TEDGlobal 2009
Elaine Morgan: I believe we evolved from aquatic apes
Elaine Morgan：人類演化自水猿
Filmed:
Readability: 3.6
1,427,832 views
伊萊恩摩根是一位堅信「人類演化自水生猿」的科學家，她舉例說明靈長類的祖先棲息地，是在水邊的環境，誰縈繞在水樣的棲息地。聽到她的英勇保衛的想法-和她的理論主流科學為什麼不認真對待它。
Elaine Morgan - Aquatic ape theorist
Elaine Morgan, armed with an arsenal of television writing credits and feminist credentials, spent her life on a mission to prove humans evolved in water. Full bio
Elaine Morgan, armed with an arsenal of television writing credits and feminist credentials, spent her life on a mission to prove humans evolved in water. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Well, this is 2009.
0
0
5000
現在是2009年
00:17
And it's the Bicentenary of Charles Darwin.
1
5000
5000
查爾斯達爾文的兩百年紀念
00:22
And all over the world, eminent evolutionists
2
10000
3000
世界各地著名的進化論者
00:25
are anxious to celebrate this.
3
13000
2000
都迫不及待想要大肆慶祝
00:27
And what they're planning to do is to enlighten us
4
15000
4000
他們想要啟發我們
00:31
on almost every aspect
5
19000
2000
去了解達爾文所有的
00:33
of Darwin and his life,
6
21000
2000
思想與人生
00:35
and how he changed our thinking.
7
23000
2000
以及他如何改變我們的觀念
00:37
I say almost every aspect,
8
25000
3000
我說"幾乎"每一個面向
00:40
because there is one aspect of this story
9
28000
3000
是因為當中有一個面向
00:43
which they have thrown no light on.
10
31000
3000
他們並沒有提到
00:46
And they seem anxious to skirt around it and step over it
11
34000
3000
他們似乎急著走避和略過
00:49
and to talk about something else.
12
37000
2000
去談其他的事情
00:51
So I'm going to talk about it.
13
39000
2000
所以我決定來談一談
00:53
It's the question of, why are we so different from the chimpanzees?
14
41000
6000
那問題就是：為何我們跟黑猩猩如此不同？
00:59
We get the geneticists keeping on telling us
15
47000
2000
基因學家不斷告訴我們
01:01
how extremely closely we are related -- hardly any genes of difference,
16
49000
4000
人類和黑猩猩有多麼相像，基因幾乎一模一樣
01:05
very, very closely related.
17
53000
3000
是非常非常相近的物種
01:08
And yet, when you look at the phenotypes,
18
56000
3000
可是當你觀察外顯型時
01:11
there's a chimp, there's a man;
19
59000
2000
一邊是黑猩猩 一邊是人類
01:13
they're astoundingly different,
20
61000
2000
兩者的差異令人震驚
01:15
no resemblance at all.
21
63000
2000
完全沒有相似之處
01:17
I'm not talking about airy-fairy stuff
22
65000
2000
我不是在談不切實際的東西
01:19
about culture or psychology, or behavior.
23
67000
4000
如文化或心理或行為
01:23
I'm talking about ground-base, nitty-gritty,
24
71000
3000
而是基本關鍵的
01:26
measurable physical differences.
25
74000
2000
外表差異
01:28
They, that one,
26
76000
2000
牠們，那一群
01:30
is hairy and walking on four legs.
27
78000
2000
是多毛且用四腳走路
01:32
That one is a naked biped. Why?
28
80000
4000
另一群則是赤裸的兩足動物，為什麼？
01:36
I mean --
29
84000
2000
我是指
01:38
(Laughter)
30
86000
1000
（笑聲）
01:39
if I'm a good Darwinist, I've got to believe
31
87000
2000
如果我是個虔誠的達爾文主義者 我就要相信
01:41
there's a reason for that.
32
89000
2000
此事必有因
01:43
If we changed so much, something must have happened.
33
91000
3000
一定是發生了什麼事，讓我們的改變這麼大
01:46
What happened?
34
94000
2000
究竟發生了什麼事呢?
01:48
Now 50 years ago, that was a laughably simple question.
35
96000
3000
五十年前，這是個可笑的簡單問題
01:51
Everybody knew the answer.
36
99000
2000
人人都知道答案
01:53
They knew what happened.
