TEDSummit 2019
Ma Yansong: Urban architecture inspired by mountains, clouds and volcanoes
馬岩松: 靈感來自山岳、雲朵，和火山的都市建築
Filmed:
Readability: 3.6
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馬岩松從大自然尋找靈感，設計出讓人摒息的建物，不再用許多現代城市中常見的對稱盒型。他的作品生氣勃勃且十分優雅——從一對能「共舞」的曲線摩天大樓，到看起來像是雪山的歌劇院——他為我們展現了挑戰常規的建築之美。
Ma Yansong - Architect, artist
Believing that architects should envision and build the future, Ma Yansong develops advanced designs that interpret an Eastern affinity for nature within a contemporary fashion. Full bio
Believing that architects should envision and build the future, Ma Yansong develops advanced designs that interpret an Eastern affinity for nature within a contemporary fashion. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
I am an architect.
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我是一名建築師。
00:16
And this picture shows the city
that I come from,
that I come from,
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這張圖上的城市是我的故鄉，
00:20
Beijing, China.
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中國，北京。
00:21
And old Beijing is like
a very beautiful garden,
a very beautiful garden,
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老北京就像是個非常美麗的花園，
00:26
you can see a lot of nature.
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你可以看到很多自然風光。
00:28
When I was a kid,
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在我小時候，
00:29
I learned to swim in this lake
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我在這個湖裏學會了游泳，
00:31
and I climbed mountains
every day after school.
every day after school.
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每天放學之後，我都會去爬山。
00:35
But after getting older,
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但，長大後，
00:37
we built more and more modern buildings.
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我們建造了越來越多的現代大樓。
00:40
And they all look the same.
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它們看起來都一樣，
00:42
They all look like matchboxes.
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它們看起來都像是火柴盒。
為什麼現代建築和城市
00:47
Why are modern buildings
and cities full of these boxy shapes?
and cities full of these boxy shapes?
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都滿是這種盒子型狀？
00:53
In this photo,
you actually see two cities.
you actually see two cities.
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在這張照片中，
你其實可以看到兩個城市。
你其實可以看到兩個城市。
00:56
The one on the left is New York,
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左邊的是紐約，
00:58
and the one on the right
is Tianjin, a Chinese city
is Tianjin, a Chinese city
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右邊的是天津，
一個正在建設中的中國城市。
01:02
that's being constructed.
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01:04
And they have very similar skylines.
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它們在天空映襯下的
空中輪廓線很相似。
空中輪廓線很相似。
01:07
Maybe they also follow the same principle.
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也許它們也遵從同樣的建築原則。
01:10
You know, competing for density,
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你們知道的，爭取密度、
爭奪更多空間、
爭奪更多空間、
01:12
competing for more space,
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01:14
competing for efficiency.
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競爭效益。
01:18
Therefore, modern architecture
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因此，現代建築
01:20
becomes a symbol of capital and power.
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變成了資本和權力的象徵。
中國的城市在不斷建造中，
01:25
Chinese cities are building a lot,
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01:27
they're also, you know,
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它們也都一樣，
01:29
not only competing
for this space and height,
for this space and height,
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不僅是在空間和高度上競爭，
01:32
they're also learning a lot
from North American urban strategies
from North American urban strategies
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也從北美的都市戰略學了很多，
01:37
[and] also repeat a lot from city to city.
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且城市和城市間有許多重覆。
01:42
So here, we call it
1,000 cities with one face.
1,000 cities with one face.
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在這裡，我們稱之為
「千城一面」。
「千城一面」。
01:46
So as an architect in China,
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身為中國的建築師，
01:48
I have to ask myself,
what can I do about it?
what can I do about it?
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我得自問，對此，我能做什麼？
01:52
One day, I was walking on a street,
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有一天，我在街上走路，
01:55
I saw people selling fish.
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我看到有人在賣魚。
01:57
And they put the fish
in this cubic fish tank.
in this cubic fish tank.
