, the excitement, out of things.
the daring, the excitement, out of things.
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會把所有的想像力、
大膽冒險、興奮都給奪去。
大膽冒險、興奮都給奪去。
08:54
At the same time,
playing ping-pong in Japan
playing ping-pong in Japan
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同時，在日本打乒乓球
08:58
reminds me why choirs
regularly enjoy more fun
regularly enjoy more fun
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讓我想起為什麼合唱團通常會比
獨唱更有樂趣。
09:03
than soloists.
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09:05
In a choir, your only job is to play
your small part perfectly,
your small part perfectly,
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在合唱團中，你唯一的工作
就是完美演出你的小角色，
就是完美演出你的小角色，
09:11
to hit your notes with feeling,
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用感覺去唱出你的音符，
09:14
and by so doing, to help to create
a beautiful harmony
a beautiful harmony
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如此協助創造出美麗的和諧，
09:18
that's much greater
than the sum of its parts.
than the sum of its parts.
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讓它變得比所有部分
加總起來更強大。
加總起來更強大。
09:23
Yes, every choir does need a conductor,
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是的，每個合唱團都需要一個指揮，
09:26
but I think a choir releases you
from a child's simple sense of either-ors.
from a child's simple sense of either-ors.
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但我認為合唱團會讓你脫離
兒時非黑即白的簡單二分法。
09:33
You come to see that the opposite
of winning isn't losing --
of winning isn't losing --
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你會開始了解
贏的另一面並不是輸——
贏的另一面並不是輸——
09:38
it's failing to see the larger picture.
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而是無法看到更大的大局。
09:43
As my life goes on,
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隨著年歲增長，我很訝異見到
09:46
I'm really startled to see that no event
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事件在發生後數年
09:50
can properly be assessed
for years after it has unfolded.
for years after it has unfolded.
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仍不能適當地被評估。
09:57
I once lost everything
I owned in the world,
I owned in the world,
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我曾經失去過我在世界上
所擁有的一切，
所擁有的一切，
10:01
every last thing, in a wildfire.
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在大火中失去所有的一切。
10:05
But in time, I came to see
that it was that seeming loss
that it was that seeming loss
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但最後，我漸漸了解，
那看似失去一切的狀況，
那看似失去一切的狀況，
10:09
that allowed me to live
on the earth more gently,
on the earth more gently,
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讓我能夠更溫柔地住在地球上，
10:13
to write without notes,
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不用筆記就能寫作，
10:16
and actually, to move to Japan
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且能真的搬到日本，
10:18
and the inner health club
known as the ping-pong table.
known as the ping-pong table.
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加入內在健康俱樂部，
也就是乒乓球桌。
也就是乒乓球桌。
10:23
Conversely, I once stumbled
into the perfect job,
into the perfect job,
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相反的，我有一次
遇到了一個完美的工作，
遇到了一個完美的工作，
10:28
and I came to see that seeming happiness
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我漸漸了解，那看似快樂的狀況
10:31
can stand in the way of true joy
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反而比不幸更會阻礙
10:34
even more than misery does.
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真正的喜悅。
10:37
Playing doubles in Japan
really relieves me of all my anxiety,
really relieves me of all my anxiety,
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在日本雙打真的讓我
解除了所有焦慮，
解除了所有焦慮，
10:43
and at the end of an evening,
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有天晚上結束時，
10:44
I notice everybody is filing out
in a more or less equal state of delight.
in a more or less equal state of delight.
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我注意到大家都有
差不多同等的愉悅。
差不多同等的愉悅。
10:52
I'm reminded every night
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每天晚上我都會被提醒，
10:54
that not getting ahead
isn't the same thing as falling behind
isn't the same thing as falling behind
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沒有領先並不等同於落後，
11:00
any more than not being lively
is the same thing as being dead.
is the same thing as being dead.
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就如同，沒有精力充沛
並不等同於死了。
並不等同於死了。
11:06
And I've come to understand why it is
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我漸漸了解為什麼
11:08
that Chinese universities
are said to offer degrees in ping-pong,
are said to offer degrees in ping-pong,
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中國的大學會提供乒乓球學位，
11:14
and why researchers
have found that ping-pong
have found that ping-pong
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以及為什麼研究者發現乒乓
11:17
can actually help a little
with mild mental disorders
with mild mental disorders
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真的能對輕微的
心理疾病有一點幫助，
心理疾病有一點幫助，
11:21
and even autism.
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甚至是自閉症。
11:24
But as I watch the 2020 Olympics in Tokyo,
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但當我看 2020 東京奧運時，
11:28
I'm going to be keenly aware
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我將會非常敏銳地意識到
11:31
that it won't be possible
to tell who's won or who's lost
to tell who's won or who's lost
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會有很長的一段時間
不可能分辨出誰贏、誰輸。
11:35
for a very long time.
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11:39
You remember that point I mentioned
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還記得我前面提到過
11:42
that was said to last
for two hours and 12 minutes?
for two hours and 12 minutes?
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花了兩小時十二分才得到的一分嗎？
11:45
Well, one of the players from that game
ended up, six years later,
ended up, six years later,
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那場比賽的其中一位球員
六年後淪落到
奧斯威辛和達豪集中營。
奧斯威辛和達豪集中營。
11:50
in the concentration camps
of Auschwitz and Dachau.
of Auschwitz and Dachau.
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11:55
But he walked out alive.
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但他活著出來了。
11:59
Why?
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為什麼？
12:00
Simply because a guard in the gas chamber
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只因為毒氣室的一名守衛
12:03
recognized him from
his ping-pong playing days.
his ping-pong playing days.
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認出他以前是乒乓球員。
12:08
Had he been the winner of that epic match?
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他是那場史詩級比賽的贏家嗎？
12:11
It hardly mattered.
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一點也不重要了。
12:12
As you recall, many people had filed out
before even the first point was concluded.
before even the first point was concluded.
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如果各位記得，很多人
在那一分出現之前就離場了。
在那一分出現之前就離場了。
12:19
The only thing that saved him
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救了他一命的不是輸贏，
12:21
was the fact that he took part.
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而是他的參賽。
12:25
The best way to win any game,
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每隔一天晚上日本就會告訴我，
12:27
Japan tells me every other night,
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贏得任何比賽的最佳方法，
12:30
is never, never to think about the score.
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是永遠、永遠不要去想比分。
12:37
Thank you.
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謝謝。
12:38
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Pico Iyer - Global authorPico Iyer has spent more than 30 years tracking movement and stillness -- and the way criss-crossing cultures have changed the world, our imagination and all our relationships.
Why you should listen
In twelve books, covering everything from Revolutionary Cuba to the XIVth Dalai Lama, Islamic mysticism to our lives in airports, Pico Iyer has worked to chronicle the accelerating changes in our outer world, which sometimes make steadiness and rootedness in our inner world more urgent than ever. In his TED Book, The Art of Stillness, he draws upon travels from North Korea to Iran to remind us how to remain focused and sane in an age of frenzied distraction. As he writes in the book, "Almost everybody I know has this sense of overdosing on information and getting dizzy living at post-human speeds ... All of us instinctively feel that something inside us is crying out for more spaciousness and stillness to offset the exhilarations of this movement and the fun and diversion of the modern world."
Pico Iyer | Speaker | TED.com