37
101000
2000
他們知道發生了什麼事
01:55
The ancestor of the apes stayed in the trees;
38
103000
2000
人猿的祖先留在樹上
01:57
our ancestors went out onto the plain.
39
105000
3000
我們的祖先則移向平原
02:00
That explained everything.
40
108000
3000
這解釋了一切
02:03
We had to get up on our legs to peer over the tall grass,
41
111000
3000
我們必須站立才能看過高草原
02:06
or to chase after animals,
42
114000
2000
或追逐動物
02:08
or to free our hands for weapons.
43
116000
2000
或者張開手好握住武器
02:10
And we got so overheated in the chase
44
118000
4000
而在打獵中因為過熱
02:14
that we had to take off that fur coat and throw it away.
45
122000
4000
我們必須丟掉身上的厚毛
02:18
Everybody knew that, for generations.
46
126000
3000
好幾世代的人都知道這個演化過程
02:21
But then, in the '90s, something began to unravel.
47
129000
4000
可是到了90年代，有些事情開始浮現
02:25
The paleontologists themselves looked a bit more closely
48
133000
4000
古生物學家更仔細地研究
02:29
at the accompanying microfauna
49
137000
4000
一些伴隨型的微型動物
02:33
that lived in the same time and place as the hominids.
50
141000
4000
他們和原始人類生長在同一個時間，同一個地點
02:37
And they weren't savanna species.
51
145000
3000
但發現他們並非熱帶草原的物種
02:40
And they looked at the herbivores. And they weren't savanna herbivores.
52
148000
4000
古生物學家研究草食動物,發現他們不是大草原的草食動物
02:44
And then they were so clever, they found a way to analyze
53
152000
3000
接著聰明的學者發現一個方法，他們去分析
02:47
fossilized pollen.
54
155000
2000
花粉的化石
02:49
Shock, horror.
55
157000
2000
震驚，且難以置信
02:51
The fossilized pollen was not of savanna vegetation.
56
159000
5000
那些花粉化石並不是大草原的植物
02:56
Some of it even came from lianas,
57
164000
2000
有些甚至來自藤蔓植物
02:58
those things that dangle in the middle of the jungle.
58
166000
3000
那些懸盪在叢林裡的植物
03:01
So we're left with a situation where
59
169000
2000
現在面對的狀況是
03:03
we know that our earliest ancestors
60
171000
4000
我們知道自己最早的祖先
03:07
were moving around on four legs in the trees,
61
175000
4000
用四腳走動 住在樹上
03:11
before the savanna ecosystem even came into existence.
62
179000
5000
早在大草原生態形成之前就如此了
03:16
This is not something I've made up.
63
184000
3000
這不是我捏造的故事
03:19
It's not a minority theory.
64
187000
2000
這不是少數理論
03:21
Everybody agrees with it.
65
189000
2000
而是每個人都認同的
03:23
Professor Tobias came over from South Africa
66
191000
4000
南非教受托比亞斯
03:27
and spoke to University College London.
67
195000
3000
他到英國大學演講
03:30
He said, "Everything I've been telling you for the last 20 years,
68
198000
3000
他說：過去20年來我所告訴過你們的事
03:33
forget about it. It was wrong.
69
201000
3000
都忘掉吧 全是錯的
03:36
We've got to go back to square one and start again."
70
204000
4000
我們必須回到一壘 從頭開始
03:40
It made him very unpopular. They didn't want to go back to square one.
71
208000
6000
這讓他遭到排斥 因為大家都不想從頭開始
03:46
I mean, it's a terrible thing to happen.
72
214000
2000
這是件令人難過的事
03:48
You've got this beautiful paradigm.
73
216000
3000
眼前有個很好的典範
03:51
You've believed it through generations.
74
219000
2000
好幾世代以來都一直相信著
03:53
Nobody has questioned it.
75
221000
2000
大家都如此深信
03:55
You've been constructing fanciful things on top of it,
76
223000
4000
你在上面蓋了許多奇異的東西
03:59
relying on it to be as solid as a rock.
77
227000
2000
期望它就像石頭一樣堅實
04:01
And now it's whipped away from under you.
78
229000
3000
現在這基礎卻從你底下被抽離了
04:04
What do you do? What does a scientist do in that case?