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他們把魚放在立方形的魚缸中。
02:01
So I was asking the same question,
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我也問了同樣的問題，
02:03
why a cubic space for fish?
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為什麼連魚的空間都是立方形？
02:05
Do they like cubic space?
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魚喜歡立方形的空間嗎？
02:08
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
02:09
Obviously not.
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顯然不是。
02:10
So maybe the cubic space,
cubic architecture,
cubic architecture,
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所以，也許建造立方形空間、
立方形建築，比較便宜且容易。
02:14
is cheaper, is easier to make.
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02:18
So, I did this small research,
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所以我做了一點研究，
02:21
I put a camera and I tried
to observe how fish behave
to observe how fish behave
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我架設了一台攝影機，
試圖觀察魚在這個
立方形空間中的行為，
立方形空間中的行為，
02:26
in this cubic space.
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02:28
And then I found
they probably weren't happy.
they probably weren't happy.
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接著，我發現，
牠們可能並不快樂。
牠們可能並不快樂。
02:33
The cubic space wasn't
the perfect home for them,
the perfect home for them,
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立方形空間對牠們而言
並非最理想的家，
並非最理想的家，
02:35
so I decided to design
a new fish tank for them.
a new fish tank for them.
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所以我決定要為牠們設計新的缸。
02:38
I think it should be more organic,
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我認為缸應該要更有機，
02:41
it should be a more fluid space inside.
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內部的空間應該要更流線型。
02:45
More complex interiors.
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更複雜的內部設計。
02:51
I think they should feel happier
living in this space,
living in this space,
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我認為魚兒住在這個空間中會更快樂，
02:54
but I wouldn't know
because they don't talk to me.
because they don't talk to me.
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但我不會知道，
因為牠們不會跟我說。
因為牠們不會跟我說。
02:58
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
02:59
But one year after,
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但，一年後，
03:01
we got this opportunity
to design this real building for humans.
to design this real building for humans.
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我們得到一個機會，
為人們設計這棟真正的大樓。
03:07
This is actually a pair of towers
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它其實是一對雙塔，
03:09
that we built in Mississauga,
a city outside Toronto.
a city outside Toronto.
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建造地點為多倫多外的
一個城市，叫做密西沙加。
一個城市，叫做密西沙加。
03:14
And people call this
Marilyn Monroe Towers --
Marilyn Monroe Towers --
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大家稱它為「夢露大廈」——
03:17
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
03:18
because of its curvature.
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原因是它的曲度。
03:22
And the idea was to build a tower,
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想法是，要建造一座塔，
03:25
high-rise, residential tower,
but not a box.
but not a box.
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高樓層、可居住的高塔，
而非一個盒子。
而非一個盒子。
03:30
It's more inspired by nature,
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它的靈感更多來自於大自然，
有太陽光以及風的流動。
有太陽光以及風的流動。
03:32
with the sunshine and wind dynamics.
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03:37
After we finished
designing the first tower,
designing the first tower,
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在我們設計完第一座塔之後，
03:42
they told us, you know,
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他們告訴我們：
03:44
"You don't have to design the second one,
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「你們不用設計第二座塔了，
把同樣的設計拿來用就好，
把同樣的設計拿來用就好，
03:46
you just repeat the same design,
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03:49
and we pay you twice."
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我們付你們兩倍的錢。」
03:52
But I said, "You cannot have
two Marilyn Monroes standing there."
two Marilyn Monroes standing there."
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但，我說：「不能有兩個
瑪莉蓮夢露站在那裡。」
瑪莉蓮夢露站在那裡。」
03:57
And nature never repeats itself,
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大自然本身都不會有所重覆，
04:00
so now we have two buildings
that can dance together.
that can dance together.
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所以，現在我們有兩棟大樓，
它們可以共舞。
04:08
So I have this question for myself.
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我問我自己一個問題。
04:12
You know, why, in the modern city,
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為什麼，在現代城市裡，
04:14
we often think architecture
is a machine, is a box?
is a machine, is a box?