79
232000
3000
你該怎麼辦？這時候科學家該怎麼做呢？
04:07
Well, we know the answer because
80
235000
2000
其實我們知道答案
04:09
Thomas S. Kuhn
81
237000
3000
因為湯姆士.孔恩
04:12
wrote a seminal treatise
82
240000
4000
寫了一篇相關的開創性論文
04:16
about this back in 1962.
83
244000
2000
在1962年
04:18
He said what scientists do
84
246000
2000
他說：科學家們要如何面對
04:20
when a paradigm fails
85
248000
4000
一個典範的殞落呢？
04:24
is, guess what -- they carry on as if nothing had happened.
86
252000
3000
猜他怎麼說？他說：就當一切都沒有發生過吧
04:27
(Laughter)
87
255000
3000
（笑聲）
04:30
If they haven't got a paradigm they can't ask the question.
88
258000
3000
如果科學家沒有典範就無法做學問
04:33
So they say, "Yes it's wrong,
89
261000
2000
於是他們就說：這是錯的
04:35
but supposing it was right ..."
90
263000
2000
但萬一它是對的呢？
04:37
(Laughter)
91
265000
2000
（笑聲）
04:39
And the only other option open to them
92
267000
4000
另外唯一的選擇就是
04:43
is to stop asking the questions.
93
271000
2000
停止探討所有的問題
04:45
So that is what they have done now.
94
273000
4000
這正是他們現在所做的
04:49
That's why you don't hear them talking about it. It's yesterday's question.
95
277000
3000
這是你現在聽不到大家討論水猿理論的原因，
04:52
Some of them have even elevated it into a principle.
96
280000
3000
有些科學家甚至將這問題變成一種信念
04:55
It's what we ought to be doing.
97
283000
2000
一件我們都該遵照的事
04:57
Aaron Filler from Harvard said,
98
285000
3000
哈佛大學的菲勒博士曾說過：
05:00
"Isn't it time we stopped talking about selective pressures?
99
288000
4000
我們是否該停止討論選擇壓力了呢？
05:04
I mean, why don't we talk about, well, there's chromosomes, and there's genes.
100
292000
3000
我是指：為何不從染色體和基因來討論
05:07
And we just record what we see."
101
295000
3000
看到什麼就說什麼
05:10
Charles Darwin must be spinning in his grave!
102
298000
3000
查爾斯達爾文一定氣得在墳墓裡跳腳
05:13
He knew all about that kind of science.
103
301000
3000
他對那種科學再清楚不過
05:16
And he called it hypothesis-free science.
104
304000
3000
他稱之為「無假設科學」
05:19
And he despised it from the bottom of his heart.
105
307000
3000
達爾文打從心底鄙視這種科學
05:22
And if you're going to say,
106
310000
3000
如果你想說
05:25
"I'm going to stop talking about selective pressures,"
107
313000
2000
「我要開始停止討論選擇壓力」
05:27
you can take "The Origin of Species" and throw it out of the window,
108
315000
4000
那你大可把「物種原始」丟出窗外了
05:31
for it's about nothing else but selective pressures.
109
319000
2000
因為那整本書都在談選擇壓力
05:33
And the irony of it is,
110
321000
2000
諷刺的是
05:35
that this is one occasion of a paradigm collapse
111
323000
3000
這次典範的殞落
05:38
where we didn't have to wait for a new paradigm to come up.
112
326000
4000
並不需要等待新的典範出現才發生
05:42
There was one waiting in the wings.
113
330000
2000
其實早有另一典範準備取代
05:44
It had been waiting there since 1960
114
332000
2000
自1960年就開始等著了
05:46
when Alister Hardy, a marine biologist,
115
334000
3000
海洋生物學家哈帝爵士當時曾說：
05:49
said, "I think what happened,
116
337000
2000
我想原因是
05:51
perhaps our ancestors
117
339000
2000
也許我們的祖先
05:53
had a more aquatic existence
118
341000
2000
有更長的時間
05:55
for some of the time."
119
343000
3000
生活在水裡
05:58
He kept it to himself for 30 years.
120
346000
2000
他把這想法藏了三十年
06:00
But then the press got hold of it and all hell broke loose.
121
348000
3000
可是最後被媒體揭露，搞得天翻地覆
06:03
All his colleagues said, "This is outrageous.
122
351000
3000
他所有的同事都認為：這簡直駭人聽聞
06:06
You've exposed us to public ridicule!