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我們通常都認為建築
是一個機器、一個盒子？
是一個機器、一個盒子？
04:19
So here, I want to see how
people looked at nature in the past.
people looked at nature in the past.
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所以，我想要了解在過去
大家是怎麼看待大自然的。
大家是怎麼看待大自然的。
04:24
By looking into this Chinese
traditional painting,
traditional painting,
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研究這張中國傳統畫作，
04:27
I found that they often mixed
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我發現他們通常會用
非常戲劇性的方式，
非常戲劇性的方式，
04:31
the nature and the artificial, man-made,
in a very dramatic way,
in a very dramatic way,
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將大自然和人工的
人造物融合在一起，
人造物融合在一起，
04:37
so they create this emotional scenery.
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所以他們會創造出
這種充滿情緒的景色。
這種充滿情緒的景色。
04:40
So in the modern city, my question is:
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在現代城市中，我的問題是：
04:43
Is there a way that we don't separate
buildings and nature,
buildings and nature,
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我們有沒有辦法可以不要
把建物和大自然分開，
把建物和大自然分開，
04:48
but combine them?
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而是將兩者結合？
04:50
So there's another project
that we built in China.
that we built in China.
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這是我們在中國
建造的另一個計畫。
建造的另一個計畫。
04:54
It's a quite large residential complex.
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這是一棟很大的住宅綜合大樓。
04:58
And it's located in a very
beautiful nature setting.
beautiful nature setting.
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它位於非常美麗的自然環境中。
老實說，當我初次
造訪這個地方時，
造訪這個地方時，
05:02
To be honest, the first time
when I visited the site,
when I visited the site,
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05:05
it was too beautiful.
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它實在太美了。
05:07
And I almost decided to reject the project
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我幾乎決定要拒絕接下這個計畫，
05:11
because you feel as a criminal
to do anything there.
to do anything there.
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因為在那裡動手腳
感覺就好像是犯罪一樣。
感覺就好像是犯罪一樣。
05:18
I don't want to become a criminal.
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我不想要成為罪犯。
05:21
But my second thought was,
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但我的第二個想法是，
05:23
if I didn't do it,
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如果我不做，
05:25
they would just put, you know,
standard urban towers there, anyway.
standard urban towers there, anyway.
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他們無論如何還是會放一座
標準型的都市塔型建築在那裡。
標準型的都市塔型建築在那裡。
05:29
And that would be a pity.
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那就很可惜了。
05:32
So I decided I had to give it a try.
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所以我決定一試。
05:35
So the way we did that was
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我們採用的方法是，
05:38
we took the contour lines
from the existing mountains,
from the existing mountains,
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我們用既有山岳的外輪廓線，
05:41
and we took those lines
and then translated them into a building.
and then translated them into a building.
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我們把那些輪廓線轉換成為建物。
05:45
So those towers are actually
taking the shapes
taking the shapes
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所以，那些塔的外形和幾何
其實正是來自大自然。
其實正是來自大自然。
05:48
and geometries from the nature.
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所以每座建物有不同的形狀、
05:50
So each building has a different shape,
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05:52
a different size, different height.
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不同的大小、不同的高度。
05:55
And they become
the extension of the nature
the extension of the nature
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它們變成了一種延伸，
將它們所處的大自然再延伸出去。
05:59
[where] they're situated.
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06:01
And you know,
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要知道，
06:03
people think we use computer sometimes
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人們會認為我們有時會
用電腦來設計這種建築，
用電腦來設計這種建築，
06:06
to design this kind of architecture,
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06:08
but I actually use a lot of hand sketch,
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但我其實用了很大量的手繪，
06:11
because I like the randomness
in the hand sketch.
in the hand sketch.
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因為我喜歡手繪才有的隨機性。
06:16
And they can carry sort of emotions
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手繪能傳遞一些情緒，
06:19
that cannot be made by computers.
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是電腦圖紙無法表達的。
06:24
Architecture and humans and nature
can coexist together
can coexist together
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建築、人類，和大自然
能夠共存，
06:30
and are having a good
relationship in this photo.
relationship in this photo.
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在這張照片中，
它們有很好的關係。
它們有很好的關係。
06:33
Actually this guy in the photo
is one of the architects on our team.
is one of the architects on our team.
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事實上，照片中的這個傢伙
是我們團隊裡的一名建築師。
是我們團隊裡的一名建築師。
06:38
I think he's been enjoying
the beautiful nature scenery,
the beautiful nature scenery,
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我想他當時
很享受美麗的自然風景，
06:44
and feeling relieved
that he is not part of the criminals --
that he is not part of the criminals --
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且覺得很放鬆，因為，
他沒有成爲破壞美景的罪犯——
他沒有成爲破壞美景的罪犯——
06:49
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
06:51
in the end.
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還好不是。
再說城市，
06:53
Back to the city,
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06:55
in Beijing, we were asked
to design these urban towers.
to design these urban towers.
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在北京，有人找我們
去設計這樣的都市高塔。
去設計這樣的都市高塔。
07:00
And I made this model.
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我做了這個模型。
07:01
It's an architecture model,
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它是個建築模型，
07:04
looks like a minimountain and minivalleys.
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看起來像是迷你山岳和迷你山谷。
07:07
I put this model on my table,
and I watered it every day.
and I watered it every day.
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我把這個模型放在
我的桌上，每天為它澆水。
我的桌上，每天為它澆水。
07:11
And years later,
we completed this building.
we completed this building.
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數年後，我們完成了這棟大樓。
07:16
And you can see how my hand sketch
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各位可以看到我的手繪圖
07:20
is being translated
into the real building.
into the real building.
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是如何被轉換成真實的建物。
07:23
And they look quite similar.
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它們看起來十分相似。
它看起來像是一座黑山。
07:26
It looks like a black mountain.
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07:27
And this is how this building
is situated in the city.
is situated in the city.
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這是這座建物處在城市裡的樣子。
07:32
It's on the edge of this beautiful park.
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它位在一座美麗的公園旁邊。
它和周圍的大樓
不一樣，很不一樣，
不一樣，很不一樣，
07:35
It's different, very different
from the surrounding buildings,
from the surrounding buildings,
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因為其他的大樓試圖
在大自然周邊建起圍牆。
在大自然周邊建起圍牆。
07:38
because other buildings are trying
to build a wall around the nature.
to build a wall around the nature.
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07:43
But what we're trying to do here
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但我們在這裡想要做的是
07:45
is to make the building itself
as a part of nature,
as a part of nature,
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讓大樓本身成為大自然的一部分，
07:50
so we can extend the nature
from the park into the city.
from the park into the city.
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所以我們把大自然
從公園延伸到了城市中。
從公園延伸到了城市中。
07:54
So that was the idea.
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那就是我們的想法。
07:57
A Chinese art critic drew this painting.
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一位中國的藝評家畫了這幅畫。
08:01
He put our building in this painting.
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他把我們的大樓放在這幅畫中。
08:05
Can you see there's a black,
tiny mountain?
tiny mountain?
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各位能看見上面有一座小黑山嗎？
08:08
That looks very fit into this painting.
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它在這幅畫中看起來非常和諧。
08:14
However, in this reality,
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然而，在這個現實中，
我們的設計在那時是會被質疑，
08:18
our design was being challenged
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08:20
that it looks so different
from the surroundings.
from the surroundings.
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因為它看起來和周圍格格不入。
08:23
And they asked me to modify my design,
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他們要求我修改我的設計，
08:25
either color or shape,
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不論顏色或形狀，
08:28
to make the building
fit the context better.
fit the context better.
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要讓這棟大樓顯得不那麽突兀。
08:33
So my question was,
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所以，我的問題是，
08:35
why it fits this traditional,
you know, natural context,
you know, natural context,
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為什麼此設計會比較契合
傳統的大自然環境，
08:42
better than the reality?