123
354000
4000
你讓我們全成了眾人的笑話！
06:10
You must never do that again."
124
358000
2000
你以後永遠不准再犯
06:12
And at that time, it became set in stone:
125
360000
3000
在當時這理論被判了死刑
06:15
the aquatic theory should be dumped
126
363000
3000
水猿理論應該跟
06:18
with the UFOs and the yetis,
127
366000
2000
幽浮和雪人一起
06:20
as part of the lunatic fringe of science.
128
368000
4000
被當作瘋狂的邊緣科學被丟掉
06:24
Well I don't think that.
129
372000
2000
但我可不這麼想
06:26
I think that Hardy had a lot going for him.
130
374000
2000
我認為哈帝有許多有力的說法
06:28
I'd like to talk about just a handful
131
376000
3000
我想談談少數幾個
06:31
of what have been called the
132
379000
2000
被稱為
06:33
hallmarks of mankind,
133
381000
2000
人類正字標記的特徵
06:35
the things that made us different from everybody else,
134
383000
2000
和其他動物
06:37
and all our relatives.
135
385000
2000
以及近親動物不同的地方
06:39
Let's look at our naked skin.
136
387000
4000
先來看我們赤裸的皮膚
06:43
It's obvious that most of the things we think about
137
391000
4000
很明顯的，大多數我們想到的
06:47
that have lost their body hair, mammals without body hair,
138
395000
3000
無體毛的哺乳類動物
06:50
are aquatic ones, like the dugong, the walrus,
139
398000
3000
都是水生動物，比如像：儒艮 海象
06:53
the dolphin, the hippopotamus, the manatee.
140
401000
4000
海豚 河馬 海牛
06:57
And a couple of wallowers-in-mud like the babirusa.
141
405000
6000
還有一兩個在泥中打滾的動物 如鹿豬
07:03
And you're tempted to think, well perhaps,
142
411000
2000
你不禁會想 也許這就是
07:05
could that be why we are naked?
143
413000
3000
我們赤裸的原因
07:08
I suggested it and people said, "No no no.
144
416000
2000
我如此表明 別人就會說：不 不 不
07:10
I mean, look at the elephant.
145
418000
2000
看看大象
07:12
You've forgotten all about the elephant haven't you?"
146
420000
2000
難道你忘了大象嗎？
07:14
So back in 1982 I said,
147
422000
3000
1982年的時候我回答：
07:17
"Well perhaps the elephant had an aquatic ancestor."
148
425000
3000
也許大象的祖先也是水生動物啊
07:20
Peals of merry laughter!
149
428000
3000
這回答引來一陣陣的笑聲！
07:23
"That crazy woman. She's off again. She'll say anything won't she?"
150
431000
3000
「那瘋女人！她又錯亂了！老是胡言亂語…」
07:26
But by now, everybody agrees that the elephant had an aquatic ancestor.
151
434000
6000
但是現在，每個人都認同大象有個水生動物的祖先
07:32
This has come 'round to be that all those naked pachyderms
152
440000
3000
所有赤裸的厚皮動物的祖先
07:35
have aquatic ancestors.
153
443000
2000
都是水生動物
07:37
The last exception was supposed to be the rhinoceros.
154
445000
2000
排名最後的是犀牛
07:39
Last year in Florida they found extinct ancestor of a rhinoceros
155
447000
4000
去年在佛羅里達發現了犀牛已絕種的祖先
07:43
and said, "Seems to have spent most of its time in the water."
156
451000
4000
那些人說：看來似乎大部分的時間都生活在水裡
07:47
So this is a close connection between nakedness and water.
157
455000
5000
所以這就是赤裸皮膚與水之間的密切關聯
07:52
As an absolute connection, it only works one way.
158
460000
3000
這種絕對關係是單向的
07:55
You can't say all aquatic animals are naked,
159
463000
4000
你不能說所有水生動物都是赤裸的
07:59
because look at the sea otter.
160
467000
2000
看看海獺就會明白
08:01
But you can say
161
469000
2000
不過你可以說
08:03
that every animal that has become naked
162
471000
4000
所有赤裸的動物
08:07
has been conditioned by water, in its own lifetime,
163
475000
3000
牠或牠祖先的生命都跟水有關係
08:10
or the lifetime of its ancestors. I think this is significant.