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卻沒那麼融入現實？
08:43
Maybe there's something wrong
with the reality.
with the reality.
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也許是現實出了問題。
08:47
Something wrong with the context.
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是周圍環境出了問題。
08:50
In the very northern part of China,
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在中國非常北邊的地方，
08:52
we also built this opera house.
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我們也建造了這間歌劇院。
08:55
It's an opera house next to the river,
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這間歌劇院在河邊，
08:58
in the wetland park.
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位在濕地公園內。
09:00
So we decided to make this building
part of the surrounding landscape
part of the surrounding landscape
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我們決定要讓這間劇院
成為周圍地景的一部分，
成為周圍地景的一部分，
09:05
and merge into the horizon.
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與地平線融為一體。
09:09
The building literally
looks like a snow mountain.
looks like a snow mountain.
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這棟建築真的看起來像座雪山。
09:12
And people can walk on the building.
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人可以在建築上行走。
09:16
During the day or when there's no opera,
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白天時，或沒有歌劇表演時，
09:19
people come here,
they can enjoy the views,
they can enjoy the views,
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大家會來這裡，享受風景，
09:22
and they can continue
their journey from the park
their journey from the park
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他們的旅程可以從公園
一路延續到這間建築。
一路延續到這間建築。
09:24
onto the building.
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09:27
When they reach the rooftop,
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當他們到了屋頂上，
09:29
there's an amphitheater
that's framing the sky,
that's framing the sky,
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那裡有個圓形露天劇場
可以觀賞天空，
可以觀賞天空，
09:32
where they can sing to the sky.
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他們可以對著天空唱歌。
09:36
Inside the opera,
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在歌劇院内，
09:38
we have this lobby
with a lot of natural light,
with a lot of natural light,
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這個大廳有很多自然採光，
09:40
and they can also enjoy
this semi-indoor-outdoor space,
this semi-indoor-outdoor space,
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訪客也可以享受這個
半室內半室外的空間，
半室內半室外的空間，
09:45
and they can see
the beautiful view around them.
the beautiful view around them.
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他們可以觀賞周圍的美景。
09:50
I've been building several mountains,
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我已經建造了好幾座山，
09:53
and here I'm trying to show you
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我現在要給各位看的
09:55
one building that I think
looks like a cloud.
looks like a cloud.
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是我認為很像雲朵的建物。
09:58
It's the Lucas Museum of Narrative Arts
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這是盧卡斯敘事藝術博物館，
10:01
that's being constructed
in the city of Los Angeles.
in the city of Los Angeles.
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它座落在洛杉磯。
10:04
It's a museum created by George Lucas,
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喬治盧卡斯創立了這間博物館，
10:10
the creator of the "Star Wars" movies.
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《星際大戰》系列電影
正是出自他之手。
正是出自他之手。
10:14
Why a building that looks like a cloud?
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為什麼要用看起來像雲朵的建築？
10:17
Because I think, I imagine,
the cloud is mysterious.
the cloud is mysterious.
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因為，在我的想像中，
雲朵是神秘的。
10:22
It's nature.
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雲朵是大自然。
10:24
It's surreal when this natural element
landed in the city.
landed in the city.
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當這種大自然元素降落在城市中時，
感覺會非常超現實。
感覺會非常超現實。
10:30
And it makes you feel curious about it,
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它會讓你對它感到好奇，
10:33
and you want to explore it.
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你會想一探究竟。
10:37
So that's how the building
landed on earth.
landed on earth.
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所以，這間建築就這麼
降落在地球上了。
降落在地球上了。
10:42
By lifting this museum,
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把這間博物館抬起來，
讓它浮在地面上，
讓它浮在地面上，
10:43
making it float above the ground,
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10:46
we can free up a lot of landscape
and space underneath the building.
and space underneath the building.
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我們就能釋放出這座建物
底下的許多地景和空間。
底下的許多地景和空間。
10:50
And then we can, at the same time,
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同時，我們也能在建築上方
創造這座屋頂花園，
創造這座屋頂花園，
10:52
create this roof garden above the building
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你可以進入花園，享受景色。
10:54
where you can visit and enjoy the view.