164
478000
4000
我認為這具有重大意義
08:14
The only exception is the naked Somalian mole-rat,
165
482000
4000
只有索馬利亞鼴鼠例外
08:18
which never puts its nose above the surface of the ground.
166
486000
4000
牠的鼻子從不超出地面
08:22
And take bipedality.
167
490000
2000
看看用兩腳行動
08:24
Here you can't find anybody to compare it with,
168
492000
3000
你無法找到與人類相媲美的動物
08:27
because we're the only animal that walks upright on two legs.
169
495000
5000
因為我們是唯一以兩隻腳挺立行走的動物
08:32
But you can say this: all the apes and all the monkeys
170
500000
3000
但是你可以說
08:35
are capable of walking on two legs,
171
503000
2000
所有的黑猩猩和猴子也能用兩隻腳走路
08:37
if they want to, for a short time.
172
505000
2000
如果牠們願意的話 但只是暫時的
08:39
There is only one circumstance in which they
173
507000
3000
只有一種情況
08:42
always, all of them, walk on two legs,
174
510000
3000
會讓牠們全部一直用兩腳走路
08:45
and that is when they are wading through water.
175
513000
3000
就是費力走過水的時候
08:48
Do you think that's significant?
176
516000
2000
你覺得這有意義嗎？
08:50
David Attenborough thinks it's significant,
177
518000
2000
大衛艾登堡認為很有意義
08:52
as the possible beginning of our bipedalism.
178
520000
4000
因為這有可能就是兩足類的原始
08:56
Look at the fat layer.
179
524000
2000
看看體脂肪
08:58
We have got, under our skin, a layer of fat, all over:
180
526000
4000
我們全身的皮膚底下都鋪著厚厚一層的脂肪
09:02
nothing in the least like that in any other primate.
181
530000
4000
其他靈長類動物是沒有的
09:06
Why should it be there?
182
534000
2000
為什麼我們會有皮下脂肪呢
09:08
Well they do know, that if you look at other aquatic mammals,
183
536000
3000
專家知道如果你觀察其他水生哺乳類動物
09:11
the fat that in most land mammals
184
539000
2000
一般陸上動物的脂肪
09:13
is deposited inside the body wall,
185
541000
3000
都囤積在體內的體壁上
09:16
around the kidneys and the intestines and so on,
186
544000
4000
在腎臟和大小腸周圍等等
09:20
has started to migrate to the outside,
187
548000
2000
水生哺乳類的脂肪則轉移到體壁外
09:22
and spread out in a layer inside the skin.
188
550000
4000
分散成皮膚內的脂肪層
09:26
In the whale it's complete:
189
554000
2000
鯨魚是進化完整的
09:28
no fat inside at all, all in blubber outside.
190
556000
3000
體內毫無脂肪 全是體外的鯨脂
09:31
We cannot avoid the suspicion
191
559000
3000
我們不得不去懷疑
09:34
that in our case it's started to happen.
192
562000
3000
人類才正開始這樣的演化
09:37
We have got skin lined with this layer.
193
565000
4000
所以皮膚下才有脂肪層
09:41
It's the only possible explanation of why humans,
194
569000
3000
這是唯一能夠解釋為何人類
09:44
if they're very unlucky,
195
572000
3000
如果不幸
09:47
can become grossly obese,
196
575000
3000
就會變得極度肥胖
09:50
in a way that would be totally impossible for any other primate, physically impossible.
197
578000
4000
這是其他靈長類在體型上根本不會發生的事
09:54
Something very odd, matter-of-factly, never explained.
198
582000
4000
有些從未獲得解釋的奇怪現象
09:58
The question of why we can speak.
199
586000
2000
關於我們為何會說話的問題
10:00
We can speak.
200
588000
2000
我們會說話
10:02
And the gorilla can't speak. Why?
201
590000
3000
為什麼大猩猩不會說話？
10:05
Nothing to do with his teeth or his tongue or his lungs or anything like that --
202
593000
4000
跟牠的牙齒或舌頭或肺部等等都無關
10:09
purely has to do with its conscious control of its breath.
203
597000
5000
而是跟有意識的控制呼吸有關係
10:14
You can't even train a gorilla to say "Ah" on request.
204
602000
5000
你甚至無法訓練及要求大猩猩說「啊」
10:19
The only creatures that have got conscious control of their breath
205
607000
5000
唯一能夠有意識地控制呼吸的生物
10:24
are the diving animals and the diving birds.
206
612000
3000
就是潛水型的動物和鳥類
10:27
It was an absolute precondition for our being able to speak.
207
615000
5000
控制呼吸是我們會說話的絕對性先決條件
10:32
And then again, there is the fact that we are streamlined.
208
620000
4000
還有事實上我們是流線型的
10:36
Trying to imagine a diver
209
624000
2000
試想潛水者潛入水中
10:38
diving into water -- hardly makes a splash.
210
626000
2000
幾乎不激起任何水花
10:40
Try to imagine a gorilla
211
628000
3000
試想大猩猩
10:43
performing the same maneuver,
212
631000
3000
做出一樣的動作
10:46
and you can see that, compared with gorilla,
213
634000
2000
你將會發現，和大猩猩比起來
10:48
we are halfway to being shaped like a fish.
214
636000
3000
我們有一半的肢體就像魚一樣
10:51
I am trying to suggest that, for 40-odd years,
215
639000
3000
我想提出的是 在過去四十多年來
10:54
this aquatic idea has been miscategorized as lunatic fringe,
216
642000
5000
這個水猿理論一直被誤歸類為瘋狂的邊緣科學
10:59
and it is not lunatic fringe.
217
647000
3000
實際上並非如此
11:02
And the ironic thing about it is that
218
650000
3000
諷刺的是
11:05
they are not staving off the aquatic theory
219
653000
3000
人們並不是擊退水猿理論
11:08
to protect a theory of their own,
220
656000
2000
來維護他們自己所認同
11:10
which they've all agreed on, and they love.
221
658000
2000
而且熱愛的理論
11:12
There is nothing there.
222
660000
2000
根本就沒有其他理論存在
11:14
They are staving off the aquatic theory
223
662000
2000
他們避開水猿理論
11:16
to protect a vacuum.
224
664000
2000
只為了維護一片空白
11:18
(Laughter)
225
666000
3000
（笑聲）
11:21
(Applause)
226
669000
5000
（鼓掌）
11:26
How do they react when I say these things?
227
674000
3000
我談水猿理論時他們有何反應呢？
11:29
One very common reaction I've heard about 20 times
228
677000
4000
一個我已經聽過20次的普遍反應是：
11:33
is, "But it was investigated.
229
681000
2000
「已經有人調查過了」
11:35
They conducted a serious investigation of this at the beginning,
230
683000
4000
當哈帝公開他的論文時
11:39
when Hardy put forward his article."
231
687000
4000
他們徹底地對這理論進行過研究過了
11:43
I don't believe it.
232
691000
3000
我不相信
11:46
For 35 years I've been looking for any evidence
233
694000
3000
35年來我一直在尋找
11:49
of any incident of that kind,
234
697000
2000
類似的調查證據
11:51
and I've concluded that that's one of the urban myths.
235
699000
3000
我的結論是：這是現代的迷思之一
11:54
It's never been done.
236
702000
3000
哈帝的理論從來就沒有調查
11:57
I ask people sometimes, and they say,
237
705000
2000
有時候我會問人 他們就說：
11:59
"I like the aquatic theory!
238
707000
2000
我喜歡水猿理論！
12:01
Everybody likes the aquatic theory.
239
709000
2000
每個人都喜歡水猿理論
12:03
Of course they don't believe it, but they like it."
240
711000
2000
當然他們不會相信 可是卻會喜歡
12:05
Well I say, "Why do you think it's rubbish?"
241
713000
4000
我又問：為什麼你認為那是胡說呢？
12:09
They say "Well ...
242
717000
2000
他們回答：嗯…..
12:11
everybody I talk to says it's rubbish.
243
719000
3000
因為其他人都這麼說啊
12:14
And they can't all be wrong, can they?"
244
722000
2000
而且他們不可能全都錯吧？
12:16
The answer to that, loud and clear, is, "Yes! They can all be wrong."
245
724000
4000
那答案再明顯不過：沒錯 他們可能全都錯了！
12:20
History is strewn with the cases when they've all got it wrong.
246
728000
4000
歷史上到處都有我們全都錯了的實例
12:24
(Applause)
247
732000
8000
（鼓掌）
12:32
And if you've got a scientific problem like that,
248
740000
2000
如果你面對一個像這樣的科學問題
12:34
you can't solve it by holding a head count,
249
742000
3000
你不能用數人頭來解決
12:37
and saying, "More of us say yes than say no."