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10:58
This museum will be completed
in the year 2022,
in the year 2022,
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這間博物館會在 2022 年完工，
11:02
and you're all invited
when it's completed.
when it's completed.
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完成時，歡迎大家來參訪。
11:09
So after building all these
mountains and clouds,
mountains and clouds,
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在建造了所有這些
山岳和雲朵之後，
山岳和雲朵之後，
11:13
now we're building these volcanoes
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我們現在回到中國建造這些火山。
11:15
back in China.
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11:17
This is actually a huge sports park
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它其實是一座巨大的運動公園，
11:20
with four stadiums in it,
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裡面有四間體育館，
11:22
with one football stadium
[with] 40,000 seats in there.
[with] 40,000 seats in there.
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其中一間是足球體育館，
內有四萬個座位。
11:30
So it's a very large project.
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這是一個非常大的計畫。
11:32
And you see from this photo,
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從這張照片可以看到，
11:35
you can hardly tell where there's building
and where there's landscape.
and where there's landscape.
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很難分辨得出建物和地景。
11:39
So the building becomes a landscape.
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建物本身變成了地景。
11:41
Even becomes a land art,
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甚至變成了地上的藝術，
11:43
where people can walk around the building,
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民眾可以繞行建物，
11:45
they can climb this building
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可以爬上建物，
11:47
as they're wandering in this volcano park.
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他們在這座火山公園中漫遊。
11:54
And this rendering shows
one of the spaces in those volcanoes.
one of the spaces in those volcanoes.
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這張圖中的空間則是
在那些火山的內部。
在那些火山的內部。
11:58
This is actually a swimming pool
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這其實是一座游泳池，
12:01
with natural light coming from above.
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上方有自然採光。
12:06
So, what we're trying to create
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我們在嘗試創造出一個環境，
12:08
actually is an environment
that blurs the boundary
that blurs the boundary
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在這裡，建築和大自然之間的界線
12:12
in between architecture and nature.
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是難分辨出來的。
12:15
So architecture is no longer
a functional machine for living.
a functional machine for living.
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建築已經不再是
生活用的功能性機器。
生活用的功能性機器。
12:21
It also reflects the nature around us.
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它也能反映出我們周圍的大自然。
12:23
It also reflects our soul and spirit.
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它也能反映出我們的靈魂和精神。
12:27
So, as an architect, I don't think
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身為建築師，我不認為
12:30
in the future we should repeat
those soulless matchboxes anymore.
those soulless matchboxes anymore.
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在未來我們應該要繼續重覆
做出那些沒有靈魂的火柴盒。
做出那些沒有靈魂的火柴盒。
12:35
I think what I'm looking for
is the opportunity
is the opportunity
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我想，我在尋找的是一個機會，
12:38
to create a future
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來創造一個人類與大自然
12:40
with harmony in between humans and nature.
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能和諧共存的未來。
12:44
Thank you very much.
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非常謝謝。
12:46
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ma Yansong - Architect, artistBelieving that architects should envision and build the future, Ma Yansong develops advanced designs that interpret an Eastern affinity for nature within a contemporary fashion.
Why you should listen
In 2004, architect Ma Yansong founded MAD Architects, a global architecture firm committed to developing organic and futuristic environments embodying the natural world. MAD has created a series of imaginative works across the globe that demonstrate how they envision the future city, including the Absolute Towers, Harbin Opera House and Hutong Bubble 32.
In 2014, MAD was selected as the principal designer for the Lucas Museum of Narrative Art, making Yansong the first Chinese architect to design an overseas cultural landmark. In April 2019, the Centre Pompidou opened MAD X, a major exhibition of MAD's works that exemplifies their architectural vision and expresses the firm's core vision of a futuristic architecture, akin to dream-like earthscapes, that creates a conversation between nature, earth and sky.
Ma Yansong | Speaker | TED.com