250
745000
3000
然後說：你看 大多數都同意啊
12:40
(Laughter)
251
748000
1000
（笑聲）
12:41
Apart from that, some of the heads count more than others.
252
749000
4000
除此之外 有些人頭比其他人重要
12:45
Some of them have come over.
253
753000
3000
有些人則改變立場
12:48
There was Professor Tobias. He's come over.
254
756000
3000
像是托比亞斯教授就認同了水猿理論
12:51
Daniel Dennett, he's come over.
255
759000
2000
丹尼爾丹奈特認同了
12:53
Sir David Attenborough, he's come over.
256
761000
4000
大衛艾登堡也認同了
12:57
Anybody else out there? Come on in.
257
765000
2000
還有沒有人？都過來吧
12:59
The water is lovely.
258
767000
2000
水是非常迷人的
13:01
(Applause)
259
769000
3000
（鼓掌）
13:04
And now we've got to look to the future.
260
772000
5000
接著我們必須看向未來
13:09
Ultimately one of three things is going to happen.
261
777000
4000
到最後 以下三種情況之中，有一種可能會發生
13:13
Either they will go on for the next 40 years, 50 years, 60 years.
262
781000
5000
第一是人們在未來40 50 或60年會繼續說：
13:18
"Yeah well we don't talk about that. Let's talk about something interesting."
263
786000
4000
我們不討論那個 來討論更有趣的話題吧
13:22
That would be very sad.
264
790000
2000
這將令人非常難過
13:24
The second thing that could happen
265
792000
2000
第二個可能發生的是
13:26
is that some young genius will arrive,
266
794000
2000
有些年輕的天才會出現
13:28
and say, "I've found it.
267
796000
2000
然後說：我找到了！
13:30
It was not the savanna, it was not the water, it was this!"
268
798000
4000
不是大草原 也不是水 而是這個！
13:34
No sign of that happening either.
269
802000
3000
但看不到這個可能發生的跡象
13:37
I don't think there is a third option.
270
805000
2000
我不認為還有第三種理論
13:39
So the third thing that might happen is
271
807000
3000
第三個可能發生的情況
13:42
a very beautiful thing.
272
810000
3000
則是一樁美事
13:45
If you look back at the early years of the last century,
273
813000
3000
如果你回溯到上個世紀初期
13:48
there was a stand-off, a lot of bickering and bad feeling
274
816000
4000
總有僵持的局面 爭吵和彼此反感
13:52
between the believers in Mendel,
275
820000
2000
存在於孟德爾信徒
13:54
and the believers in Darwin.
276
822000
3000
與達爾文信徒之間
13:57
It ended with a new synthesis:
277
825000
3000
一個新綜合理論平息了爭執
14:00
Darwin's ideas and Mendel's ideas
278
828000
3000
將達爾文與孟德爾的思想
14:03
blending together.
279
831000
2000
結合在一起
14:05
And I think the same thing will happen here.
280
833000
3000
而我認為同樣的結果將會發生
14:08
You'll get a new synthesis.
281
836000
3000
大家將會得到一個全新綜合的理論
14:11
Hardy's ideas and Darwin's ideas
282
839000
2000
哈帝與達爾文的理論
14:13
will be blended together.
283
841000
2000
將會被結合在一起
14:15
And we can move forward from there,
284
843000
2000
接著我們就可以從新理論出發
14:17
and really get somewhere.
285
845000
2000
真正到達某個目的地
14:19
That would be a beautiful thing.
286
847000
3000
那將會很美好
14:22
It would be very nice for me if it happened soon.
287
850000
3000
如果這快點實現 對我來說將會很美好
14:25
(Laughter)
288
853000
11000
（笑聲）
14:36
Because I'm older now than George Burns was when he said,
289
864000
5000
因為我現在比喬治伯恩斯說出這句話時還老
14:41
"At my age, I don't even buy green bananas."
290
869000
4000
他說：到我這把年紀 都不敢買青香蕉了
14:45
(Laughter)
291
873000
6000
（笑聲）
14:51
So if it's going to come and it's going to happen,
292
879000
3000
如果這日子就要到來 就快成真
14:54
what's holding it up?
293
882000
2000
是什麼阻礙了它呢？
14:56
I can tell you that in three words.
294
884000
3000
我可以用五個字回答你們：
14:59
Academia says no.
295
887000
4000
學術界說不
15:03
They decided in 1960,
296
891000
2000
學術界在1960年決定
15:05
"That belongs with the UFOs and the yetis."
297
893000
3000
「水猿理論就跟幽浮和雪人一樣」
15:08
And it's not easy to change their minds.
298
896000
4000
要改變他們的觀念是困難的
15:12
The professional journals
299
900000
2000
專業刊物
15:14
won't touch it with a barge pole.
300
902000
2000
不想與它有關連
15:16
The textbooks don't mention it.
301
904000
3000
教科書不會提到它
15:19
The syllabus doesn't mention even the fact that we're naked,
302
907000
3000
課程大綱甚至不提及我們是赤裸的事實
15:22
let alone look for a reason to it.
303
910000
3000
更不用提背後的原因了
15:25
"Horizon," which takes its cue from the academics,
304
913000
3000
Horizon雜誌由學術界主導
15:28
won't touch it with a barge pole.
305
916000
2000
也不想與水猿理論有任何瓜葛
15:30
So we never hear the case put for it,
306
918000
4000
所以我們從來聽不到任何關於水猿理論的資訊
15:34
except in jocular references
307
922000
3000
除了拿來消遣
15:37
to people on the lunatic fringe.
308
925000
2000
科學狂熱份子的時候才會出現
15:39
I don't know quite where this diktat comes from.
309
927000
6000
我不太確定這定見來自何處
15:45
Somebody up there
310
933000
2000
某個高高在上的人
15:47
is issuing the commandment,
311
935000
4000
正在發出聖誡：
15:51
"Thou shalt not believe in the aquatic theory.
312
939000
4000
汝等不可採信「水猿理論」
15:55
And if you hope to make progress in this profession,
313
943000
3000
如果你期許在這行做出成績
15:58
and you do believe it, you'd better keep it to yourself,
314
946000
4000
而且又相信「水猿理論」的話，你最好保持緘默
16:02
because it will get in your way."
315
950000
2000
因為它將會阻擾你的前程
16:04
So I get the impression that some parts
316
952000
3000
所以我感覺到
16:07
of the scientific establishment
317
955000
3000
科學組織的某些部分
16:10
are morphing into a kind of priesthood.
318
958000
4000
已經轉型成神職
16:14
But you know, that makes me feel good,
319
962000
4000
但是你知道嗎 這讓我覺得很好
16:18
because Richard Dawkins has told us
320
966000
3000
因為李察道金斯告訴過我們
16:21
how to treat a priesthood.
321
969000
2000
如何對付神職人員
16:23
(Laughter)
322
971000
2000
（笑聲）
16:25
He says, "Firstly, you've got to refuse to give it
323
973000
3000
他說：首先你必須拒絕過度的的敬畏
16:28
all the excessive awe and reverence
324
976000
3000
因為宗教一直以來
16:31
it's been trained to receive."
325
979000
2000
就被訓練獲得過度的敬畏與崇拜
16:33
Right. I'll go ahead with that.
326
981000
2000
很好 這我認同
16:35
And secondly, he says,
327
983000
2000
接著他又說：
16:37
"You must never be afraid to rock the boat."
328
985000
3000
你必需勇於打破現狀
16:40
I'll go along with that too.
329
988000
2000
我也同意這說法
16:42
Thank you very much.
330
990000
2000
謝謝大家
16:44
(Applause)
331
992000
20000
（鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Elaine Morgan - Aquatic ape theoristElaine Morgan, armed with an arsenal of television writing credits and feminist credentials, spent her life on a mission to prove humans evolved in water.
Why you should listen
Television writer and scientific theorist Elaine Morgan may have been known for penning the popular British TV series Dr. Finlay's Casebook, but for decades the Welsh feminist writer championed human evolutionary theories using aquatic species. She wrote six books about the aquatic ape theory, derived from ancient Greek philosophies about human evolution.
Taking a less male-centric approach to evolutionary theory, Morgan's adventure was chronicled in the 1998 BBC documentary The Aquatic Ape. She was an award-winning television writer (she won two BAFTAs and Writers' Guild honors) for Campion, How Green Was My Valley and Testament of Youth. Morgan died in July 2013 at age 92.
Elaine Morgan | Speaker | TED.com